The Design of A New Katanga Drainage

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND

TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING
CIV 3202 GROUP DESIGN PROJECT
REPORT FOR THE DESIGN OF A NEW KATANGA DRAINAGE CHANNEL

GROUP 2
NAME STUDENT NUMBER REGISTRATION NUMBER
BBAALE SULAIMAN 214001528 14/U/179
GUMISIRIZA SUNDAY SAMUEL 214023267 14/U/23211/PS
KINSAMBWE DESMOND ELIJAH 214005085 14/U/7925/PS
NAMANYA DERRICK 214014333 14/U/11919/PSA
TIBAINGANA BRIAN 214001314 14/U/1215
KITARA VIVIAN 211004460 14/U/23351/PSA
MUGABE BRIGHTON 214000510 14/U/633
OCHIENG FRANCIS XAVIER 214000766 14/U/1027
AIJUKA NICHOLAS 214004301 14/U/4500/PSA
KATEMBESA ANTHONY 214014207 14/U/7296/PSA
OTIM ALVIN 214000770 14/U/1080
MUGISA ALOYSISUS 213005126 13/U/8372/PSA
KALIBBALA IBRAHIM 213023078 13/U/21891/PS
SUPERVISOR: DR CHARLES NIWAGABA

…………………………………………………..
APPROVAL
This report has been produced under the supervision and guidance of our supervisor, and the
signature below will serve to attest to the credibility of that assertion.
Signature: …………………. Date: …………………….

DR. CHARLES NIWAGABA
SUPERVISOR
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As it is often said, life is mixture of achievements, failures, experiences, exposures and efforts to
make your dream come true. There people around you who help you realize your dream. Hence
it’s our pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the
development of this work and who influenced our thinking, behavior, and acts during the project
design.
i. First and foremost, we would like to thank the Almighty God who enabled us to finish this project
design work and report successfully and above all, for giving us the wisdom and energy to
execute the site works.
ii. We would also wish to extend our sincere gratitude to our supervisor Dr. Charles Niwagaba for
his dedication and guidance during the project design.
iii. Special thanks also goes to Dr. Albert Rugumayo for the willingness to share knowledge and
being there for consultation when we needed him especially when we were stuck.
iv. Appreciation goes to the college of engineering, design, art and technology and Makerere
University in general for giving us this opportunity to go out there and learn on our own in
different sectors of civil engineering.
v. Finally, we appreciate all those who contributed to the success and the preparation of this report
and project design at large but not mentioned here.
ii
PREFACE
Katanga slum is located in Kampala, Uganda, 2 kilometers from the city center and the slum has
now existed for over 25 years. A recent (2014) census found that 20,000 people live in the
condensed community. The area has become over populated and this has drastically increased
surface runoff in its catchment. As a result, the existing drainage structures are no longer
sufficient to accommodate the fast moving and enormous volume of runoff which has caused
overflows and overspills.
In addition, Solid waste collection and disposal is practically non-existent in the area as people
use the existing drainage channel as the disposal point which silts it and also poses an immediate
health hazard to the inhabitants
The main drainage channel in Katanga catchment is a natural earth channel approx. 0.7km and it
originates from public service, spans through the slums of Katanga and ends at Kubbiri. It’s the
major channel in Katanga slum but unfortunately, the channel is highly silted, filled with garbage
and sewage from burst sewage pipes from nearby sewers and it acts as a latrine and bathroom to
many of the Katanga residents which has greatly reduced its capacity and also poses a serious
outbreak of an epidemic due to poor sanitary conditions.
Basing on the above mentioned challenges, we found it befitting to come up with an appropriate
design of a new Katanga drainage channel from the existing natural earth channel.
A reconnaissance survey was conducted which involved visiting the site and interactions with
the community about this channel
A topographic survey was conducted with help of a total station and reflectors to obtain
coordinates used in the generation of topographic map. The coordinates were imported into
ArcGIS enabling the generation and measurement of the channel’s watershed.
The 10-year return-period design storm was determined with the aid of rainfall data for the
catchment. The time of concentration was calculated, the critical rainfall intensity read off from
the developed intensity-duration-frequency curves and the peak runoff calculated, using the
rational method.
The report shows detailed hydraulic calculations using manning’s formula. A trapezoidal channel
section was chosen since it has greatest wetted perimeter.
A concrete lining was proposed for the entire length of the channel. A freeboard of 0.5 above the
normal water surface level was provided.
The cost of the project was estimated at 5.25 Billion Uganda shillings after factoring in the
projected costs to be incurred in the execution of the project.
Recommendations to ensure that all the project objectives are met were stated.
iii
ALLOCATION OF TASKS
The allocation of tasks in report preparation were as follows
NAME TASK
BBAALE SULAIMAN  Presentation of the design
 Presentation of the introduction
 General compilation and typesetting of the proposal and
report
 Surveying
OTIM ALVIN  Presentation of the design
report
 Surveying
MUGABE BRIGHTON  Presentation of the design
 Surveying
KINSAMBWE DESMOND ELIJAH  Presentation of the methodology
 Surveying
 Obtaining necessary rainfall data.
 Oral interview
GUMISIRIZA SUNDAY SAMUEL  Presentation of the methodology
 Surveying
 Oral interview
MUGISA ALOYSIOUS  Presentation of the methodology
 Surveying
 Oral interview
KITARA VIVIAN  Presentation of the conclusions and recommendations
report
 Surveying
KATEMBESA ANTHONY  Presentation of the methodology
report
iv
 Surveying
OCHIENG FRANCIS XAVIER  Presentation of the literature review
 Surveying
TIBAINGANA BRIAN  Presentation of the literature review
 Surveying
NAMANYA DERRICK  Presentation of the literature review
 Surveying
KALIBBALA IBRAHIM  Presentation of the literature review
 Surveying
 Oral interview.
AIJUKA NICHOLAS  Presentation of the design
 Surveying
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... ii
PREFACE................................................................................................................................................... iii
ALLOCATION OF TASKS...................................................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES1.4.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE....................................................................... 3
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERACTURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 4
2.1 CHANNELS ....................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Natural channels............................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Artificial channels ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 RAINFALL ....................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Convectional rainfall ...................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 Orographic/relief rainfall ............................................................................................................... 14
2.2.3 Cyclonic rainfall............................................................................................................................. 15
2.3 CATCHMENT/ WATERSHED ........................................................................................................... 15
2.4 RUNOFF ............................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 Factors affecting runoff.................................................................................................................. 16
2.4.2 Methods for determining peak runoff ............................................................................................ 16
2.5 FLOODING ...................................................................................................................................... 20
2.6 CULVERTS ...................................................................................................................................... 20
2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ............................................................................. 20
2.8 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION .................................................................................................... 21
2.8.1 ArcGIS ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Hydraulic Toolbox .................................................................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 22
3.1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY...................................................................................................... 22
3.1.1 Site Visit......................................................................................................................................... 22
3.1.2 Oral Interviews............................................................................................................................... 22
3.1.3 Channel Measurement.................................................................................................................... 23
vi
3.2 TOPOGRAPHC SURVEY ............................................................................................................... 24
3.3 THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP ............................................................................................................ 25
3.4 THE CATCHMENT AREA ............................................................................................................. 26
3.5 THE DESIGN STORM .................................................................................................................... 28
3.5.1 Time of concentration ................................................................................................................ 28
3.5.2 Generation of the intensity duration frequency curves .................................................................. 30
3.5.3 Critical rainfall intensity ............................................................................................................ 36
3.5.4 Determining Peak runoff................................................................................................................ 36
3.6 DIMENSIONING THE CHANNEL ................................................................................................ 37
CHAPTER 4: CHANNEL DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 38
4.1 DESIGN STORM ............................................................................................................................. 38
4.1.1 Time of concentration .................................................................................................................... 38
4.1.2 Critical rainfall intensity ................................................................................................................ 38
4.2 DETERMINING PEAK RUNOFF ................................................................................................... 39
4.2.1 The coefficient of discharge ........................................................................................................... 39
4.2.2 The catchment areas ....................................................................................................................... 39
4.2.3 The peak discharges ....................................................................................................................... 40
4.3 DIMENSIONING THE CHANNEL ................................................................................................ 40
4.3.1 Depth of flow ................................................................................................................................. 41
4.3.2 Side Slope ...................................................................................................................................... 41
4.3.3 Channel Slope ................................................................................................................................ 41
4.3.4 Channel Lining material ................................................................................................................ 41
4.3.5 Channel Dimensions: ..................................................................................................................... 41
4.4 COST ESTIMATES ......................................................................................................................... 49
4.5 BILLS OF QUANTITIES................................................................................................................. 50
4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT .................................................... 53
4.6.1 Impacts on the Environment. ......................................................................................................... 53
4.6.2 Social Impact Assessment .............................................................................................................. 55
4.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A DRAINAGE CHANNEL ........................................ 58
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 59
5.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 59
5.2 RECOMMENDTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 59
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 61
APPENDIX 2: DATA............................................................................................................................. 63
APPENDIX 3 : PICTURES .................................................................................................................... 90
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Open Channel Geometric Relationships for Various Crossections….………....7
Table 2: Table for few typical values of Manning’s n…………………………………..11
Table 3: Summary of the commonest responses to the questionnaire…………………...23
Table 4: Maximum daily rainfall………………………………………………….……..33
Table 5: Maximum Daily Rainfall for Return Period…………………………………....34
Table 6: Values of aT……………………………………………………………….........35
Table 7: Rainfall Intensities for Various Return Periods………………………………...36
Table 8: Typical Values of Rational Runoff Coefficients for Urban Areas ……………..38
Table 9: Land use areas in watershed…………………………………………………….40
Table 10: Recommended side slopes……………………………………………..………42
Table 11: maximum velocities for different channel linings……………………………..44
Table 12. Budget……………………………………………………………………….....63
Table 13: Work Plan………………………………………………………………….......63
Table 14: Maximum permissible velocity for selected lining materials………………….64
Table 15: Values of Constants in Intensity - Duration - Frequency Relationships….........65
Table 16: survey data……………………………………………………………………...67
Table 17: 15-Year Rainfall Data…………………………………………………………..74
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Photos showing current state of the channel……………………………….……….2
Figure 2: The span of the Katanga drainage channel……………………… …………………3
Figure 3: An open channel flow……………………………………………...… ……………5
Figure 4: Velocity distribution in an open channel…………………………….………… …..8
Figure 5: The formation of convectional rainfall……………………………..…… ………..14
Figure 6: The formation of relief rainfall………………………………………….…………..14
Figure 7: Formation of cyclonic rainfall……………………………………………………...15
Figure 8: Measurement of the channel lengths with help of a tape………………………......24
Figure 9: Measurement of the prism height………………………………………………..….25
Figure 10: Taking coordinates at chainage 0+420…………………………………………....25
Figure 11: Topographic map of the channel as obtained from civil 3D software……………..26
Figure 12: ArcGIS interface…………………………………………………………………....27
Figure 13: Illustration of the DEM……………………………………………….……………28
Figure 14: The catchment area…………………………………………………………………28
Figure 15: Graph of Max. Daily Rain against Return Period………………………………….29
Figure 16: the generated intensity duration curves…………………………………………… 36
Figure 17: 0+000 to 0+200 channel section parameters…………………………………….…45
Figure 18: 0+000 to 0+200 channel section……………………………………………………45
Figure 19: 0+200 to 0+400 channel section parameters………………………………………..47
Figure 20: 0+000 to 0+200 channel section ……………………………………………………47
Figure 21: 0+400 to 0+640 channel section …………………………………………………….49
Figure 22: 0+000 to 0+200 channel section parameter…………………………………………49
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACROYMNS
Civil 3D –civil three dimension
EIA- Environmental Impact Assessment
GHG-Green House Gas
GIS-Geographic Information System
IBRD-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDA- International Development Association
IDF-Intensity Duration frequency Curve
x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Surface water drainage has always been a very important aspect on the global scale and has
presented a number of implications onto the inhabitants of urban areas. The rapid urbanization in
developing countries and world over has led to the massive increase in human settlement which
is growing faster than the rate at which the drainage network is being enhanced causing a
mismatch between service and urbanization. This leads to health, social and economic problems
which affect the urban settlers especially the poor.
Katanga slum is located in Kampala, Uganda, 2 kilometers from the city center and the slum has
now existed for over 25 years. A recent (2014) census found that 20,000 people live in the
condensed community. The area has become over populated and this has drastically increased
surface runoff in its catchment. As a result, the existing drainage structures are no longer
sufficient to accommodate the fast moving and enormous volume of runoff which has caused
overflows and overspills.
In addition, Solid waste collection and disposal is practically non-existent in the area as people
use the existing drainage channel as the disposal point which silts it and also poses an immediate
health hazard to the inhabitants
The main drainage channel in Katanga catchment is a natural earth channel approx. 0.7km and it
originates from public service, spans through the slums of Katanga and ends at kubbiri. It’s the
major channel in Katanga slum
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Deep in the slums of Katanga, the channel is highly silted, filled with garbage and sewage from
burst sewage pipes from nearby sewers and it acts as a latrine and bathroom to many of the
Katanga residents which has greatly reduced its capacity and also poses a serious outbreak of an
epidemic due to poor sanitary conditions.
Katanga is also situated on a swamp land and so has many sewer drainage channels weaving
between homes. The drainage channel reduces in size at some points because of obvious
encroachment by human activities. There is no protection from these channels, containing waste
water and solids from the hostels surrounding and from the residents of Katanga themselves.
Most of the drainage channels are extremely stagnant, harboring various water-borne diseases
that often affect the locals, including mosquitoes carrying malaria.
1
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Basing on the observed pollution challenges of the environment due to poor disposal of the grey
and black water from households, and also the misuse of the Katanga drainage as sewer where
waste is discharged calls for a solution to the sewage disposal system.
It is therefore hoped that this project will assess the situation and suggest a befitting upgrade design
of the Katanga drainage channel from natural earth level to an artificial prismatic channel.
Figure 2: photos showing current state of the channel
2
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES1.4.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE
To design a new Katanga drainage channel
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 To collect and analyze technical and social-economic data
 To learn about the behavioral change of people living in Katanga.
 To design the channel and its appurtenances.
 To cost estimate operation and maintenance
 To involve stake holders for waste management strategy
 To conduct an environmental and social impact assessment,
 To determine the design storm
 To determine the peak runoff rate for the katanga stream sub- catchment
 To sufficiently size the katanga channel through hydraulic calculations
 To provide suitable cost BOQs, cost estimates and plans
1.5 SCOPE
The channel to be designed stretches from kimwanyi zone to Kubbiri-Mulago about 0.7km.
Figure 2: the span of the Katanga drainage channel
3
CHAPTER 2: LITERACTURE REVIEW
2.1 CHANNELS
A channel is defined as a natural or artificial waterway where a stream of water flows

periodically or continuously or forms a connecting link between bodies of water.
These are mainly of two types;
2.1.1 Natural channels
These are not regular or prismatic and their materials of construction can vary widely. These
materials are mainly of earth and therefore can possess many different properties. The surface
roughness will often change with time, distance and even elevation (Haestead, 2000). Therefore,
it becomes very difficult to accurately analyze and obtain satisfactory results for these channels.
This situation is further complicated if the boundary is not fixed due to erosion and deposition of
sediments.
2.1.2 Artificial channels
These are made by man. They include irrigation canals, navigation canals, spillways, sewers,
culverts and drainage ditches. They are usually constructed in a regular cross-section shape
throughout therefore they are called prismatic channels and analysis of flow in such channels is
gives accurate results.
Channels can be subdivided into two depending on whether they are open or closed.
Closed channels This refers to channels in which the fluid flows within rigid boundaries hence
the fluid has no direct contact with the atmosphere thus the flow here is entirely due to hydraulic
pressure from closed conduits. Closed channels mainly pipes and culverts.
Culvert
This is a hydraulically short conduit which conveys stream flow through a road way,
embankment or past some other type of flow obstruction. Culverts can be constructed from a
number of materials and in many shapes.
Their selection factor depends on;

 roadway profiles
 channel characteristics
 flood damage evaluation
 construction
 Maintenance.
4
Culverts are mainly of two types;
a) Rigid culverts
These are made of reinforced concrete and cast iron. Culverts which have a rectangular section are
always rigid and concrete head walls have to be erected to enhance smooth movement of water
from the ditch to the culverts and also protect the surrounding soils from excessive erosion. Wing-
walls and aprons are also provided at culvert exits to avoid scouring of the ditch in to its emptying
point.
b) Flexible culverts
These are normally either thin-walled steel pipes or galvanised corrugated metal pipes. The
external loads are resisted by the strength of the pipe walls. Their failure is as a result of excessive
deflection since they are designed to deflect under action of heavy loads.
Open channels
An open channel is a defined system in which the fluid flows under the effect of atmospheric
pressure and have free surface.
The surface of the flow is called a free surface because that flow boundary is freely deformable,
in contrast to the solid boundaries. The boundary conditions at the free surface of an open-
channel flow are always that both the pressure and the shear stress are zero everywhere.
Figure 3: An open channel flow

Treatment of roughness poses greater problem in open channels than in pipes
Open channels may be polished metal to natural channels with long grass and roughness that
may also depend on depth of flow.
Open channel flows are found in large and small scale. flow depth ranges from a few cm in water
treatment plants to over 10m in large rivers. The mean velocity flow may range from less than
0.01m/s in tranquil waters to above 50m/s in high head spillways. The range of total discharge
may extend from 0.001l/s in chemical plants to greater than 10000m3/s in large rivers or
spillways.
5
Various procedures have been developed over the years for the hydraulic design of open channel
sections. The complexity of these procedures varies according to flow conditions as well as the
level of assumption taken while developing these equations. Some of the equations applied
include;
The Chezy equation is one of the procedures that was developed by a French engineer in 1768
(Henderson, 1966). The development of this equation was based on the dimensional analysis of
the friction equation under the assumption that the condition of uniform flow.
In 1889 a more practical procedure was presented by the Irish engineer Robert Manning. The
Manning equation has proved to be very reliable in practice. The Manning equation can be used
in the determination of flow velocity using the channel bed slope, surface roughness of the
channel, cross-sectional area of flow and wetted perimeter of flow. Using this equation, the
solution procedures are direct for determination of flow velocity, slope of channel bed, and
surface roughness.
Types of flow in open channels
These classifications are normally made according to change in flow depth with respect to time
and space.
Steady and unsteady flow (time is the criterion)
For flow to be steady, the depth of flow at a particular point doesn’t change or is constant for the
time interval under consideration. Then for unsteady flow, the depth changes with time.
Uniform flow (space is the criterion).
For open channel flow to be uniform, the depth and velocity of flow are the same at every point
or section of the channel. Therefore this type of flow only occurs in prismatic channels
Steady non uniform flow.
Here depth varies with distance but not with time. This type of flow can be gradually varied or
rapidly varied.
Gradually varied flow requires the application of energy and frictional resistance equations while
rapidly varied flow require the energy and momentum equations.
Unsteady flow
The depth varies with both time and space. This is the most common type of flow and requires
the solution of the energy and friction equations with time.in many cases the flow is close to
steady flow and can be analyzed as gradually varied steady flow.
6
Geometric properties necessary for open channel analysis
Depth (y) - the vertical distance from the lowest point of the channel section to the free surface.
Stage (z) - the vertical distance from the free surface to an arbitrary datum.
Area (A) - the cross-sectional area of flow, normal to the direction of flow.
Wetted perimeter (P) - the length of the wetted surface measured normal to the direction of
flow.
Surface width (B) - width of the channel section at the free surface.
Hydraulic radius (R) - the ratio of area to wetted perimeter (A/P).
Hydraulic mean depth (Dm) - the ratio of area to surface width (A/B).
Table 1: Open Channel Geometric Relationships for Various Cross-sections
Velocity distribution in open channels

The measured velocities in open channels always vary across the channel section because of
friction along the boundary. The maximum velocity is always found just below the surface and
this is explained by the presence of secondary currents which circulate from boundaries towards
7
the section centre and the resistance at air/water interface. The figure below shows velocity
distributions across some channel across sections and the numbers indicate the percentage of
maximum velocity
Figure 4: velocity distribution in an open channel
Laminar and turbulent flow in channels

Flow in open channels can either be laminar or turbulent and this is determined using Reynolds
number, Re
𝛒𝐮𝐑 𝛒𝐮𝐃 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐢𝐩𝐞
𝐑𝐞 = = = Where,
𝛍 𝟒𝛍 𝟒
𝜌 is the density of the flowing liquid. R is the hydraulic radius
D is the diameter of the pipe 𝜇 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Therefore the limits for each type of flow are;

Laminar: Rechannel<500
Turbulent: Rechannel>1000
NB: The limits in turbulent flew is not well defined in channels as in pipes therefore 2000 is
often taken as the threshold for turbulent flow.
Fundamental equations
8
Equations that describe the flow of fluid are derived from the three fundamental laws of physics;
i. Conservation of matter
ii. Conservation of energy
iii. Conservation of momentum
Conservation of matter
This says that matter cannot be created nor destroyed but can be converted. Here the law reduces
to conservation of mass because in fluids there is no chemical activity. This law is verified using
the continuity equation given below;
𝒖𝟏 𝑨𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐 𝑨𝟐 Where;
U1 is the flow velocity at end 1
A1 is a cross-section area of end 1
U2 is flow velocity at end 2
A2 is the is the cross-section area of end 2
Conservation of energy
This states that energy cannot be created no destroyed but can be converted from one form to
another. This law is verified the Bernoulli equation given below;
𝑃1 𝑈12 𝑃2 𝑈22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 = 𝐻 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Where;
P1 is pressure at face 1
P2 is pressure at face 2
U1 is the flow velocity at end 1
U2 is flow velocity at end 2
Z1 is the height of the centroid at face 1
Z2 is the height of the centroid at face 2
9
H is the head
g is the acceleration due to gravity
Conservation of momentum
This states that a moving body cannot gain or lose momentum unless acted upon by an external
force. This is verified by the equation below;
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2𝑥 − 𝑉1𝑥 )
Where;
Fx is the force in the x-direction
Q is the discharge
V2x is the flow velocity at face 2 in the x-axis
V1x is the flow velocity at face 1 in the x-axis
THE CHEZY EQUATION
Assumptions in the development of this equation
 assumed a condition of uniform flow

 assumed a state of rough turbulent flow
 assumed that shear force is proportional to the velocity squared
𝑉 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆0
C is a constant that depends on Reynolds number and boundary roughness

S0 is the slope of the channel.
R is the ratio of the flow area and the wetted perimeter
The manning equation
Studies have been made to evaluate C for different natural and manmade channels and many
engineers came up with the relationship below in order to give C;
𝟏
𝑹𝟔
𝑪= 𝒏
Where
10
n is Manning’s constant
R is the ratio of the flow area and the wetted perimeter (hydraulic radius)
𝟐 𝟏
𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝟐𝟎
In terms of velocity; 𝑽= 𝒏
𝟓 𝟏
𝟏 𝑨𝟑 𝟐
In terms of discharge; 𝑸 = 𝒏 𝟐 𝑺𝟎 Where
𝑷𝟑
P wetted perimeter
A is flow area
Manning equation has various advantages as it’s simple, accurate and due to its wide extensive
use, there exists n values a wide range of channel
Table 2: table for few typical values of Manning’s n
Channel type Surface material and form Manning’s range; n

River Earth, straight 0.02-0.025
Earth, meandering 0.03-0.05
Gravel(75-150mm), straight 0.03-0.04
Gravel(75-150mm), winding 0.04-0.08
Unlined canal Earth , straight 0.018-0.025
Rock, straight 0.025-0.045
Concrete 0.012-0.017
Lined canal Mortar 0.011-0.013
Lab. models Perspex 0.009
CRITICAL, SUB CRITICAL AND SUPER CRITICAL FLOW

These flow forms in channels are categorized using the Froude number.
𝑉
The Froude number can be defined as;𝐹𝑟 =
√𝑔𝐷𝑚
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐹𝑟 2 =
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹𝑟 =
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
When;
11
Fr<1 the flow is sub critical and the water velocity is greater than the wave velocity
Therefore the up stream flows are affected by the downstream controls
Fr=1 the flow is critical
Fr>1the flow is supercritical and the water velocity is less than wave velocity
Upstream levels not affected by downstream controls
Channel linings
Artificial channels can be classified according to the type of lining that they possess. There are
three major types of linings used in artificial channels namely;
a) Vegetative lining
This type of lining includes grass with mulch, sod and lapped sod, is used in the channel. Where
practical, this is the most desirable lining for an artificial channel because it stabilizes the
channel body, consolidates the soil masses of the bed, checks erosion on the channel surface, and
provides habitat and water quality benefits.
Vegetative lining is not applicable for use in areas where;
 High velocities.
 Continuously flowing water.
 Lack of regular maintenance necessary to prevent growth of taller or woody vegetation.
 Lack of nutrients and inadequate topsoil.
 Excessive shade.
b) Flexible linings
These maybe made of rip-rap, gabions or random rubble. They are used in locations where large
embankment settlement is anticipated.
Rigid linings
Rigid linings are usually made of concrete, precast concrete slabs, stone masonry or cellular
reinforced concrete paving with infill soil for grassing (CRCPG).
They should only be used in locations where little settlement is anticipated. Stone masonry is
preferred for aesthetics reasons in the past, while CRCPG is becoming more popular for
12
ecological reasons. If CRCPG is to be used in locations subject to tidal influence, careful
considerations should be given to ensure that there are suitable grass species to be established
under such condition. Weep-holes should be provided in the lining for the free passage of
groundwater.
Concrete Lined Channels. These are permitted only in areas where there is limited space due to
existing development which prohibits the construction of grass or riprap lined channels.
2.2 RAINFALL
The precipitation in Uganda is mainly in the form of rain fall though there is appreciable
snowfall at high altitude of mountain Rwenzori. Rainfall is the quantity of rain falling within a
given area in a given time. Rainfall can also be defined as the amount of rain, usually expressed
in inches over an area that reaches the surface of the earth.
There are different types of rainfall classified according to their processes of formation and these
include;
2.2.1 Convectional rainfall
Convectional rainfall mainly occurs in the equatorial and tropical climatic regions, where the
conditions are hot during the day. In these regions, the rate of evaporation of moisture from the
water bodies and respiration from the dense vegetation is very high. The evaporated moisture
along with its hot surrounding air begins to ascend due to its low density, cools adiabatically to
form a cauliflower shaped cloud, which water droplets fall as rain.
13
Figure 5: The formation of convectional rainfall
2.2.2 Orographic/relief rainfall
Orographic rain (relief rain) is a result of warm moisture-laden wind blowing in to the land from
the sea encountering a natural barrier such as mountains. This forces the air to rise. With a gain
in altitude, the air expands due to a decrease in air pressure. Due to this, the wind experiences a
decrease in temperatures, which results in the increase of the relative humidity. This causes
condensation of water vapour into water droplets to form clouds. The relative humidity continues
to increase until the dew point reaches the level of condensation, causing air to be saturated.
When the cloud droplets become too heavy to be suspended, then rain falls. The side of the
mountain with rain is called the windward side.
Figure 6: the formation of relief rainfall
14
2.2.3 Cyclonic rainfall
A cyclone is a large zone of low pressure, which is surrounded by circular wind motion. Air
tends to move into the low-pressure zone from surrounding areas and displaces low pressure air
upwards. The winds blow spirally inward counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere and
clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Cyclonic precipitation occurs due to displacement of air in
the upward direction. The normal extent of a cyclone is 100 - 200 km in diameter while the
centre called an eye may extend up to about 10 - 50 km. The eye is relatively quiet while outside
very strong winds blow with speed as high as 200 km/hr. The rainfall can be quite high in the
cyclonic areas.
2.3
Figure 7: formation of cyclonic rainfall
CATCHMENT/ WATERSHED
The entire area of a river basin whose surface runoff drains into the river in the basin is
considered as a hydrologic unit and is called drainage basin, watershed or catchment area of the
river flowing. The catchment is divided into sub-catchment areas. A sub-catchment is a
hydrologic unit of land whose topography and drainage system elements direct surface runoff to
a single discharge point.
The following characteristics of a contributing area are significant for storm sewers: physical
area, shape, slope, soil type and cover, land-use, roughness, wetness and storage. Of these, the
catchment area and land-use are the most important for good prediction of storm water runoff.
 Catchment area measurement
 Land-use
 Runoff coefficient
 Time of concentration
2.4 RUNOFF
Runoff is the drainage of precipitation from a catchment which flows through its drainage
system. This occurs when the infiltration capacity of an area has been exceeded.
15
2.4.1 Factors affecting runoff
The various factors, which affect the runoff from a drainage basin depend upon the following
characteristics:
 Storm characteristics. These include; Type or nature of storm and season, Intensity,
Duration, Areal extent (distribution), Frequency, Antecedent precipitation, Direction of storm
movement.
 Meteorological characteristics. These include; Temperature, Humidity, Wind velocity,

Pressure, variation.
 Basin characteristics. These include; Size, Shape, Slope, Altitude (elevation), Topography,
Geology (type of soil), Land use /vegetation, Orientation, Type of drainage net, Proximity to
ocean and mountain, ranges.
 Storage characteristics. These include; Depressions, Pools and ponds / lakes, Stream,
Channels, check dams (in gullies), Upstream reservoir /or tanks, Flood plains, swamps,
ground water storage in pervious deposits (aquifers)
Effective rainfall is that portion of rainfall, which causes direct runoff. As direct runoff includes
both the surface runoff and the interflow, the effective rainfall is slightly greater than the rainfall
excess.
2.4.2 Methods for determining peak runoff
Peak runoff can be determined using several methods:
(i) Mass balance approach

This makes use of the Continuity Equation I.e. Inputs – Outputs = Change in Storage
(ii) Effective Rainfall: The SCS (Soil Conservation Number) Curve Number
Approach
The effective rainfall is that portion of rainfall, which causes direct runoff (Larry, 1999).
Effective Rainfall = Precipitation – Initial Abstractions
The SCS Curve Number Approach combines initial abstractions and infiltration losses and
estimates rainfall excess as:
(𝑃−0.2𝑆)2
𝑄= when P>0.2S
𝑃+0.8𝑆
1000
𝑆= − 10 for Q, P, S in inches
𝐶𝑁
25400
𝑆= 𝐶𝑁
− 254 for Q, P, S in mm
16
S=Potential Maximum water retention
CN= Curve Number
Curve Number(CN) is a parameter that combines soil type and land use to estimate runoff
potential. It is based on the Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG), land use and condition.
(iii) Using runoff models such as
 Peak flow models e.g. rational equation
 Continuous runoff models e.g. unit hydrograph, time area methods, kinematic wave
models etc.
2.4.2 The rational method

The rational method dates back to the middle of the 19th Century when an Irish engineer called
Mulvaney first wrote about its principles. It is based on the assumption that a constant intensity
of rainfall is spread over and area, and the effective rainfall is falling on the most remote part of
the basin takes a certain
period of time, known as the time of concentration (tc), to arrive at the basin outlet. If the input
rate of excess rainfall on the basin continues for the period of time of concentration, then the part
of excess rain that fell on the most remote part of the basin will just begin its outflow at the basin
outlet and with it, the runoff will reach its ultimate and the maximum rate.
The relationship for peak runoff rate is expressed as:
Qp  CIA Where;
Qp = Peak discharge C = Runoff coefficient.

A = Drainage area I = Rainfall intensity.
However, if expressed in terms of the commonly used units becomes:
Qp = 2.78CIA Where;
Qp = Peak runoff rate (l/s) I = rainfall intensity (mm/hr)

A = Catchment area (ha)
Peak discharge is the highest flow in the channel. It is the highest point on a hydrograph when
the rate of discharge is greatest.
Runoff Coefficient (C)

The dimensionless runoff coefficient C is the proportion of rainfall that contributes to runoff
from the surface. The coefficient accounts for the initial runoff losses (depression, storage,)
continuing losses (surface infiltration) and implicitly accounts for the hydrodynamic effects
encountered as the water flows over the catchment surface. Weighted average coefficients are
needed for areas of mixed land use. Generally, the runoff coefficient encompasses all other
factors that affect the surface runoff, except the area and the intensity of the rainfall.
17
It is defined by C= Qp/AI
Time of concentration (tc)

An important term used in storm sewer design is time of concentration tc. It is defined as the time
required for surface runoff to flow from the remotest part of the catchment area to the point
under consideration. Each point in the catchment has its own time of concentration. It has two
components, namely the overland flow time, known as the time of entry te, and the channel or
sewer flow time, the time of flow tf.
Thus:
tc =te +tf
Time of entry
Time of entry is the component of time of concentration that accounts for overland flow time.
This will vary with catchment characteristics such surface roughness, slope and length of flow
path together with rainfall characteristics.
Time of flow
Time of flow is the component of time of concentration that accounts for channel flow time.
This is calculated from the sewer length and velocity of flow in the sewers. For the determination
of time of concentration, the most widely used formula is the equation given by Kirpich (1940).
The Kirpich formula is given as:
Tc = 0.01947 L0.77 S-0.385
Where:
Tc = time of concentration (min)
L = maximum length of travel of water (m)
S = slope of the drainage basin = H/L
H = difference in elevation between the most remote place in the basin and the outlet (m)
Steady State Runoff

Consider a flat, fully, pervious rectangular catchment area, A. A depth of rain, i, falls in a time t.
If there were also an impervious wall along the edges of the catchment, and had no sewers, this
rain would simply build up over the area to a depth, i. The volume of water would be i x A.
Imagine that the runoff is flowing into a sewer inlet at point X with steady state conditions: water
landing in the area and flowing away at the same rate. The sewer will carry the volume of rain (I
x A) at a steady, constant rate over the time (t) of the rainfall (Rugumayo, 2012).
18
Critical Rainfall Intensity
The rainfall intensity is a measure of the amount of rain that falls over time. The intensity of rain
is measured in the height of the water layer covering the ground in a period of time. The critical
rainfall intensity is determined basing on the intensity duration frequency curves developed from
the rainfall data of the catchment.
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves
It has been observed in practice that the greater the intensity of rainfall, the shorter its duration of
the rainfall. In other words, very intense storms occur for a short duration, and as the duration of
a storm increases, its intensity decreases. The intensity-duration curve can be obtained by
plotting the rainfall intensity against duration of the storm. The rainfall intensity is usually
expressed in cm/hour and the duration is in minutes. The curve is usually drawn on a natural
graph paper. Sometimes, it is drawn on a log-log plot. For plotting an intensity duration curve,
the observed maximum rainfall intensities at a place for storms of different +duration are
obtained from the available rainfall record. While selecting the storms of different maximum
intensity, the following points should be kept in mind (Kolsky, 1999).
 The severest storm of longer duration need not include the severest storm of shorter
duration.
 Even for the same storm, the maximum rainfall intensity for 5-minute duration and that
for 10-minute duration may not be successive. As the rainfall intensity (i) varies inversely
with the duration (t), the relation between the two can be expressed by Talbot's formula.
𝑎
𝑖 = 𝑡+𝑏 where a and b are constants.
Areal Reduction Factor

IDF curves give the rainfall intensity at a point. Spatial characteristics storms are important for
larger catchments. In general, the larger the catchment and the longer the rainfall duration, the
less uniformly the rainfall is distributed over a catchment. Areal reduction factors are applied to
only design point rainfall intensities, to account for the fact that it is not likely that rainfall will
occur at the same intensity over the entire area of a storm (the principle of design storms assumes
that the design storm is centred over the catchment). No areal reduction factor is to be used for
catchment areas of up to 10 km2.
For larger catchments, the following areal reduction factor equation developed for East Africa by
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Department of the Environment (TRRL Laboratory
Report 623) could be used( MoWT, 2010).
ARF = 1-0.044A0.275
Where: ARF = Areal Reduction Factor
A = Area of catchment (km2)
19
2.5 FLOODING
Flooding is the inundation of normally dry land by a stream overtopping its banks. It is a natural
periodic event in the history of any river. Flooding of water channels and flood plains mainly
occurs as a result of heavy rains and sometimes melting snow in the watershed/catchment area of
the stream, river, or lake.
Floods have caused extensive damage and are likely to increase in the future due to increased
encroachment on flood plains in both urban and rural areas. To prevent such damage and losses,
it is important to find means of averting floods and initiating flood damage mitigation measures.
Civil engineers need to play a key role in flood mitigation and designing structures to withstand
flooding, placing a heavy burden on engineering to provide technical solutions to flooding
(ICE,2001).
2.6 CULVERTS
A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar
obstruction from one side to the other side. Culverts are commonly used both as cross-drains for
the ditch relief and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and stream crossings. The
hydraulic capacity of culverts depends on: Size, Shape, Slope and Friction resistance. Types of
culverts include: concrete pipe culverts, portal/rectangular/box culverts, metal culverts
(Brateretal, 1976).
2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the process by which the anticipated effects on the
environment of a proposed development or project are measured. If the likely effects are
unacceptable, design measures or other relevant mitigation measures can be taken to reduce or
avoid those effects. The document from this process is called an environmental impact statement
(EIA)
20
2.8 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
2.8.1 ArcGIS
ArcGIS is a Geographic Information System for working with maps and geographic information.
It’s used for creating and using maps; compiling geographic data; analyzing mapped
information; sharing and discovering geographic information; using maps and geographic
information in a range of applications; and managing geographic information in a database. In
this project, ArcGIS is employed in the delineation process of the watershed that generates the
runoff received and conveyed by the channel.
The system provides an infrastructure for making maps and geographic information available
throughout an organization across a community and openly on the web.
Hydraulic Toolbox
The Hydraulic Toolbox is a free computer application program that includes a number of
calculators used to analyze channels, weirs, gutters and inlets, detention basins, and particle
gradations. The Hydraulic Toolbox also includes Rational Method hydrologic analysis tools.
21
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
This section describes the steps and procedures taken to generate an appropriate and cost effective
design for the rehabilitation of Katanga Channel.
3.1 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

3.1.1 Site Visit
A site visit (Figure) was conducted which involved walking along the entire length of the channel
to assess the surrounding, existing alignment and establish an appropriate flow path.
3.1.2 Oral Interviews

Oral Interviews of a sample of 40 people from the inhabitants of the area along the channel were
carried out so as to better understand the problems faced due to the channel in its dilapidated state,
and to establish the stand and attitude of the locals towards rehabilitation works on the project.
It was established that the locals of the area along the channel had mixed feelings on the project
aimed at rehabilitating the Katanga Channel.
The questionnaire included the following questions:
1. How often does the Katanga Channel flood?
2. How long does it take to flood the channel from the start of the storm?
3. What do you do to combat the flood/what do you do when it has flooded?
4. How long does it take for the flood to clear?
5. What are your expectations from the authorities as regards working on the channel?
6. Have you been helped by the authorities so far?
7. What are the challenges arising from living near the channel?
8. Are there any benefits accruing from living next to the channel?
22
Table 3: Summary of the commonest responses to the questionnaire
QUESTION  ANSWER
Question 1  The channel floods mostly during rainy seasons.
Question 2  Depending on the intensity of storm it floods after 30 minutes to 2hours from the start
of the storm.
Question 3  Piling sacks of soil along the channel banks to increase its depth and reducing silting.
 Dissipating off excess water using basins and buckets.
 Manual de-silting is currently in place, using spades n hoes.
Question 4  A few hours after the storm.
Question 5  Improvement of the channel to put an end to the flood related damages.
 Adequate compensation for those whose property would be affected by the project
 Improved sanitation.
Question 6  Not really, we survive on our own efforts.
Question 7  Poor sanitation
 Flooding
 Water-borne diseases
 Bad odour
 Hardships in accessing the different areas.
Question 8  It’s easy to dispose wastes.
 Water for construction of mud and wattle houses is easily available.
3.1.3 Channel Measurement

The length of the channel section to be designed was measured using a tape and found to be 640
metres.
Figure 8: measurement of the channel lengths with help of a tape.
23
3.2 TOPOGRAPHC SURVEY
A topographic survey was carried out along the channel from its entry up to its exit with a help of
a total station and two reflectors.
Coordinates and their corresponding levels at Centerline and sidelines of the channel were taken
at the different chainages along the channel and booked with help of booking sheets.
Ground levels, bridges and culvert levels plus levels of the tributaries with their corresponding
coordinates were taken and booked with help of booking sheets
.The procedure was as follows:
 A temporally bench mark was established at the start of the channel and convenient setup points
established along the channel.
 The tripod legs were spread out almost equidistant from the setup points at a convenient height
and made as nearly leveled as possible. The total station was removed from its case and screwed
onto the tripod head then centered and leveled.
 The reflector pole with a prism mounted on top was placed at the temporary benchmark and its
reduced level taken.
 The reduced levels at chainages of 20 metres (measured using a tape), were taken at both sides
and the center of the channel. These were used to obtain the delineation of the channel.
 Reduced levels of arbitrary points and details along the channel like inlet drains, cross over
bridges open spaces were taken to generate the topography.
Figure 9: measurement of the prism height Figure 10: Taking coordinates at chainage 0+420
24
3.3 THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Coordinates obtained from the topographic survey were typed into Microsoft excel from the
booking sheets and imported into the CIVIL 3D software to generate the topographic map of the
channel and its appurtenances
Figure 11: Topographic map of the channel as obtained from civil 3D software
25
3.4 THE CATCHMENT AREA
The software that was used to obtain the catchment area of the Katanga channel was ArcGIS.
The image of the area was merged with the DEM (Digital Elevation Model) which gave elevations
of different points in the area and since the DEM has the same coordinate system as the initial
image, they were merged together perfectly.
A cell with a known elevation near the outlet of the channel was selected. The function of the water
shed in the ArcGIS which gets the catchment area of a selected channel was activated. In this case
the Katanga channel was highlighted and the catchment area for the channel shown on a map in
figure generated.
The ArcGIS software also has a tool for calculating area of portion by treating it as a polygon. The
different corners of the water shed were entered and the ArcGIS gave the area of 154.96 Hectares.
The difference between the most remote point (1235m) of the channel and its lowest point (1178m)
as obtained from the ArcGIS was 57m
Figure 12: ArcGIS interface
26
Figure 13: illustration of the DEM
Figure 14: The catchment area
27
3.5 THE DESIGN STORM
Daily rainfall data for 15 years (2000-2014) was acquired from the National Meteorological
station.
3.5.1 Time of concentration

In order to determine the design storm, the time of concentration of the catchment should be
established. The commonly used equation to calculate time of concentration is Kirpich’s formula
given by:
Tc = 0.01947L0.77 S−0.385 Where:

TC: Time of concentration (in minutes)
L: Maximum length of travel of water (metres)
S: Slope of the drainage basin = (H/L)
H: Difference in elevation between the most remote place in the basin and the outlet.
The maximum length of run off travel, the elevations of the remotest point and the elevations of
the points considered in the catchment were determined.
Three points at chainages 0+200,0+400 and 0+640 were considered:
Point 1: Chainage 0+200

L=1189.992m
Elevation of remotest point =1235m
Outlet elevation =1181m
H = (1235 − 1181)m = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝐦
54.000
S = H⁄L = 1189.992 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟒
Hence
Tc = 0.01947x1189.9920.77 x0.0454−0.385
𝐓𝐜 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐭𝐞𝐬
28
Point 2: chainage 0+400
L=1389.992m
Elevation =1181m
𝐻 = (1235 − 1181)𝑚 = 54.00𝑚
54.000
𝑆 = 𝐻 ⁄𝐿 = 1389.992 = 0.0388 Hence
𝑇𝑐 = 0.01947𝑥1389.9920.77 𝑥0.0388−0.385
𝑻𝒄 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
Point 3: chainage 0+640

L=1629.992m
𝐻 = (1235 − 1178)𝑚 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝒎
57.000
𝑆 = 𝐻 ⁄𝐿 = 1629.992 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟎 Hence
𝑇𝑐 = 0.01947𝑥1629.9920.77 𝑥0.0350−0.385
𝑻𝒄 = 𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
29
3.5.2 Generation of the intensity duration frequency curves
The intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves were obtained using daily rainfall data for 15
years. The data was acquired from the Makerere University Meteorological Department.
The rainfall data was analyzed to generate the IDF curves from which the design rainfall
intensity was obtained.
The intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves were generated using the Watkins and Fiddles
method.
Outline of the Watkins and Fiddles procedure
 Rainfall data was obtained from the Meteorology Department. The collection of data involved
extraction of rainfall depths.
 The maximum rainfall depth in every month was considered from which the maximum in every
year was selected. Rainfall depths, with duration between 15 and 210 minutes were selected.
 Daily maximum rainfall values together with the duration for the available period, were read
and ranked from 1 to N (the number of years of record) in a decreasing order (Table 3).
 The corresponding return period was estimated for each data set, using Weibull’s plotting
position formula;
Where M is the event rank number (1, 2… N)

 The maximum rainfall depths were plotted against return periods on a semi-log graph and a
line of best fit plotted through the points as hown below.
 The correlation coefficient between the maximum daily rainfall and log of return period was
determined.
 From the graphs, maximum rainfall depths at desired return periods were read off .
 The desired sequence of duration (e.g. 10, 15, 30 minutes) was chosen for each data set and
used to calculate the rainfall intensity using the basic mathematical form of the intensity-
duration frequency curve represented by the rectangular hyperbola as Equation below:
Where I is the intensity (mm/hr), t the duration (hours) and a, b, n are coefficients/constants
developed for each IDF curve.
 The intensities were plotted against duration for each desired return period to give the IDF
curves.
 The following procedure was adopted for the determination of coefficients a, b and n in the
formulae used.
 A value of b from other studies in the region; (for East Africa, b = 1/3) was applied.
 The effective duration of storms in the area, teff was estimated. This is the length of time
over which 60% of the days’ rainfall occurs. This can be done by either judgment,
30
discussion with local experts or a review of local storm data. The latter option was used in
this study.
 The value of n from the original Watkins and Fiddes equation was calculated:
 From the graphs plotted in (iv) the maximum daily rainfall for a particular return period
RT24 can be determined. This is divided by 24 to determine the daily rainfall intensity for
a particular return period iT24:
 The value of aT for each return period was calculated using the formula (Table 5):
The value of aT and other constants b and n were applied in equation;
are used to determine the intensity in mm/hr. for a particular duration and return period.
 The maximum rainfall depth in every month is got from which the maximum in every year was
selected as shown below;
31
Table 4: Maximum daily rainfall
YEAR MAXIMUM DAILY RAINFALL (MM) RANKS RETURN PERIOD

2000 43 15 1.07
2001 50 14 1.14
2002 83.2 2 8.00
2003 94.2 1 16.00
2004 65 8 2.00
2005 73.6 4 4.00
2006 67.3 6 2.67
2007 65.9 7 2.29
2008 77 3 5.33
2009 51.4 13 1.23
2010 64.8 10 1.60
2011 71.2 5 3.20
2012 65 8 2.00
2013 57.9 11 1.45
2014 56.2 12 1.33
the maximum rainfall depths were plotted against return periods on a semi-log paper and a line of
best fit plotted through the points, as shown below;
32
MAX. DAILY RAINFALL AGAINST RETURN PERIOD
120
100
y = 16.44ln(x) + 50.581
80
60
40
20
0
1 10 100
RETURN PERIOD
Figure 15: Graph of Max. Daily Rain against Return Period
Using the equation generated from the line of best fit R = 16.44ln (T) + 50.81, where R represents
the maximum daily rainfall and T the return period, the maximum daily rainfall for the return
periods 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 years is computed as shown below:
Table 5: Maximum Daily Rainfall for Return Period

RETURN PERIOD,T(yrs.) LogeT RT24 (mm) iT24 (mm/hr)
1 0.00 50.58 2.11
2 0.69 61.98 2.58
3 1.10 68.64 2.86
5 1.61 77.04 3.21
10 2.30 88.44 3.68
15 2.71 95.10 3.96
20 3.00 99.83 4.16
50 3.91 114.89 4.79
75 4.32 121.56 5.07
100 4.61 126.29 5.26
The value of c (n in the equation) was obtained from table 11 in Appendix 2, which is an extract
from table 4.5 of the Drainage Design Manual, 2010, for Kampala as 0.94 and b = 1/3 for East
Africa.
33
The value of aT for each return period was calculated using the formula:
Table 6: Values of aT
T (years) iT24 (mm/hr) aT

1 2.11 42.35
2 2.58 51.89
3 2.86 57.47
5 3.21 64.50
10 3.68 74.04
15 3.96 79.62
20 4.16 83.58
50 4.79 96.19
75 5.07 101.77
100 5.26 105.73
The value of aT and other constants b and n were applied in equation;
To determine the intensity in mm/hr. for a particular selected duration, t of 1, 10, 20, 30, 120
minutes and return period.
34
Table 7: Rainfall Intensities for Various Return Periods
INTENSITIES FOR VARIOUS RETURN PERIODS (mm/hr)
DURATION 1 2 3 5 10 15 20 50
(MINS)
10 81.24 99.54 110.25 123.74 142.04 152.75 160.34 184.54
20 61.99 75.96 84.13 94.42 108.39 116.55 122.35 140.81
30 50.26 61.58 68.21 76.55 87.88 94.50 99.20 114.17
40 42.35 51.89 57.47 64.50 74.04 79.62 83.58 96.19
50 36.63 44.89 49.71 55.80 64.05 68.88 72.30 83.21
60 32.31 39.59 43.85 49.21 56.49 60.75 63.77 73.40
70 28.93 35.44 39.25 44.06 50.57 54.39 57.09 65.70
80 26.20 32.10 35.55 39.90 45.80 49.26 51.71 59.51
90 23.95 29.35 32.51 36.48 41.88 45.04 47.28 54.41
100 22.07 27.04 29.95 33.62 38.59 41.50 43.56 50.14
110 20.47 25.08 27.78 31.18 35.79 38.49 40.41 46.50
120 19.09 23.40 25.91 29.08 33.38 35.90 37.69 43.37
Figure 16: the generated intensity duration curves
35
3.5.3 Critical rainfall intensity
The critical rainfall intensity that causes the rainfall to operate at a steady state had to be
determined. The rainfall intensity for the 15-year design return period of the channel was read
off from the Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves created from the rainfall data of the
catchment.
The duration of the storm used was the time of concentration to ensure that the maximum flow
would be realized.
The critical intensity for the 15 year return period:
Section 1 = 136mm/hr
Section 2 = 128mm/hr
Section 3 =118mm/hr
as read off from the IDF curve using the respective times of concentration.
3.5.4 Determining Peak runoff

The Rational Method was used to determine the peak surface runoff. It is based on the
assumption that a constant rainfall intensity is spread over an area and the effective rainfall
falling on the most remote parts of the basin take a certain period of time known as the time of
concentration to arrive at the basin outlet. The relationship for peak runoff rates is given by:
Qp=CIA Where
Qp: Peak runoff in m3/s

C: Run off Coefficient(dimensionless)
I: Rainfall Intensity(mm/hr)
A: Area of the catchment (drainage basin) in km2
The runoff coefficient used is the weighted runoff coefficient. The value of C (Table 7)
depends on the impermeability, slope and retention characteristics of the ground surface. It also
depends on the characteristics and conditions of the soil, vegetation cover, the duration and
intensity of rainfall, and the antecedent moisture conditions, etc.
36
Table 8: Typical Values of Rational Runoff Coefficients for Urban Areas
3.6 DIMENSIONING THE CHANNEL

Making use of Manning’s equation, the necessary channel dimensions (area) can be calculated,
once the appropriate value of Manning’s roughness coefficient, longitudinal slope, and the
determined peak runoff are entered.
V = mean velocity (m/s) R = Hydraulic radius (m)

A= Area of the cross section /wetted perimeter S = Slope of the channel
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient Q= Design Discharge/Runoff
The hydraulics design program, Hydraulic Toolbox, was used to verify most of the design
calculations such as: channel analysis, channel lining design analysis, and rational analysis.
37
CHAPTER 4: CHANNEL DESIGN
4.1 DESIGN STORM
Daily rainfall data for 15 years was acquired from the national Meteorological station .
4.1.1 Time of concentration

Kirpich’s formula was used to calculate the time of concentration.
Tc = 0.01947L0.77 S−0.385 Where:

TC: Time of concentration (in minutes)
L: Maximum length of travel of water (metres)
S: Slope of the drainage basin = (H/L)
H: Difference in elevation between the most remote place in the basin and the outlet.
Section 1: Tc = 15minutes
Section 2: Tc = 18 minutes
Section 3: Tc = 21 minutes
4.1.2 Critical rainfall intensity

The rainfall intensity for the 10-year design return period of the channel was read off from the
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves created from the rainfall data of the catchment.
The critical intensity for the 10 year return period:
For section 1: 𝐈𝐜 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔 𝐦𝐦/𝐡𝐫 ≡ 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐 /𝐬
For section 2: 𝐈𝐜 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝐦𝐦/𝐡𝐫 ≡ 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐 /𝐬
For section 3: 𝐈𝐜 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝐦𝐦/𝐡𝐫 ≡ 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝐦𝟐 /𝐬
as read off from the IDF curve using their respective times of concentration.
38
4.2 DETERMINING PEAK RUNOFF
The Rational Method was used to determine surface runoff. The relationship for peak
runoff rates is given by:
p= 𝐶𝐼𝐴 Where:
Qp: Peak runoff in m3/s

C: Run off Coefficient (dimensionless)
I: Rainfall Intensity (m/s)
A: Area of the catchment (drainage basin) in m2
4.2.1 The coefficient of discharge

The runoff coefficient used was the weighted runoff coefficient. The approximate areas of land
use in the watershed were determined using ArcGIS software and are summarized below:
Table 9: Land use areas in watershed
LAND USE APPROXIMATE AREAS PERCENTAGE RUNOFF
(M²) AREA (%) COEFFICIENT, C
Main roads 73276.136 4.96 0.95

(asphaltic)
Buildings 858615.717 58.13 0.75
Vegetation 545130.567 36.91 0.17
𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟒. 𝟗𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟓𝟖. 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 ∗ 𝟑𝟔. 𝟗𝟏
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒐𝒇𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕, 𝑪 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓
4.2.2 The catchment areas

The corresponding catchment areas at chosen chainages or contributing watersheds were
calculated from ArcGIS
Section 1:𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟐
Section 2: 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝟐
Section 3:𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐
39
4.2.3 The peak discharges
Using the equation p= 𝐶𝐼𝐴 the peak discharges at the corresponding chainages were
calculated.
Section 1 at Chainage 0 + 200
𝑄𝑝 = (0.55 × (3.78 × 10−5 ) × 701050)𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑸𝒑 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
Section 2 at Chainage 0 +400
𝑄𝑝 = (0.55 × (𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ) × 1151530 )𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑸𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
Section 3 at Chainage 0 + 640
Qp= (0.55×(𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ) 1549600) )𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
QP=28 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
4.3 DIMENSIONING THE CHANNEL

Here mainly sizing of the channel was done.
A trapezoidal channel section since it has the greatest wetted perimeter was adopted for the
Katanga drainage Channel.
Making use of Manning’s equation, the necessary channel dimensions were calculated.
The geometric properties to be determined included the top and bottom widths.
To achieve this Manning formula as stated below, was employed assuming uniform flow in
channel;
𝟏
𝟏 𝑨𝟐/𝟑
𝑸=𝒏 𝟓 𝑺𝟐
𝑷𝟑
P = 𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆0 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑄 = 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒/𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓

Other parameters to be found include:
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚/𝑠) 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑚)
𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔’𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
40
4.3.1 Depth of flow
A depth(y) of flow of 2.0m was chosen for the channel.
4.3.2 Side Slope

A side slope(S) of 1:1 was chosen, as recommended by V.T Chow (1959) for earth with concrete
lining was adopted. Recommended side slopes are shown in table below
Table 10: Recommended side slopes
. Therefore, Side slope is 1:1
4.3.3 Channel Slope

Elevation of channel inlet = 999.467m
Elevation of channel outlet 998.133 m
Difference in elevation = 1.334
Length of channel = 640 m

difference in channel elevation
Slope of channel = length of channel
1.334
Slope of channel = = 0.002
640
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥 𝐬𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞 (𝐒𝟎)𝐨𝐟 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟐%)𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐝𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐥.
4.3.4 Channel Lining material

The channel will be lined with concrete, as is recommended for channels with side slope of 1.5:1
or steeper. Therefore, Manning’s constant n = 0.015
4.3.5 Channel Dimensions:

For a trapezoidal channel of Chosen depth of
flow= 2m, side slope 1: 1 and channel slope of 0.01
41
. Area, A = (b + xy)y
= (b + 2(1))2
= 2(b + 2)
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = b + 2y√1 + x 2
=b+
2(2) √1 + 12
= b + 4√2
𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, A = b + 2xy
= b + 2(2)(1)
=b+4
Also to be found are:

𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤, 𝑉 = = 2(𝑏+2)
𝐴
𝑉 𝐴
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑭𝒓 = where Dm = 𝐵
√𝒈𝑫𝑚
Section for chainages (0+000 to 0 +200)

𝟏
𝟏 𝑨𝟐/𝟑
Using manning equation : 𝑸 = 𝒏 𝟓 𝑺𝟐
𝑷𝟑
1
1 (2(𝑏+2))2/3
14.6= 0.015 5 0.022 From calculation, 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑏 = 0.72 This implies
(𝑏+4√2)3
 bottom width b = 0.72 m

 Top width, B = b + 4 = 4.72m
 Area, A = 2(b + 2) = 5.44 m
 wetted perimeter, P = b + 4√2 = 6.38 m
14.6
 Velocity of flow, V= 5.44 =2.68 m/s
V A 5.44
 Froudes number, Fr = = where Dm = B=4.72 =1.15
√gDm
2.68
 Fr = =0.8 < 1
√9.81x1.15
 hence flow is subcritical
42
Comments on the above results
2.68 m/s is ok since it is less than 6m/s, the maximum permissible velocity for concrete
lining. Allowable maximum velocities for different channel linings are shown in table below
Table 11: maximum velocities for different channel linings
2.68
For froudes number Fr = =0.8 < 1 the flow is 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 in the channel thus
√9.81x1.15
the free board =0.6m (minimum value for subcritical flows as recommended by Brater
(1976)).
43
The channel section calculations were verified (Figure 17), and a section plot developed (Figure
18 ) using Hydraulic Toolbox as shown below
Figure 17: 0+000 to 0+200 channel section parameters
Figure 18: 0+000 to 0+200 channel section
44
1
1 (2(b+2))2/3
22.5= 0.015 5 0.022 From calculation, bottom width b = 1.74 This implies
(b+4√2)3

 Top width, B = b + 4 = 5.74 m
 Area, A = 2(b + 2) = 7.48 m
22.5
 Velocity of flow, V= 7.48 =3.00 m/s
V A 7.48
√gDm
3.00
 Fr = =0.84 <1
√9.81x1.30
 hence flow is subcritical

• 3.00 m/s is ok since it is less than 6m/s, the maximum permissible velocity for concrete lining
as from table above.
2.68
• 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒓 = =0.8 < 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 in the channel thus
√9.81𝑥1.30
the 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒅 =
The channel section calculations were verified (Figure 19), and a section plot developed
(Figure 20 ) using Hydraulic Toolbox as shown below
45
Figure 19: 0+200 to 0+400 channel section parameters
46
1
1 (2(𝑏+2))2/3
28= 0.015 5 0.022 From calculation, 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑏 = 2.42 This implies
(𝑏+4√2)3

 Top width, B = b + 4 = 6.42 m
 Area, A = 2(b + 2) = 8.84 m
28
 Velocity of flow, V= =3.17 m/s
8.84
V A 8.84
√gDm
3.17
 Fr = =0.86 <1
√9.81x1.38
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

3.17 m/s is ok since it is less than 6m/s, the maximum permissible velocity for concrete
lining as from table above.
3.17
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒓 = =0.86 < 1 the flow is subcritical in the channel thus
√9.81𝑥1.38
the
𝒇𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐝 =
The channel section calculations were verified (Figure 22), and a section plot developed
(Figure21) using Hydraulic Toolbox as shown below
47
Figure 22: 0+000 to 0+200 channel section parameter
48
4.4 COST ESTIMATES
Resettlement costs
In order to ensure adequate working space along the channel during project execution, space
needs to be created. This implies that all those settled on and so close to the channel be
displaced, and compensated where necessary.
Width = 8m ie 4m on either side of channel.
Length = 640m
Area = 8*640 = 5120 m²
Estimated cost per square meter = Ushs. 250,000
Resettlement costs = 250000*5120 = 128 million Uganda shillings.
Construction costs
Estimated cost for construction of the 640m long trapezoidal channel lined with C25 concrete.
The projected costs include the costs of machinery and necessary labour.
Surface area of the concrete = 5120m2
Cost per square meter = Ush.1,000,000
Thus total cost = 5120 × 1,000,000 = 5.12 Billion Uganda shillings.
Total costs = 5.25 Billion Uganda shillings.
49
4.5 BILLS OF QUANTITIES
Item Description Unit Qty Rate Amount
(UShs) (UShs)
PROPOSED DRAINAGE CHANNEL
BILL NO. 1.0

BUILDING WORKS
ELEMENT NO.1
EARTHWORKS AND EXCAVATIONS PER SQUARE
METRE OF THE DRAINAGE CHANNEL
ALL PROVISIONAL
The work in this item includes all works up to and
including the ground floor slab
The Contractor shall prepare and submit in ample time
for approval before execution of the Works detail
drawings, specifications and calculations of all temporary
Works they may wish to use, which shall also show the
location of such temporary Works and their order of
execution
A Allow for maintaining and upholding sides of excavation : ITEM
clear off all fallen material, rubbish
B Allow for keeping the whole of the excavation free from ITEM
general water
C Clear the site of all bushes, shrubs and the like including SM 27
grabbing up their roots
D Excavate oversite to reduce level not exceeding 1.5m deep; CM 41
deposit in temporary spoil heaps on site
E Excavate for foundation trench commencing at reduced level CM 63
but not exceeding 3.0m deep; deposit in temporary spoil heaps
on site
F Extra over for excavating in rock. CM 9
G Load and cart away surplus excavated material from site. CM 43
H Approved murram fill to make up levels; well rolled and CM 20
compacted to 95% MDD in layers not exceeding 150mm thick
Insecticide treatment to surface of Hardcore, bottoms of
excavations and tops of foundation walling
I 0 + 00 --- 0 + 200 SM 12
50
J 0 + 200 --- 0 + 400 SM 13
K 0 + 400 --- 0 + 600 SM 14
150mm Thick Bed of handpacked stone base, well rolled

and compacted
L 0 + 00 --- 0 + 200 SM 1
M 0 + 200 --- 0 + 400 SM 2
N 0 + 400 --- 0 + 600 SM 3
50mm thick Stone dust blinding over surfaces of Hardcore

O 0 + 00 --- 0 + 200 SM 1
P 0 + 200 --- 0 + 400 SM 2
Q 0 + 400 --- 0 + 600 SM 3
DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE #REF!
1000 Gauge polythene sheeting laid in foundations 0
0 + 00 --- 0 + 200 SM 1 #REF!

0 + 200 --- 0 + 400 SM 2
0 + 400 --- 0 + 600 SM 3
STONE WORKS
Stone works to the sides of the excavated trenches;

handpacked and held together using cement sand mortar mix
of 1:4:8
A 0 + 00 --- 0 + 200 SM 4
B 0 + 200 --- 0 + 400 SM 4
C 0 + 400 --- 0 + 600 SM 4
CONCRETE WORK
51
PLAIN CONCRETE CLASS 10, 20mm AGGREGATE :
200mm thick to the ends of the drainage channel;
A 0 + 00 --- 0 + 200 SM 18
B 0 + 200 --- 0 + 400 SM 20
C 0 + 400 --- 0 + 600 SM 22
FORMWORK TO; Edges of drainage channel; 150 -

300mm high
A 0 + 00 --- 0 + 200 LM 14
B 0 + 200 --- 0 + 400 LM 16
C 0 + 400 --- 0 + 600 LM 18
TOTAL CARRIED TO COLLECTION
COLLECTION
TOTAL CARRIED FORWARD
TOTAL CARRIED FORWARD
TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY
52
4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
This chapter outlines the foreseen potential impacts of the channel’s rehabilitation, and provides
mitigation for any negative impacts whilst enhancing/optimizing the positive ones.
4.6.1 Impacts on the Environment.

Direct Impacts
Impact 1: Loss of vegetation
Construction activities will inevitably lead to loss of existing vegetation.
Mitigation measures
 Vegetation cover, such as native plants, topsoil, overburden, or spoils feasible for sustaining
growth will be removed in separate operations and segregated for later use during site
reinstatement, and materials to be used for site reinstatement will be stockpiled and protected
from wind and water erosion, as well as from contamination.
 Affected land will be rehabilitated to acceptable uses consistent with local or regional land use
plans. Land that is not restored for a specific use should be seeded and revegetated with native
species.
Impact 2: Soil Compaction and loss of soil functions

The frequent vehicular movements of trucks during land clearance and delivery of construction
materials, equipment and workers to the project site might result in soil compaction and
trampling at the site if no designated access tracks and parking areas are demarcated at the site.
Soil compaction will therefore result in loss of soil functions like productivity of the soil for
plant growth.
Mitigation measures
 Vehicle movement will be limited to the designated access route to the channel.
 Wide tyred construction vehicles will be used during the construction activities at the site to
minimize the impact of soil compaction and trampling at the site.
 Access tracks shall be designated around the project site to minimize the impact of soil
compaction and trampling, and
 A designated parking area shall be established to avoid project vehicles indiscriminately parking
around the site.
Impact 3: Pollution of soil, surface water and ground water
Pollution of the soil, surface water and ground water could result from any fuel and chemical
spillage and leakage. Polluted runoff can therefore easily infiltrate and undergo ground water
flow affecting both water and soil quality. Any poorly managed waste will also result in
alteration of the chemical and physical properties of both soil and water.
53
Mitigation measures
 Machines in good working condition will be utilized during land clearance and delivery of
equipment and personnel.
 Construction machines and vehicles will undergo routine maintenance and inspections.
 A spill contingency plan including spill clean-up equipment will be put in place and workers
will be trained in their use.
 Fueling and servicing of vehicles will be undertaken from only designated and lined areas.
 A waste management plan will be put in place for management of different types of waste.
Indirect Impacts
Impact: Impaired air quality due to construction dust and emissions
The site will be stripped of its vegetation during construction leaving it bare. This will expose the
soils to wind erosion. Vehicular movement to and from the site could potentially generate
fugitive dust in and around the vicinity of the site.
The greenhouse gases generated by the construction vehicles, equipment and machinery are also
likely to have a negative impact on air quality.
Mitigation measures
 Top soil stockpile and material drop height shall be kept to a minimum to avoid the
generation of unnecessary dust.
 Dust at the access roads, community road section and site will be kept to a minimum
through occasional wetting. The same will be applied to any banked soil stockpiles.
Wetting should be increased during sunny windy days and during dry spells or seasons.
 Greenhouse gas (GHG) generating equipment will undergo routine preventive
maintenance.
54
4.6.2 Social Impact Assessment
Direct Impacts
Impact 1: Employment
The construction phase of the new Katanga drainage channel will involve access roads that will
need to be established to lead to different parts of the channel. The construction of the proposed
channel will therefore create temporary employment opportunities to some of the local residents,
being employed as builders, drivers and as project assistants.
Recommendations
 Working with the local leaders during the recruitment of works to ensure that unskilled
and skilled persons from among the locals are given top priority.
 Environment health and safety measures should be implemented at the workplace to
ensure a safe working environment for workers.
 The policy for employment, working conditions and recruitment should be
communicated to prospective employees by the local leaders.
Impact 2: Improved market for locally available goods
Food stuff and dry rations, construction materials (aggregates, sand and cement) and services
may be obtained from the local market. As a result, the local market for such products will be
boosted through increased sale of such products.
Recommendations
 Purchase materials that can be locally available from the local markets.
 Local people should be encouraged to start up small enterprises to serve the construction
crew.
Impact 3: Construction related noise
Noise will be generated from a series of construction activities and equipment utilized for
delivery of materials to site.
Mitigation measures
 A temporary storage for construction materials shall be constructed on site to avoid multiple
deliveries of materials.
 Noisy construction machinery will be directed away from the direction of sensitive
receptor(s) and their use restricted where possible.
 Construction workforce especially machine operators will be provided with appropriate
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in form of earplugs.
55
Impact 4: Construction related accidents
Poor handling of machinery and equipment has the potential of causing accidents to the workers
at the site. Incidents and near misses shall be taken into account.
Mitigation measures
 Carrying out a basic Environment, Health and Safety induction training for all employees
and contractors prior to commencement of work at the site.
 Conducting regular Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) training toolbox talks for the
construction workforce.
 Display of appropriate safety signs around the construction sites.
 Emergency preparedness and response measures such as first aid kits shall be in place.
 Provision of adequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to all workers that is
commensurate with construction site activities, e.g. helmets, overalls, safety shoes etc. It
is important that PPE is used at all times whilst on duty and penalties for lack of its
use/improper use shall be clearly spelt out.
Impact 5: Accidents from construction traffic
The construction activities raise a risk of accidents from heavy trucks, vehicles and equipment
movement. In the project area, these may impact people and livestock causing potential injuries
and/or fatalities. Haulage of construction materials could pose road accident risks for local road
users and livestock if construction traffic does not observe safe travel speed.
Mitigation measures
 Control speed of construction vehicles and sensitize drivers about accident risk in local
communities.
 Construction vehicles shall undergo regular inspection and maintenance so as to guard
against the effects of mechanical failure.
 All equipment operators and drivers will be duly qualified, licensed for the respective
machineries operated.
 Appropriate PPE will be provided to all workers and trained in their usage.
 A health and safety management system will be instituted including emergency response
preparedness plans, first aid kit and trained first aiders.
 Traffic calming measures, in particular speed bumps and humps, shall be put in place
along the access road close to the project site and within the site.
 Optimally utilize the vehicles and avoid unnecessary trips between sites; and
 Local communities will be notified of the commencement of construction activities to
keep clear of project roads and construction site.
56
Impact 6: Pressure on resources, public facilities and infrastructure
During the operation activities, personnel and migrant workers will need local services such as
shelter and sanitation facilities, causing pressure on existing resources, public facilities and
infrastructure. Population increase in the area will to some extent increase pressure on some
public and social facilities.
Mitigation measures
 Establishment of a site clinic with first aid facilities, so that medical requirements or
injuries resulting from site activities are treated on site before any referrals are made;
 Establishment of adequate and appropriate sanitation facilities during all phase of the
project.
Indirect Impacts
Impact 1: Disruption of social activities
Channel construction works are likely to disrupt social and economic activities. Construction
materials and plant facilities are likely to attract school going children thus affecting school
activities.
This is an inevitable situation whenever a big activity takes place in any area.
Impact 2: Increased spread of disease

The clearing of the surface soil and excavations may create pits which could collect stagnant
water and act as breeding ground for disease pathogen vectors such as mosquitoes. This could
result in increased spread of diseases such as malaria. Malaria is among the highest killer
diseases in Uganda and if appropriate controls are not put in place, people’s lives will be
affected.
Mitigation measures
 Create community awareness of the project activities prior to its commencement.

 Provision of mosquito nets free of charge to the community.
 Diversions created each time construction works are in progress.
57
4.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A DRAINAGE CHANNEL
Operation and maintenance includes activities like;
Checking the drainage base, tributary channels and open drains to ensure that they have free
outflow especially in a period when drainage is most needed. However, an occasional very brief
submergence (super critical flow) of the outlets is normally accepted.
Checking that the drains are discharging during and shortly after rainfall
Monitor water levels in collector drains. High water levels indicate an obstruction in the drainage
channel. When high water levels are found, the water levels along a drain should be compared,
which may give a clue as to where the problem lies.
Checking whether sediments and other pollutants have accumulated in the channel or tributaries.
Inflow and outflow openings should be cleaned of debris and checked for scouring and damage
to banks and the structure itself. The portion of the drain with high sediment loads necessitates
regular flushing and dredging.
All vegetation should be removed, and side slopes and banks should be repaired where necessary
Care should be taken to eliminate any obstructions to flow or low points in the drain because
they will cause standing water.
System rehabilitation following high silt loads discharged during a single event.
Sensitizing of the community about the proper use of the channel by advising them to stop direct
discharge of materials that can cause blockage of the channel and obstruct flow which leads to
the channel not serving its intended purpose.
Adopting sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) which;
 attenuate runoff to reduce flooding and environmental damage
 manage pollution by trapping silts and treating run off
58
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION
The Katanga channel floods mainly as result of heavy siltation which has reduced the channel’s
capacity to manage the volumes of runoff it receives, making its rehabilitation necessary.
Using ArcGIS, the size of the channel’s watershed was determined as 154.9 hectares.
15-year daily rainfall data of the watershed was used to develop IDF curves from which the
required critical rainfall intensity of the 10-year return-period design storm was obtained.
The peak runoff at the channel’s outlet was 28 m3/s, for a time of concentration of 21minutes.
The channel was designed to be a concrete lined trapezoidal channel. C25 reinforced concrete
was recommended. To reduce the velocities of flow along the channel, scour-checks will be
constructed at 20m intervals.
The proposed design of the Katanga Drainage Channel is expected to have minimum negative
impact on the ecology of the immediate area alongside the channel and in areas of raw material
extraction. The various impacts expected include effects on flora and fauna, soil compaction, soil
erosion, alteration of landscape, decreased aesthetics and other ecological risks during
construction of the channel. No significant adverse long-term environmental impacts resulting
from project implementation were foreseen.
The project’s implementation is expected to cost an estimated 5.25 Billion Uganda shillings.
5.2 RECOMMENDTIONS
To the Local Councilors:
Sensitization of the locals on the dangers of poor solid waste disposal should be conducted to
convince them to stop solid waste disposal into the channel and curb the problem of flying toilets
through their leaders who can create committees within the community.
To Kampala Capital City Authority:
The authority should encourage locals to embrace harvesting of rain water for domestic use. The
essence of this approach is to reduce the runoff generated in the sub-catchment during a storm
event.
Garbage bins at several collection points should be provided and promptly emptied to reduce
unnecessary dumping of solid wastes into the channel. This will ensure that the channel’s
capacity to handle the discharge is not compromised.
59
To National Environmental Management Authority:
The Authority should embark on a mission to restore the Channel’s catchment area its
functionality, thereby improving the surface runoff within the Channel’s catchment. As a result,
the channel’s flood plain will be capable of handling the overflow volumes of the channel in case
of a flood, thus mitigating its effects.
To the Government:
A Resettlement Action Plan should be prepared to ensure displaced parties are resettled in
appropriate areas and others given a satisfactory compensation to cover their lost property.
60
REFERENCES
Albert I. Rugumayo (2012), An Introduction to Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering in
Uganda, Uganda.
Brater, Ernst. F and Horace Williams King (1979), Handbook of Hydraulics for Solution of
Hydraulic Engineering Problems, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Butler. D, Davies J.W. (2000), Urban Drainage, E& FN Spon, London, UK
Chin, D. A. (2006), Water Resources Engineering, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey, USA.
City of Jonesboro Craighead County Arkansas, (2008), Storm water Drainage Design Manual,
City of Jonesboro Craighead County Arkansas, U.S.A.
City Utilities Design Standards Manual (2015), Stormwater (sw) Open Channels, Book 2, USA
Chow, V.T. (1959), Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
C. J. Barrow (2000), Social Impact Assessment: An Introduction, Arnold, Hodder Headline
Group, London.
Das Ghanshyam, Hydrology and Soil Conservation Engineering: Including Watershed
Management (English), 2nd Edition, Phi Learning.
Das Ghanshyam (2002), Hydrology and Soil Conservation Engineering, Prentice Hall, New
Delhi, India.
Drainage Services Department (2000), Stormwater Drainage Manual Planning, Design and
Management, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong.
Haestad Methods and S. Rocky Durrans, Stormwater, Conveyance, Modeling and Design,
Bentley Institute Press, Waterbury, CT USA
ICE, Commission to Review Flood Defence Adequacy, New Civil Engineer International 2001,
London, UK.
Kirpich, P.Z. (1940), Time of Concentration of Small Agricultural Watersheds, Civil Engineering
Larry. W Mays (1999), Hydraulic Design Handbook, McGraw-Hill Education, New York
L. H. Watkins, D. Fiddes (1984), Highway and Urban Hydrology in the Tropics, Pentech Press,
London, UK.
Merz. R., and G. Blöschl (2003), A process typology of regional floods, Water Resources
Research, Germany
Ministry of Water and Environment, (2012), Draft Water Supply Design Manual, Ministry of
Water and Environment, Uganda. Ministry of Works and Transport (2010), Road Design
Manual, Volume 2: Drainage Design, Ministry of Works and Transport, Uganda
61
APPENDIX 1: PROPOSAL PREPARATION AND REPORT PREPARATION
Table 22. Budget

SN ITEM QUANTITY COST(UG SHs)
1 Data Collection N/A 50,000=
2 Tests N/A 200,000=
3 Hiring Equipment Item 100,000=
4 Transport Item 20,000=
5 Printing $ Stationery Item 30,000=
6 Miscellaneous item 50,000=
GRAND TOTAL 450,000=
Table 13: Work Plan

YEAR 2017
MONTHS MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE
WEEKS 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
ACTIVITIES
PREPARATION
PROPOSAL WRITNG
DATA COLLECTION
LABARATORY TESTS
DATA ANALYSIS
REPORT WRITING
PRESENTATION
62
APPENDIX 2: DATA
Table 14: Maximum permissible velocity for selected lining materials
63
Table 15: Values of Constants in Intensity - Duration - Frequency Relationships
64
Table 16: survey data
1 2013.473 5000.041 999.467 CH(0+00)L
2 2013.414 4999.145 999.287 CL
3 2013.332 4998.163 999.62 R
4 2005.445 5001.011 1000.332 (0+010)L
5 2005.435 4999.741 999.685 CL
6 2005.491 4998.294 1000.395 R
7 1992.98 5006.533 1000.902 (0+020)L
8 1992.643 5003.35 999.519 CL
9 1992.688 5001.366 1000.541 R
10 1973.31 5006.16 999.896 (0+040)L
11 1972.233 5003.806 998.919 CL
12 1972.731 5003.009 1000.385 R
13 1993.618 5012.568 1000.587 GL
14 1987.81 5012.228 1000.633 GL
15 1995.055 5008.057 1001.097 GL
16 1998.372 5008.474 1001.308 GL
17 1990.112 5001.458 1000.563 GL
18 1995.075 5000.951 1000.565 GL
19 1997.373 4995.779 1000.329 CULVERT
20 1998.539 4995.257 1000.414 CULVERT
21 1986.756 5011.649 1000.489 DR
22 1985.829 5011.578 1000.174 DR
23 1985.857 5006.217 1000.167 DR
24 1986.84 5005.977 1999.874 DR
25 1956.068 5010.285 999.644 0+60 L
26 1955.553 5008.508 998.982 CL
27 1945.625 5012.223 999.188 BR M PT1
28 1945.793 5011.4 998.79 BR PT2
29 1945.769 5010.585 998.88 0+70
30 1952.445 5005.566 999.631 DR
31 1951.877 5005.718 999.642 DR
32 1952.568 5007.921 999.353 DR
33 1953.104 5007.464 999.44 DR
34 1954.786 5013.375 999.664 GL
35 1946.787 5013.759 999.663 GL
36 1960.477 5002.083 1001.681 GL
37 1952.283 5012.442 1000.217 GL
38 1934.398 5014.544 999.485 0+80L
39 1934.323 5012.924 998.768 CL
40 1934.45 5010.915 999.595 R
65
41 1918.295 5014.471 999.457 EB PT
42 1917.886 5012.626 998.763 GL
43 1918.023 5010.83 999.653 EM PT
45 1898.939 5016.047 999.188 L
46 1898.607 5014.231 998.65 CL
47 1898.649 5012.1 999.323 R
48 1878.991 5017.994 999.792 0+100 L
49 1879.337 5015.849 998.611 CL
50 1879.362 5014.538 999.518 R
51 1859.19 5016.877 999.748 GL
52 1868.875 5017.802 999.956 0+120 L
53 1884.527 5016.296 999.781 CL
54 1895.353 5017.714 1000.042 R
55 1902.057 5015.914 1000.23 MH
56 1901.785 5011.212 999.706 DR
57 1915.944 5015.046 998.932 DR
58 1921.175 5010.872 998.967 DR
59 1924.658 5014.603 999.603 0+140 L
60 1932.698 5014.785 999.782 CL
61 1930.616 5010.938 999.824 R
62 1946.771 5009.362 1000.297 MH
63 1859.155 5015.973 999.167 0+160 L
64 1858.744 5014.32 998.527 CL
65 1858.319 5012.166 999.292 R
66 1839.86 5017.17 999.052 0+180 L
67 1839.309 5015.867 998.446 CL
68 1839.5 5013.854 999.68 R
69 1818.873 5022.43 998.96 0+200 L
70 1818.386 5020.82 998.426 CL
71 1818.022 5018.283 999.482 R
72 1798.77 5025.732 999.038 0+220 L
73 1798.074 5023.758 998.349 CL
74 1798.029 5021.469 998.373 R
75 1781.165 5028.651 998.911 0+240 L
76 1781.062 5026.758 998.317 CL
77 1780.622 5024.639 999.133 R
78 1761.027 5030.703 999.559 0+260 L
79 1760.922 5029.168 997.766 CL
80 1760.349 5027.123 999.605 R
81 1764.667 5030.39 999.697 GL
82 1755.011 5027.095 999.929 GL
66
83 1772.616 5028.423 999.899 GL FP
84 1766.114 5024.807 1000.05 GL @FP
85 1794.583 5029.197 999.78 R
86 1768.521 5023.87 999.787 EP
87 1807.08 5026.552 999.352 DR
88 1807.05 5026.566 999.349 DR
89 1806.789 5024.52 998.732 DR
90 1807.32 5024.408 998.749 DR
91 1805.725 5019.584 999.402 GL
92 1814.418 5021.386 999.54 BRIDGE
93 1819.205 5017.658 999.509 BRG
94 1819.976 5024.224 999.564 BRG
95 1833.908 5013.26 999.626 GL
96 1833.387 5021.799 999.006 DR
97 1833.666 5021.536 998.989 DR
98 1831.822 5018.573 998.869 DR
99 1832.405 5018.311 998.88 DR
100 1833.457 5002.34 999.225 GL
101 1838.289 5019.938 999.302 GL
102 1840.87 5002.578 999.195 GL
103 1849.401 4999.351 999.282 GL
104 1844.032 5009.598 999.842 EMBRT
105 1767.412 5031.415 998.451 DR
106 1764.494 5033.42 998.616 DR
107 1768.942 5031.963 998.472 DR
108 1769.022 5033.061 998.551 DR
109 1743.049 5034.94 999.525 0+280 L
110 1742.54 5033.233 997.75 CL
111 1741.013 5031.066 999.819 R
112 1721.989 5039.492 999.18 0+300 L
113 1721.053 5037.579 997.633 CL
114 1719.805 5034.584 998.724 R
115 1702.116 5044.384 999.452 0+320 L
116 1701.197 5041.925 997.577 CL
117 1700.594 5038.795 999.439 R
118 1682.933 5048.693 999.371 0+340 L
119 1682.403 5049.2 997.516 CL
120 1682.076 5042.663 999.355 R
121 1663.679 5054.059 999.166 0+360 L
122 1662.912 5051.474 997.383 CL
123 1662.114 5048.628 999.426 R
67
124 1645.389 5060.367 999.176 0+380 L
125 1644.57 5057.621 997.279 CL
126 1644.147 5054.718 999.832 R
127 1628.1 5071.317 999.825 0+400 L
128 1625.614 5068.019 997.1 CL
129 1622.415 5063.749 1000.497 R
130 1611.17 5059.538 1001.891 M CUL
131 1621.262 5070.528 996.948 IL CUL
132 1620.544 5069.189 996.984 IL CUL
133 1714.047 5031.585 999.056 GL @PH
134 1705.123 5023.374 998.955 GL
135 1687.571 5028.139 998.973 GL
136 1689.121 5037.865 999.125 GL
137 1678.158 5040.714 999.115 GL
138 1675.873 5030.486 999.051 GL
139 1663.616 5033.752 999.099 GL
140 1666.535 5044.384 999.197 GL
141 1653.284 5048.378 999.286 GL
142 1649.453 5037.356 999.286 GL
143 1640.613 5040.977 999.254 GL
144 1645.525 5050.779 999.358 GL
145 1623.679 5049.175 1002.025 GL
146 1621.852 5043.146 1001.012 GL
147 1614.342 5048.501 1001.814 GL
148 1615.3 5057.459 1000.897 GL
149 1621.852 5060.734 1000.568 GL @PH
150 1630.802 5044.555 999.695 DR
151 1633.034 5044.267 999.501 DR
152 1636.198 5056.519 999.023 DR
153 1633.813 5056.998 999.327 DR
154 1632.737 5087.913 999.273 RD
155 1619.875 5076.239 999.32 RD
156 1639.943 5083.307 999.267 RD
157 1628.507 5076.023 999.399 RD
158 1618.525 5069.256 999.659 RD
159 1615.699 5072.546 999.486 RD
160 1605.773 5065.654 1000.35 RD
161 1608.547 5062.288 1000.625 rd @ CHL
162 1632.135 5089.637 999.47 dr
163 1633.025 5088.145 999.277 dr
164 1619.833 5076.629 999.296 dr
68
165 1618.839 5077.95 999.267 dr
166 1610.892 5081.39 1000.158. 0+420 l
167 1608.031 5076.888 996.431 CL
168 1606.038 5072.981 999.452 r
169 1592.606 5088.864 999.227 0+440 l
170 1591.193 5084.467 996.469 CL
171 1588.902 5079.891 999.822 r
172 1573.061 5094.121 998.848 0+460 l
173 1572.363 5089.666 996.43 CL
174 1571.801 5085.025 999.493 r
175 1553.97 5094.478 997.735 0+480 l
176 1552.816 5090.944 996.302 CL
177 1551.674 5086.315 999.557 r
178 1535.598 5100.657 998.097 0+500 l
179 1534.546 5096.8 996.244 C
180 1532.86 5092.908 998.34 R
181 1515.369 5105.797 998.117 0+520 L
182 1515.046 5102.451 996.153 C
183 1513.788 5098.311 998.739 R
184 1515.393 5105.837 998.103
185 1497.55 5110.874 997.998 0+540 L
186 1497.067 5107.669 996.098 C
187 1494.887 5104.228 998.359 R
188 1477.696 5117.575 997.874 0+560 L
189 1477.094 5114.149 995.976 C
190 1476.115 5111.349 997.953 R
191 1458.038 5123.338 997.613 0+580 L
192 1457.997 5119.641 995.9 C
193 1456.672 5116.734 997.728 R
194 1440.64 5129.025 996.737 0+600 L
195 1439.737 5126.021 995.891 C
196 1437.605 5122.414 997.869 R
197 1419.448 5135.701 996.744 0+620 L
198 1419.847 5132.348 995.791 C
199 1418.894 5129.055 997.946 R
200 1402.089 5141.371 998.133 0+640 L
201 1403.378 5137.922 995.644 C
202 1399.669 5135.617 998.105 R
203 1403.517 5140.88 997.355 GL
204 1399.172 5132.045 998.057 GL
205 1408.175 5132.142 997.745 GL
69
206 1406.923 5127.061 998.593 GL
207 1432.409 5124.598 997.273 GL
208 1432.672 5120.199 998.259 GL
209 1446.563 5119.085 997.831 GL
210 1455.395 5123.934 997.694 GL
211 1464.685 5121.556 997.996 GL
212 1462.342 5114.714 997.755 GL
213 1475.344 5118.504 997.953 GL
214 1471.592 5108.674 998.22 GL
215 1481.281 5106.866 998.233 GL
216 1483.983 5115.646 998.175 GL
217 1490.433 5103.386 998.48 GL
218 1500.567 5100.062 994.984 GL
219 1519.332 5104.835 998.174 GL
220 1514.311 5096.538 998.84 GL
221 1522.15 5095.907 998.629 GL
222 1530.388 5101.614 998.124 GL
223 1527.397 5093.725 998.413 GL
224 1542.43 5078.243 1002.554 GL
225 1551.496 5094.497 997.281 DR @+
226 1552.901 5093.947 997.022 DR
227 1554.466 5096.123 997.06 DR
228 1553.3 5096.739 997.022 DR
229 1550.883 5078.548 1001.687 GL
230 1567.844 5094.985 998.938 GL
231 1548.013 5087.67 999.656 MH
232 1575.462 5095.656 999.91 MH
233 1558.127 5084.43 999.927 GL
234 1538.997 5098.621 999.303 GL
235 1577.246 5102.177 998.621 GL
236 1567.474 5080.982 999.95 GL
237 1572.819 5108.507 1000.612 GL
238 1570.445 5074.794 1001.702 GL
239 1581.28 5119.078 999.853 GL
240 1589.919 5105.605 998.871 GL
241 1578.172 5074.476 1001.675 GL
242 1595.812 5102.2 1001.088 GL
243 1591.088 5070.148 1001.475 GL
244 1594.985 5092.813 1000.186 GL
245 1579.624 5081.501 999.509 GL
246 1593.215 5076.981 999.875 GL
70
247 1603.334 5085.785 999.62 GL
248 1595.002 5060.226 1001.126 DR
249 1594.28 5061.897 1001.098 DR
250 1603.49 5064.816 1000.53 DR
251 1602.19 5066.157 1000.682 DR
252 1607.391 5070.301 999.68 DR
253 1608.694 5069.344 999.788 DR
254 1614.679 5073.857 997.024 IL CUL
255 1614.144 5072.702 996.98 IL CUL
71
Table 17: 15-Year Rainfall Data
Y M D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
e o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
a n y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y
r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
h
2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4
0
0
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0
0 7 2
0
0
2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0 4 0 0 2
0
0
2 4 2 0 2 1 7 5 3 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 7 0 0
0 0 5 4 4 4 3 5
0 0
0
2 5 1 0 0 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0
0 1 2 5 0 2 2
0
0
2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 1 2 1 0 5
0 4 5 3 8 0 0 5
0
0
2 7 0 9 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 6
0
0
2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
0 3 9 4 4 4 0
0
0
2 9 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 1
0 3 8 0 5
0
0
2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 0 3 1 4 2 4 0 0 6 0 0 0 4 8 0
0 0 5 6 9 3 2 0 7 0
0
0
2 1 4 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 7 8 6 0 0 1 0 0 5
0 1 0 4 5 0
0
0
2 1 1 5 1 2 8 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 0 5
0 2 0 0 0 0
0
0
70
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 5 5
0
1
2 2 0 5 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 6 0 7
0 0 5 5 5 0 7 8 5 0
0
1
2 3 0 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 7 2 5 0 0 1 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 0 0
0 0 5 0 3 0
0
1
2 4 1 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 0
0 0 0 2 0 5 5 0 0 0 3 0 5
0
1
2 6 5. 6 7 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0
0 1 0 4 5 6 0 5 5 0
0
1
2 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
0 0 2 5 5 0 0 0
0
1
2 8 4 7 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 5 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 5 0 0 4 2 0 1 4 5 0
0
1
2 9 1 1 1 9 0 7 5 0 0 1 8 7 1 1 2 1 7 1 0 5 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 5 0
0
1
2 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 2 5 7 9 1
0 0 5
0
1
2 1 8 1 1 2 0 5 0 9 1 2 1 2 3 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 5 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 5
0
1
2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
0 2 5
0
1
2 1 0 0 0 4 0 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 3 4 7 0 0 2 0 0 0
0 8 0 5
0
2
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
0 8 1 2 4
0
2
2 3 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1. 0
0 7 4 9 4 9 1 5
0
2
2 4 2 9 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 3 1 6 6
0
2
71
2 5 9 1 5 4 5 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 2. 2 4 6 2
0 4
2
2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 9. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. 4 0
0 6 3 0. 8. 4
0 8 2
2
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5. 2
0 3
2
2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1. 0 1. 0 0 0 0
0 0. 5 2
0 1
2
2 9 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 5. 0 0 1 0 4. 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4. 4 2 1. 5 2. 4 3
0 3 8 5
2
2 1 8. 0 0 3 2 0 3. 0 0 0 0 1 0 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1. 1 4
0 0 3 6 5 4. 1 5. 7 8 7. 0.
0 1 5 3 9
2
2 1 0 2 4 1 1 0 6. 2 0 5. 0 6. 1 0 7 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 6 1 1. 5 1 2 5 5 3 9. 4. 1
0 4 4 8
2
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8
0 2 8 4. 9 1 3. 3.
0 7 4 2
2
2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2. 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0. 7 7 8
0 5
3
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 3 6.
0 3
3
2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 7.
0 3
3
2 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 9. 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0
0 1. 6. 4 2. 6 4.
0 5 7 5 2
3
2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9. 3 0 0 1 9
0 5 7 6 6. 7
0 5
3
2 6 1 5 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 5 4 0. 0. 3 5. 2.
0 8 8 4 5
3
72
2 7 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 7. 3 6
0 7
3
2 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 5. 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 5. 0 0 1 7. 0 0
0 1 4 4 9 8 0 8 7 3
0
3
2 9 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9. 0 0 4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0
0 5 8 3
0
3
2 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8. 1 0 0 0 1 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 1
0 0 5. 1 3. 1 5 5. 6. 1
0 5 5 5 3
3
2 1 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 3 4 0. 3 2
0 2
3
2 1 0 5 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 3 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 6 1 0. 0. 2 0
0 5 5
3
2 1 2 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 5 2 2
0
4
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 3 5 5 2
0
4
2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1. 2. 0 0 1 1. 1. 1. 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 7 2 6 1 3. 6 4 7 6
0 1
4
2 4 0 1. 1 9. 0 0 2 0 2 0 6. 1 0. 2. 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 2. 0 0 2 1. 2 0
0 1 3. 1 0 3. 1 5. 6 6 2 1 6 1. 2 3.
0 2 7 1 1 4
4
2 5 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0
0 8 8 8
0
4
2 6 3 1. 0 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 1. 0 0 0 1. 0 2. 0 1 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5. 4 8 7 5 9 4 2. 6
0 7 5
4
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 7 9 6. 4
0 7
4
2 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9. 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 2. 4 7 6. 1.
0 5 9 8
4
2 9 7. 5. 1. 1. 0 4 2 0 2. 0 0 0 4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 0 0 4. 0 0 0 3 1. 0 0
0 9 8 8 5 7 3. 3 2 5 6 9. 1
0 2 8
4
73
2 1 3. 2. 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 6 0 7. 0 0 6. 2. 3. 0 8. 2 0 4 6. 1
0 0 3 6 2 8 2. 5 2 4 6 4 0. 1 6.
0 1 5 7
4
2 1 0 4. 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 5. 0 0 4. 0 0 3. 0 0 6. 9. 5. 8. 0 2 3 0 0 0 2. 0
0 1 9 1. 5 2 4 2 8 6 4 1 3. 6. 1
0 7 2 4
4
2 1 0 7. 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 9 3. 6. 5. 7 8.
0 2 2 3 9
4
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 4 7. 4.
0 7 9
5
2 2 0 4. 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 8
0 2 3.
0 9
5
2 3 0 9. 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 6 5 2. 2 8 1.
0 9 1
5
2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
0 3. 0. 5.
0 7 5 3
5
2 5 7. 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 8. 0 0
0 3 2. 8 4. 8. 3
0 8 7 5
5
2 6 0 0 4. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 3 4. 0 4. 2
0 9 5
5
2 7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 1 1
0 0. 3. 1 8.
0 9 3 6
5
2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5. 3. 4. 3. 8.
0 5 2 5 6 1
5
2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7. 1 1 0 5. 0 0 0 0 0 4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 9 0 4 2 2
0
5
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 3. 0 0 2. 1 0 4. 0 0 0 9. 0 0 0 3 1 5. 3. 4. 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 6 3 7. 1 9 2. 4. 6 3 4
0 5 7 6
5
2 1 0 9. 1 2 0. 9. 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 8. 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1. 0. 6 5 2 7 1 4
0 8 1
5
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0
0 2 7 2
0
5
74
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. 3. 1 0. 1 0 5. 1. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 4 5 4. 6 8 2 8 3.
0 5 2
6
2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 1. 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 4.
0 4. 5 6 9 3 9 8
0 3
6
2 3 0 0 2. 0 1 0 0 4 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. 1 2 0 0 4. 0. 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0
0 2 0. 0 1 3 5 4 1 3 9
0 7
6
2 4 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 1 8. 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 4. 1 0
0 7. 6. 1 2 7 9 1. 4 4 0
0 3 7 4
6
2 5 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 6 1. 4. 0 7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8. 0 1 0 3 0
0 1. 1 1. 3. 1 1 9 6 5. 9.
0 3 6 5 4 5
6
2 6 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 4. 1. 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 0
0 7 2 8 9 1 6
0
6
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 7.
0 1
6
2 8 1. 0 0 4. 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 7 7 2. 5. 9. 8.
0 7 4 3 4
6
2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0
0 5 1 1. 7
0 3
6
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 5 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 9. 0 0 1. 9. 0 3. 3 0 1 0 3. 0
0 0 8 6 6 1 6 5 6 1. 5. 9
0 4 4
6
2 1 0 1 4. 1 0 0 4. 4. 4 4 0 0 1 5. 2 0 2 0 3 1. 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 6 9 8. 4 8 1. 1. 4. 6 1. 0. 6. 7 8. 4.
0 5 8 5 6 4 3 3 7 3
6
2 1 7. 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 6. 1 0 8. 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 6 1. 1. 7. 2 1. 4 1. 1 3. 9.
0 7 9 2 9 8 9 3
6
2 1 0 0 0. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1. 0 1 0 0 4 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0. 0
0 2 9. 4 2 3. 4. 3 2 7 3
0 2 2 4
7
2 2 5. 0. 0 1. 1 0. 0 1 2. 2. 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1. 0. 0. 5. 3.
0 2 4 8 0 4 8 8 6 2 8. 6 4 2 8 6
0 2
7
75
2 3 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 1. 0 1 0 1 0. 0 0 0 9. 0 1. 2 0 0. 1. 0 0
0 2 8 9 6. 0. 6 9 6 6 9
0 4 6
7
2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 8. 0 0 1. 0 6. 0 0 2 3. 0. 3. 1 4 0 1 0 1 0 0. 0 2.
0 6 7 4 2 5 5 3 8 3. 4 2
0 5
7
2 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 2 2. 1 6. 1 0 4 0. 2. 1 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 8. 0 3. 0 1. 0
0 2. 6 7 7. 7 4 1 7 4 5 7
0 9 6
7
2 6 0 0. 6. 0. 1 0 9. 0 0 3 0 0 1. 0 2 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 6. 0 0 0 7 0
0 1 5 6 6. 2 3. 8 5. 5 4 6
0 2 4 1
7
2 7 0 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 5. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0 0 2. 0. 0 0. 0 5 0 0 0. 0 0 1 2 6
0 8 4. 2 5 2 4 4 9 4 9 7 2. 0. 3.
0 4 5 5 4
7
2 8 0 3 3. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0 0 6. 4. 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0 3. 0. 4. 0 0
0 0. 3 2 8. 8. 6 2 5 8 2. 3 3 8 2
0 2 1 4 2
7
2 9 0 0 3 9. 0 2 8. 3 1 5 0 0 2 4. 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 2 0 0 0. 0 2
0 6. 4 6 0 8 4. 2. 4 5 8 9 5 1.
0 2 1 6 8
7
2 1 5. 0 5. 6. 0 1. 6 0 4 1. 6. 0 0 0 1. 0 1 0. 3. 2 3. 2 6. 0 0 0 1. 0 0 6. 6
0 0 7 7 4 5 5. 7 2 4 5 3. 5 1 4. 4 5. 5 3 3 4.
0 9 1 1 8 2
7
2 1 0 0. 1 9. 0 0 0 0. 4. 0 0 0. 6. 1. 3 2 1 0. 0 0 0 0 0 2 1. 0. 1. 0 0 0
0 1 2 8. 5 4 4 6 2 7 5. 7 0. 6 5. 7 7 8
0 3 4 1 7
7
2 1 0 0 0 0. 0 0 3 1 1 0 0. 4 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 6 8. 2 1 7. 4
0 3 8
7
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0. 8. 1 0 1 0 4. 0 0 0. 1 5 0 0 0 0
0 7 8. 7. 8 6 7. 0. 2 2 0.
0 7 2 3 5 2
8
2 2 0 0 0 0 8. 0 6. 5. 0 1 0. 2. 0 0 0 0 0 4. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.
0 9 3 8 3. 2 8 1 3. 2
0 5 6
8
2 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 8. 0. 0 0 0. 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. 2 8. 2 3 0 0 7 1 1 0 5 0
0 1 6 4 3 2 8 1 3. 1 3. 0 7 1. 6. 1
0 6 3 7 3
8
2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 3. 2 3. 9. 3. 7 2 8 6. 1 2. 1 0 1 9. 2 3. 0 0 0 0
0 5 4 7 5 8 4 1. 7 9 6 1 0. 2 7 2
0 2 2
8
2 5 0 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0. 4 5. 1 0 3 0. 0 1. 0 0 4. 0 1. 0. 0 3. 0 2. 3 0 2. 6.
0 5 4 4 3. 1 8 5 5 8 8 3 5. 3 8
0 2 8
8
76
2 6 3 1. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4. 7 0 4 2 7 6
0 3
8
2 7 0 0 1. 0 0 7. 0 0 0 0. 2. 0 0. 2 0 0 1 0 0. 1. 0 0 0. 0. 2. 0 0 0 1. 0 0
0 6 2 2 4 7 7. 5 6 4 1 1 8 6
0 4
8
2 8 0 0. 0. 1 0. 0 1. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 2. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 3 3 3. 2 1 2 1 8 5 3 7
0 3
8
2 9 1. 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 4. 6. 1 1 0 0 6. 0 0. 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0. 0 1
0 9 8 3 4 1. 2. 7 6 7. 2. 0. 0 2 3.
0 7 7 4 5 5 5
8
2 1 1 1 0 3 2. 0 2 7. 9 2. 1 0 1 0 0 4. 0 6. 0 2. 3. 0 2. 0 0. 1 0 4. 2. 0 0
0 0 2. 5. 5 5 6 0 3 2 6 6 3 1 2. 7 7
0 5 5 4
8
2 1 1 1 3 8 5. 7. 2. 9. 3. 5 6 0 4. 3. 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 0 0
0 1 4. 2. 9 1 2 7 8 3 5
0 5 9
8
2 1 1 0 3 0 0 0. 0 0 3. 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0. T 0. 0
0 2 9. 2 7 2 0 8. 4 R 1
0 2 5
8
2 1 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 4 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 2 0 5. 3 3 2 0 2. 0. 1 1. 2
0 2 3 8 7 0 6 0 6 5 2 5. 5 7.
0 4 5
9
2 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 4 5 0 0 0 0 0.
0 0 0. 4 9 3. 7 8
0 8 6
9
2 3 1 8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 5. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 1. 0 0 0. 0 0
0 3. 9 8 7 5 4 2 5
0 3
9
2 4 2. 0 6 1 6. 2. 0 2. 0 0 9. 2. 0. 1 0 0 0 1 2. 3. 0. 0 0 0 1. 3. 8. 0 0. 1
0 4 4. 2 6 1 3 6 2 1. 8 3 2 2 4 9 2 0.
0 6 3 5
9
2 5 5 0 0 0 4. 1 0 0 2. 5. 0. 0. 0 1 0 1. 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1.
0 4 4 3 4 5 8 6 5 1. 4 0. 6
0 6 9
9
2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3
0 8 0.
0 2
9
2 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 3
0
9
2 8 0 0 2. 0 0 7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 4 0 6 3 0. 1 8. 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 3 5 1 8. 5 1 1 0.
0 7 4
9
77
2 9 0 0 0. 1. 5. 0. 0 1 1. 0 0 1 0. 1 2. 0 1 2 1. 2. 3 0 5. 0. 0 3. 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 2 2 0 2 3. 7 1. 9 7. 3 2 2 4 5 3 5
0 8 5 7
9
2 1 0 0 0 2. 2. 0 0 2 0. 1. 0. 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1. 2 0 1 7 1. 1 0. 2. 2
0 0 4 2 2 6 3 2 2. 2 1 1. 6 1 1 1.
0 1 4 3
9
2 1 0 3 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 9. 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 5. 1. 0 0 1 5 1 0 4. 0. 5
0 1 1. 2 6 9. 3. 6. 2 8 5 3 2 1.
0 5 6 7 4 4
9
2 1 0 0 0. 2. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 8. 0. 6. 2. 2. 0 6. 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 1. 1 3. 0 4. 0. 0 0
0 2 6 6 4 9. 3 3 7 1 4 3 5 3 1 2 7 6. 6 2 4
0 7 5
9
2 1 2. 0 0 1 0 0 3. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1. 0 0 3. 4 8. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 7 3. 7 5. 0. 8 7 9. 4 1
1 2 1 4 7
0
2 2 0 2. 0. 2 1. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 5 0 0 3 2 1 3 0 0 9. 3. 0 7.
0 3 5 3 5 2 1. 2. 0 6 8 7
1 2 6
0
2 3 2. 0 0 3 8. 0 7. 9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 2 0. 9. 0. 0 0 0. 1. 0 2 1 0 2 2.
0 3 7 3 3 5 4 8 4 5 2 1 2. 0. 2. 3
1 1 1 6
0
2 4 2 2 3 1. 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0. 1 0. 0 0 1 0 0. 0. 0 0. 7 4. 1 3.
0 1 6. 6. 8 2 3. 3. 3 6 0. 2 4. 8 6 6 3 4
1 3 4 3 6 3 6
0
2 5 3. 1 0 6. 0 2 0 1 9. 3 7. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 0. 1. 0 0 0 5. 0 0
0 4 2. 2 3 9 2 5. 6 4 3 1 4
1 2 2
0
2 6 6 0 1. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 6. 5. 1 0 0. 0 0 1. 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 4. 2 3 3 5 3 4 4 0.
1 8 1
0
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 6. 0 0 1 0. 0 0
0 1 3 2 4. 6
1 9
0
2 8 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2. 0 0 4. 0 0 0 0 7. 0 1. 1 0. 0 0 7. 0 0.
0 4 0 4 2 5 4 0. 5 8 4
1 3
0
2 9 2 1. 0 0 1. 2 0. 0 1 1. 4 5. 0 7. 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 3 0 2 0
0 5. 3 3 0 3 9 2. 6 2 7 3 6 1.
1 6 8 4
0
2 1 0 0 0. 5 0 6. 0 1 0 0 0 7. 9. 1 0 0 0 3 6. 2. 5. 1. 1 5 0 2 0. 2 0 0 8.
0 0 5 2 1 6 4 7. 4. 7 4 8 6 5 6 2. 5
1 2 6 3
0
2 1 1. 0 4 2 0 0 0 7. 9. 0 3. 0. 0 1 0. 0 0. 1. 0 0 0 2. 1 0 0 2. 0 1 0 0.
0 1 2 6 6 2 5 4. 1 5 8 6 5 1. 1
1 8 2
0
78
2 1 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8. 0 1. 0 3 0 1 0. 0 0 4.
0 2 5 1 1 1 5 4 6 3. 2. 7 9
1 8 4
0
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 7 3 3
1
1
2 2 0 1 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 3
1
1
2 3 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 1. 4 9. 0. 7. 4 0. 6. 2 0. 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 9. 2
0 6 1 3 8 4 5 8 9. 7 2 2 2 9. 4 3 5
1 2 2
1
2 4 0 0 0 6. 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 2. 9. 0 2. 3. 0. 0 4. 0 7 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0. 2.
0 2 5 7 1 3 4 4 3 1. 6. 1 8
1 2 1
1
2 5 3. 9. 0 0 5. 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0. 0 2 1 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 0
0 3 5 4 0. 8. 4. 1 4 7
1 3 8 3
1
2 6 0. 0 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0 2 0. 0 1. 0 0 4 1 8. 0 0 0. 1 0 0. 0 0. 4 0 0
0 3 2 9. 5 8 2 3. 6 8 2. 7 8 4.
1 5 4 1 2
1
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0. 0 0
0 6 3. 1
1 1
1
2 8 0 0 3. 1 0 0 3 4. 0 1 0 0. 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 0. 0 0 5 0 0. 3 0. 0 2.
0 2 8 2 4 9. 3. 4 1 3. 4 0. 2 3
1 4 2 6 8
1
2 9 1. 2. 8. 0 1 2 0. 0 4 0. 0. 0 2 2 2. 4. 3. 0. 0 0 0 0 3 8. 0. 0 0. 1. 0. 1.
0 6 6 1 1. 2 3 5 3 3 0. 9. 4 7 5 1 0 2 2 2 6 1 2
1 6 4 2
1
2 1 4 0. 2 0. 1. 6. 7. 1 6. 1 0 5. 1. 5. 3 0. 3 4. 2. 2. 0. 0 1 9. 8. 1 0 2 2 0 0
0 0 4. 8 6. 1 1 7 1 5 2 7 9 3 1. 2 7 5 7 8. 5 1 5. 1. 7.
1 6 5 5 5 3 5 6
1
2 1 0 0 0. 1 1 0 0. 1 0 0. 1 1 1 0 0 3. 1. 1 4 0 1 2. 6 1 1. 0 5 2. 1. 0.
0 1 1 6. 4. 1 8 4 7. 6. 5. 3 1 1. 4. 7 7. 3 0. 1 6 8
1 5 5 1 8 5 1 1 8 1
1
2 1 1. 1. 1 2 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 7. 1. 0. 1. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0. 0. 0 1. 3 0 0. 4 0.
0 2 5 2 0. 5. 4 9 2 2 9 3. 1 9 4 0. 7 2. 1
1 6 5 5 8 5
1
2 1 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 2
1
2
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 3. 0 0 0
0 8 5. 2. 4. 1
1 6 8 4
2
79
2 3 1 7. 4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 3. 0. 1. 0 0 3
0 4. 1 2 8 3 3 6 3
1 2
2
2 4 0 0 0 6. 0 3 0 0 0 0 8. 0 0. 0. 0 1 0 7. 1. 1 0 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 8 5 8 2 5 9
1
2
2 5 0 4. 5. 9. 2. 0 6 0 0 5. 6. 5. 0 0. 3 0. 0 0 7. 2 0 0 9 1. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 3 2 4 4 7 5 5 7. 1 8 1 0.
1 9 5
2
2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 8. 7. 6 0 0 0 5. 1
0 5 4. 8 9 6 5 8 0. 2 3.
1 6 7 5
2
2 7 1. 0 0 2. 0 6. 0 0 1 3 0 0. 0 0 0 0 1. 0. 0 0 0 0 7. 6 4. 4 9. 0 0. 0 3.
0 4 5 5 3. 3 4 4 9 5 8 4 5
1 2
2
2 8 0. 3. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 7. 0. 3. 0 0 1 0 0 9. 0 0 0 0 4 0 2. 0 0 0. 7. 0 2
0 2 4 3 5 1 6 7 5 5 8 8
1
2
2 9 0 1. 0 0 0 1 0 0 4. 2. 0. 0. 3. 0 3. 0 7. 1. 2. 0 0 0 0 7. 0 0 1 2 0 6.
0 2 4 4 7 3 2 5 8 6 6 6 3 4. 0. 7
1 8 8
2
2 1 0. 0 2 0 3. 2. 1. 0 0. 0 1 5. 1 0. 1 0 3. 0 0 0 0 1 0 1. 0 1. 0 0 1 1. 1
0 0 9 1 2 2 5 3 6. 2 0. 9 8 4. 9 8 1
1 2 2 3
2
2 1 1 1 3 1. 0. 0 0 2 9. 1. 2. 0 0. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 2 2 1
0 1 3. 8. 5 7 5 3 1 1 8 1. 6. 0. 2. 0.
1 5 7 4 9 5 2 6
2
2 1 0 0 3. 4. 3 1 8. 0. 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 4. 2 1. 3. 0 0 1 2 1. 6 1 2. 7. 3. 0. 0
0 2 4 2 2 3 1 5 9 8. 2 2 6 0. 3 3 8 5 8 7
1 8 5
2
2 1 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0. 1. 0. 1 4. 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0. 2. 4. 2. 2 0 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0
0 6 4 6 5 7. 6 4 2 2 7 1 9. 5 3
1 3 6
3
2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1. 9. 2. 0 0 0 0 3 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 3 5 6 3. 1
1 7
3
2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0. 6. 0 2 0 7. 0 1 1. 0 0 0 1 4 0 0. 1 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 1
0 7 7 5. 4 1. 9 7. 3 1. 3. 4. 0. 3.
1 5 2 5 1 7 6 3 6
3
2 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0. 0 3 0. 0 0 0. 1. 0 0 0. 1 0. 0. 2 6. 2. 0 0 2 4 4.
0 4 9. 2 9 5 2 4. 1 3 1 8 9. 6. 6
1 5 1 7 7
3
2 5 5. 5 1. 0. 6. 3 1 0 0. 0. 0 1. 0 1. 0. 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0. 2. 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 4 7. 5 4 6 3 4. 4 8 8 1 4 7 2 2 4.
1 9 6 3
3
80
2 6 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 1 0. 0 0 0 1. 0
0 1 9 1 0. 2 1
1 8
3
2 7 0. 0 0 4. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6. 0
0 4 2 1 9
1
3
2 8 0 0 0 2 2. 0 0 1 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0. 0 3. 0 0 1. 0. 0 0. 0 2. 0 0 0 0 5. 2
0 3. 3 1 5 3 2 6 1 5 4 7.
1 5 6
3
2 9 2 5 4 0 0 0 0. 3 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 9. 0. 2 7 0. 0. 0 0 0 8. 2 1
0 7. 1. 3 7 1 6 1 0. 5 7 2. 2 5 6 7. 5.
1 6 9 5 5 5 3
3
2 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 1. 0. 0 0. 0. 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 3. 6. 2 1 0 1. 0. 2 0 0 0 9.
0 0 0. 8 2 6 3 5 8 5 4. 5. 8 6 1. 8
1 6 9 8 3
3
2 1 3 0 0 0 4 1. 3. 3. 8 3 1. 0. 0 1 0 0 0. 1 0 5 1. 0. 2 0 1. 2 0. 0 1 0
0 1 0. 3 3 2 7. 5 3 8. 5 8. 2 2 4 3. 4 1
1 4 9 2 5 5
3
2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 1. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.
0 2 1. 5. 3 8. 4 2 3 3 1 4 7
1 6 9 2
3
2 1 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0. 1. 0. 1 4. 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0. 2. 4. 2. 2 0 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0
0 6 4 6 5 7. 6 4 2 2 7 1 9. 5 3
1 3 6
4
2 2 0 0. 0 8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. 0 0 0
0 7 9 5
1
4
2 3 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 1 5 2. 1 0 0. 0 3. 0 0 0. 9 7. 6. 0 0 0. 3 0. 0. 3.
0 7 3 2. 6. 6 6. 2 6 1 5 6 1 3 2 8
1 1 2 6
4
2 4 0. 0. 0 1 4 4 7. 0. 0 0 1 1 2 5 2 9 1 4. 5. 0. 2. 9. 1 0 1 0. 0 0 0 0
0 4 2 7. 0. 9 9 6 1. 6. 2. 3 4 6 4 4 7 9. 2
1 7 2 5 9 1 1
4
2 5 0 1 1. 1. 3 0. 2 2 0. 1 6. 6. 0 0 1 0. 4 0 0 0. 0. 6. 3. 0. 0 0 3. 2. 4. 4. 1
0 0. 5 9 3. 4 0. 8 6 1. 4 4 9. 3 9 6 5 5 7 3 6 2 2
1 9 4 5 4 4
4
2 6 0 0. 0. 3. 0. 0 0. 2. 3 2. 0 0. 1 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1. 0 1. 0 0 0
0 5 3 8 2 1 6 7. 9 3 2 4. 7 2 5
1 7 8
4
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 2 0 5 0 7. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 3 6 5 1
1
4
2 8 0 0. 0 4. 0 0. 1 0 0 5. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1. 4 1 1. 4
0 4 5 9 5. 7 4. 9 8. 9 8. 9. 2 8.
1 8 5 2 2 5 8
4
81
2 9 0. 6. 3. 6. 1 0. 5. 8. 0 9. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0 5. 0 2. 0 0 0 0 1 1. 0.
0 3 7 4 5 1. 4 2 9 9 2 7 2 9 2 8 1
1 9
4
2 1 1 1. 0. 0. 0 2. 4. 1. 0 0 0 0 4 1 0. 0 0 1 1 7. 4. 1. 5 8. 0 0 3 1 3. 3. 4.
0 0 3. 2 6 6 3 6 3 8. 6 2. 8. 8 9 6 2 8 8 5 8
1 6 6 1 4
4
2 1 0. 4 0. 0 0 0. 1. 0. 0 0 0. 0 5. 1. 1 0 0 1 4 5 0. 1. 1. 0. 1 1 0 2 2 1
0 1 8 5. 1 5 7 9 4 4 1 4. 8 4. 6 7 7 6 7 4. 7. 8. 7. 2.
1 2 6 5 8 5 2 9 9
4
2 1 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 1 1. 3. 9. 2. 0 0. 0 0 0
0 2 8 8 9. 7 8. 3 7 4 3 1
1 9 1
4
2 5 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 6 1. 4. 0 7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8. 0 1 0 3 0
0 1. 1 1. 3. 1 1 9 6 5. 9.
0 3 6 5 4 5
6
2 6 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 4. 1. 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 0
0 7 2 8 9 1 6
0
6
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 7.
0 1
6
2 8 1. 0 0 4. 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 7 7 2. 5. 9. 8.
0 7 4 3 4
6
2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0
0 5 1 1. 7
0 3
6
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 5 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 9. 0 0 1. 9. 0 3. 3 0 1 0 3. 0
0 0 8 6 6 1 6 5 6 1. 5. 9
0 4 4
6
2 1 0 1 4. 1 0 0 4. 4. 4 4 0 0 1 5. 2 0 2 0 3 1. 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 6 9 8. 4 8 1. 1. 4. 6 1. 0. 6. 7 8. 4.
0 5 8 5 6 4 3 3 7 3
6
2 1 7. 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 6. 1 0 8. 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 6 1. 1. 7. 2 1. 4 1. 1 3. 9.
0 7 9 2 9 8 9 3
6
2 1 0 0 0. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1. 0 1 0 0 4 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0. 0
0 2 9. 4 2 3. 4. 3 2 7 3
0 2 2 4
7
2 2 5. 0. 0 1. 1 0. 0 1 2. 2. 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1. 0. 0. 5. 3.
0 2 4 8 0 4 8 8 6 2 8. 6 4 2 8 6
0 2
7
82
2 3 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 1. 0 1 0 1 0. 0 0 0 9. 0 1. 2 0 0. 1. 0 0
0 2 8 9 6. 0. 6 9 6 6 9
0 4 6
7
2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 8. 0 0 1. 0 6. 0 0 2 3. 0. 3. 1 4 0 1 0 1 0 0. 0 2.
0 6 7 4 2 5 5 3 8 3. 4 2
0 5
7
2 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 2 2. 1 6. 1 0 4 0. 2. 1 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 8. 0 3. 0 1. 0
0 2. 6 7 7. 7 4 1 7 4 5 7
0 9 6
7
2 6 0 0. 6. 0. 1 0 9. 0 0 3 0 0 1. 0 2 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 6. 0 0 0 7 0
0 1 5 6 6. 2 3. 8 5. 5 4 6
0 2 4 1
7
2 7 0 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 5. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0 0 2. 0. 0 0. 0 5 0 0 0. 0 0 1 2 6
0 8 4. 2 5 2 4 4 9 4 9 7 2. 0. 3.
0 4 5 5 4
7
2 8 0 3 3. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0 0 6. 4. 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0 3. 0. 4. 0 0
0 0. 3 2 8. 8. 6 2 5 8 2. 3 3 8 2
0 2 1 4 2
7
2 9 0 0 3 9. 0 2 8. 3 1 5 0 0 2 4. 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 2 0 0 0. 0 2
0 6. 4 6 0 8 4. 2. 4 5 8 9 5 1.
0 2 1 6 8
7
2 1 5. 0 5. 6. 0 1. 6 0 4 1. 6. 0 0 0 1. 0 1 0. 3. 2 3. 2 6. 0 0 0 1. 0 0 6. 6
0 0 7 7 4 5 5. 7 2 4 5 3. 5 1 4. 4 5. 5 3 3 4.
0 9 1 1 8 2
7
2 1 0 0. 1 9. 0 0 0 0. 4. 0 0 0. 6. 1. 3 2 1 0. 0 0 0 0 0 2 1. 0. 1. 0 0 0
0 1 2 8. 5 4 4 6 2 7 5. 7 0. 6 5. 7 7 8
0 3 4 1 7
7
2 1 0 0 0 0. 0 0 3 1 1 0 0. 4 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 6 8. 2 1 7. 4
0 3 8
7
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0. 8. 1 0 1 0 4. 0 0 0. 1 5 0 0 0 0
0 7 8. 7. 8 6 7. 0. 2 2 0.
0 7 2 3 5 2
8
2 2 0 0 0 0 8. 0 6. 5. 0 1 0. 2. 0 0 0 0 0 4. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.
0 9 3 8 3. 2 8 1 3. 2
0 5 6
8
2 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 8. 0. 0 0 0. 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. 2 8. 2 3 0 0 7 1 1 0 5 0
0 1 6 4 3 2 8 1 3. 1 3. 0 7 1. 6. 1
0 6 3 7 3
8
2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 3. 2 3. 9. 3. 7 2 8 6. 1 2. 1 0 1 9. 2 3. 0 0 0 0
0 5 4 7 5 8 4 1. 7 9 6 1 0. 2 7 2
0 2 2
8
2 5 0 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0. 4 5. 1 0 3 0. 0 1. 0 0 4. 0 1. 0. 0 3. 0 2. 3 0 2. 6.
0 5 4 4 3. 1 8 5 5 8 8 3 5. 3 8
0 2 8
8
83
2 6 3 1. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4. 7 0 4 2 7 6
0 3
8
2 7 0 0 1. 0 0 7. 0 0 0 0. 2. 0 0. 2 0 0 1 0 0. 1. 0 0 0. 0. 2. 0 0 0 1. 0 0
0 6 2 2 4 7 7. 5 6 4 1 1 8 6
0 4
8
2 8 0 0. 0. 1 0. 0 1. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 2. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 3 3 3. 2 1 2 1 8 5 3 7
0 3
8
2 9 1. 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 4. 6. 1 1 0 0 6. 0 0. 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0. 0 1
0 9 8 3 4 1. 2. 7 6 7. 2. 0. 0 2 3.
0 7 7 4 5 5 5
8
2 1 1 1 0 3 2. 0 2 7. 9 2. 1 0 1 0 0 4. 0 6. 0 2. 3. 0 2. 0 0. 1 0 4. 2. 0 0
0 0 2. 5. 5 5 6 0 3 2 6 6 3 1 2. 7 7
0 5 5 4
8
2 1 1 1 3 8 5. 7. 2. 9. 3. 5 6 0 4. 3. 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 2 0 0
0 1 4. 2. 9 1 2 7 8 3 5
0 5 9
8
2 1 1 0 3 0 0 0. 0 0 3. 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0. T 0. 0
0 2 9. 2 7 2 0 8. 4 R 1
0 2 5
8
2 1 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 4 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 2 0 5. 3 3 2 0 2. 0. 1 1. 2
0 2 3 8 7 0 6 0 6 5 2 5. 5 7.
0 4 5
9
2 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 4 5 0 0 0 0 0.
0 0 0. 4 9 3. 7 8
0 8 6
9
2 3 1 8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6. 5. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 1. 0 0 0. 0 0
0 3. 9 8 7 5 4 2 5
0 3
9
2 4 2. 0 6 1 6. 2. 0 2. 0 0 9. 2. 0. 1 0 0 0 1 2. 3. 0. 0 0 0 1. 3. 8. 0 0. 1
0 4 4. 2 6 1 3 6 2 1. 8 3 2 2 4 9 2 0.
0 6 3 5
9
2 5 5 0 0 0 4. 1 0 0 2. 5. 0. 0. 0 1 0 1. 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1.
0 4 4 3 4 5 8 6 5 1. 4 0. 6
0 6 9
9
2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3
0 8 0.
0 2
9
2 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 3
0
9
2 8 0 0 2. 0 0 7. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 4 0 6 3 0. 1 8. 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
0 3 5 1 8. 5 1 1 0.
0 7 4
9
84
2 9 0 0 0. 1. 5. 0. 0 1 1. 0 0 1 0. 1 2. 0 1 2 1. 2. 3 0 5. 0. 0 3. 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 2 2 0 2 3. 7 1. 9 7. 3 2 2 4 5 3 5
0 8 5 7
9
2 1 0 0 0 2. 2. 0 0 2 0. 1. 0. 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1. 2 0 1 7 1. 1 0. 2. 2
0 0 4 2 2 6 3 2 2. 2 1 1. 6 1 1 1.
0 1 4 3
9
2 1 0 3 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 9. 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 1 5. 1. 0 0 1 5 1 0 4. 0. 5
0 1 1. 2 6 9. 3. 6. 2 8 5 3 2 1.
0 5 6 7 4 4
9
2 1 0 0 0. 2. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 8. 0. 6. 2. 2. 0 6. 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 1. 1 3. 0 4. 0. 0 0
0 2 6 6 4 9. 3 3 7 1 4 3 5 3 1 2 7 6. 6 2 4
0 7 5
9
2 1 2. 0 0 1 0 0 3. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1. 0 0 3. 4 8. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 7 3. 7 5. 0. 8 7 9. 4 1
1 2 1 4 7
0
2 2 0 2. 0. 2 1. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1. 0 0 5 0 0 3 2 1 3 0 0 9. 3. 0 7.
0 3 5 3 5 2 1. 2. 0 6 8 7
1 2 6
0
2 3 2. 0 0 3 8. 0 7. 9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 2 0. 9. 0. 0 0 0. 1. 0 2 1 0 2 2.
0 3 7 3 3 5 4 8 4 5 2 1 2. 0. 2. 3
1 1 1 6
0
2 4 2 2 3 1. 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0. 1 0. 0 0 1 0 0. 0. 0 0. 7 4. 1 3.
0 1 6. 6. 8 2 3. 3. 3 6 0. 2 4. 8 6 6 3 4
1 3 4 3 6 3 6
0
2 5 3. 1 0 6. 0 2 0 1 9. 3 7. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 0. 1. 0 0 0 5. 0 0
0 4 2. 2 3 9 2 5. 6 4 3 1 4
1 2 2
0
2 6 6 0 1. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 6. 5. 1 0 0. 0 0 1. 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 4. 2 3 3 5 3 4 4 0.
1 8 1
0
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 6. 0 0 1 0. 0 0
0 1 3 2 4. 6
1 9
0
2 8 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2. 0 0 4. 0 0 0 0 7. 0 1. 1 0. 0 0 7. 0 0.
0 4 0 4 2 5 4 0. 5 8 4
1 3
0
2 9 2 1. 0 0 1. 2 0. 0 1 1. 4 5. 0 7. 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 3 0 2 0
0 5. 3 3 0 3 9 2. 6 2 7 3 6 1.
1 6 8 4
0
2 1 0 0 0. 5 0 6. 0 1 0 0 0 7. 9. 1 0 0 0 3 6. 2. 5. 1. 1 5 0 2 0. 2 0 0 8.
0 0 5 2 1 6 4 7. 4. 7 4 8 6 5 6 2. 5
1 2 6 3
0
2 1 1. 0 4 2 0 0 0 7. 9. 0 3. 0. 0 1 0. 0 0. 1. 0 0 0 2. 1 0 0 2. 0 1 0 0.
0 1 2 6 6 2 5 4. 1 5 8 6 5 1. 1
1 8 2
0
85
2 1 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 1 0. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8. 0 1. 0 3 0 1 0. 0 0 4.
0 2 5 1 1 1 5 4 6 3. 2. 7 9
1 8 4
0
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 7 3 3
1
1
2 2 0 1 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 3
1
1
2 3 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 1. 4 9. 0. 7. 4 0. 6. 2 0. 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 9. 2
0 6 1 3 8 4 5 8 9. 7 2 2 2 9. 4 3 5
1 2 2
1
2 4 0 0 0 6. 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 2. 9. 0 2. 3. 0. 0 4. 0 7 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0. 2.
0 2 5 7 1 3 4 4 3 1. 6. 1 8
1 2 1
1
2 5 3. 9. 0 0 5. 0 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0. 0 2 1 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 0
0 3 5 4 0. 8. 4. 1 4 7
1 3 8 3
1
2 6 0. 0 0 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0 2 0. 0 1. 0 0 4 1 8. 0 0 0. 1 0 0. 0 0. 4 0 0
0 3 2 9. 5 8 2 3. 6 8 2. 7 8 4.
1 5 4 1 2
1
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0. 0 0
0 6 3. 1
1 1
1
2 8 0 0 3. 1 0 0 3 4. 0 1 0 0. 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 0. 0 0 5 0 0. 3 0. 0 2.
0 2 8 2 4 9. 3. 4 1 3. 4 0. 2 3
1 4 2 6 8
1
2 9 1. 2. 8. 0 1 2 0. 0 4 0. 0. 0 2 2 2. 4. 3. 0. 0 0 0 0 3 8. 0. 0 0. 1. 0. 1.
0 6 6 1 1. 2 3 5 3 3 0. 9. 4 7 5 1 0 2 2 2 6 1 2
1 6 4 2
1
2 1 4 0. 2 0. 1. 6. 7. 1 6. 1 0 5. 1. 5. 3 0. 3 4. 2. 2. 0. 0 1 9. 8. 1 0 2 2 0 0
0 0 4. 8 6. 1 1 7 1 5 2 7 9 3 1. 2 7 5 7 8. 5 1 5. 1. 7.
1 6 5 5 5 3 5 6
1
2 1 0 0 0. 1 1 0 0. 1 0 0. 1 1 1 0 0 3. 1. 1 4 0 1 2. 6 1 1. 0 5 2. 1. 0.
0 1 1 6. 4. 1 8 4 7. 6. 5. 3 1 1. 4. 7 7. 3 0. 1 6 8
1 5 5 1 8 5 1 1 8 1
1
2 1 1. 1. 1 2 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 7. 1. 0. 1. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0. 0. 0 1. 3 0 0. 4 0.
0 2 5 2 0. 5. 4 9 2 2 9 3. 1 9 4 0. 7 2. 1
1 6 5 5 8 5
1
2 1 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 2
1
2
2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 3. 0 0 0
0 8 5. 2. 4. 1
1 6 8 4
2
86
2 3 1 7. 4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 3. 0. 1. 0 0 3
0 4. 1 2 8 3 3 6 3
1 2
2
2 4 0 0 0 6. 0 3 0 0 0 0 8. 0 0. 0. 0 1 0 7. 1. 1 0 6. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 1 8 5 8 2 5 9
1
2
2 5 0 4. 5. 9. 2. 0 6 0 0 5. 6. 5. 0 0. 3 0. 0 0 7. 2 0 0 9 1. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 3 2 4 4 7 5 5 7. 1 8 1 0.
1 9 5
2
2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 8. 7. 6 0 0 0 5. 1
0 5 4. 8 9 6 5 8 0. 2 3.
1 6 7 5
2
2 7 1. 0 0 2. 0 6. 0 0 1 3 0 0. 0 0 0 0 1. 0. 0 0 0 0 7. 6 4. 4 9. 0 0. 0 3.
0 4 5 5 3. 3 4 4 9 5 8 4 5
1 2
2
2 8 0. 3. 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 7. 0. 3. 0 0 1 0 0 9. 0 0 0 0 4 0 2. 0 0 0. 7. 0 2
0 2 4 3 5 1 6 7 5 5 8 8
1
2
2 9 0 1. 0 0 0 1 0 0 4. 2. 0. 0. 3. 0 3. 0 7. 1. 2. 0 0 0 0 7. 0 0 1 2 0 6.
0 2 4 4 7 3 2 5 8 6 6 6 3 4. 0. 7
1 8 8
2
2 1 0. 0 2 0 3. 2. 1. 0 0. 0 1 5. 1 0. 1 0 3. 0 0 0 0 1 0 1. 0 1. 0 0 1 1. 1
0 0 9 1 2 2 5 3 6. 2 0. 9 8 4. 9 8 1
1 2 2 3
2
2 1 1 1 3 1. 0. 0 0 2 9. 1. 2. 0 0. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 2 2 1
0 1 3. 8. 5 7 5 3 1 1 8 1. 6. 0. 2. 0.
1 5 7 4 9 5 2 6
2
2 1 0 0 3. 4. 3 1 8. 0. 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 4. 2 1. 3. 0 0 1 2 1. 6 1 2. 7. 3. 0. 0
0 2 4 2 2 3 1 5 9 8. 2 2 6 0. 3 3 8 5 8 7
1 8 5
2
2 1 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0. 1. 0. 1 4. 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0. 2. 4. 2. 2 0 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0
0 6 4 6 5 7. 6 4 2 2 7 1 9. 5 3
1 3 6
3
2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1. 9. 2. 0 0 0 0 3 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 3 5 6 3. 1
1 7
3
2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0. 6. 0 2 0 7. 0 1 1. 0 0 0 1 4 0 0. 1 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 2 1
0 7 7 5. 4 1. 9 7. 3 1. 3. 4. 0. 3.
1 5 2 5 1 7 6 3 6
3
2 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0. 0 3 0. 0 0 0. 1. 0 0 0. 1 0. 0. 2 6. 2. 0 0 2 4 4.
0 4 9. 2 9 5 2 4. 1 3 1 8 9. 6. 6
1 5 1 7 7
3
2 5 5. 5 1. 0. 6. 3 1 0 0. 0. 0 1. 0 1. 0. 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0. 2. 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 4 7. 5 4 6 3 4. 4 8 8 1 4 7 2 2 4.
1 9 6 3
3
87
2 6 0 0 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 1 0. 0 0 0 1. 0
0 1 9 1 0. 2 1
1 8
3
2 7 0. 0 0 4. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6. 0
0 4 2 1 9
1
3
2 8 0 0 0 2 2. 0 0 1 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0. 0 3. 0 0 1. 0. 0 0. 0 2. 0 0 0 0 5. 2
0 3. 3 1 5 3 2 6 1 5 4 7.
1 5 6
3
2 9 2 5 4 0 0 0 0. 3 0. 0. 0. 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 9. 0. 2 7 0. 0. 0 0 0 8. 2 1
0 7. 1. 3 7 1 6 1 0. 5 7 2. 2 5 6 7. 5.
1 6 9 5 5 5 3
3
2 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 1. 0. 0 0. 0. 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 3. 6. 2 1 0 1. 0. 2 0 0 0 9.
0 0 0. 8 2 6 3 5 8 5 4. 5. 8 6 1. 8
1 6 9 8 3
3
2 1 3 0 0 0 4 1. 3. 3. 8 3 1. 0. 0 1 0 0 0. 1 0 5 1. 0. 2 0 1. 2 0. 0 1 0
0 1 0. 3 3 2 7. 5 3 8. 5 8. 2 2 4 3. 4 1
1 4 9 2 5 5
3
2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 1. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 2. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.
0 2 1. 5. 3 8. 4 2 3 3 1 4 7
1 6 9 2
3
2 1 0 0 3. 0 0 0 0. 1. 0. 1 4. 0 0 0 0 2. 0 0 0. 2. 4. 2. 2 0 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0
0 6 4 6 5 7. 6 4 2 2 7 1 9. 5 3
1 3 6
4
2 2 0 0. 0 8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. 0 0 0
0 7 9 5
1
4
2 3 2. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 1 5 2. 1 0 0. 0 3. 0 0 0. 9 7. 6. 0 0 0. 3 0. 0. 3.
0 7 3 2. 6. 6 6. 2 6 1 5 6 1 3 2 8
1 1 2 6
4
2 4 0. 0. 0 1 4 4 7. 0. 0 0 1 1 2 5 2 9 1 4. 5. 0. 2. 9. 1 0 1 0. 0 0 0 0
0 4 2 7. 0. 9 9 6 1. 6. 2. 3 4 6 4 4 7 9. 2
1 7 2 5 9 1 1
4
2 5 0 1 1. 1. 3 0. 2 2 0. 1 6. 6. 0 0 1 0. 4 0 0 0. 0. 6. 3. 0. 0 0 3. 2. 4. 4. 1
0 0. 5 9 3. 4 0. 8 6 1. 4 4 9. 3 9 6 5 5 7 3 6 2 2
1 9 4 5 4 4
4
2 6 0 0. 0. 3. 0. 0 0. 2. 3 2. 0 0. 1 0 0 5. 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1. 0 1. 0 0 0
0 5 3 8 2 1 6 7. 9 3 2 4. 7 2 5
1 7 8
4
2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 2 0 5 0 7. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 3 6 5 1
1
4
2 8 0 0. 0 4. 0 0. 1 0 0 5. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 1. 4 1 1. 4
0 4 5 9 5. 7 4. 9 8. 9 8. 9. 2 8.
1 8 5 2 2 5 8
4
88
2 9 0. 6. 3. 6. 1 0. 5. 8. 0 9. 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0. 0. 0 5. 0 2. 0 0 0 0 1 1. 0.
0 3 7 4 5 1. 4 2 9 9 2 7 2 9 2 8 1
1 9
4
2 1 1 1. 0. 0. 0 2. 4. 1. 0 0 0 0 4 1 0. 0 0 1 1 7. 4. 1. 5 8. 0 0 3 1 3. 3. 4.
0 0 3. 2 6 6 3 6 3 8. 6 2. 8. 8 9 6 2 8 8 5 8
1 6 6 1 4
4
2 1 0. 4 0. 0 0 0. 1. 0. 0 0 0. 0 5. 1. 1 0 0 1 4 5 0. 1. 1. 0. 1 1 0 2 2 1
0 1 8 5. 1 5 7 9 4 4 1 4. 8 4. 6 7 7 6 7 4. 7. 8. 7. 2.
1 2 6 5 8 5 2 9 9
4
2 1 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 1 1. 3. 9. 2. 0 0. 0 0 0
0 2 8 8 9. 7 8. 3 7 4 3 1
1 9 1
4
89
APPENDIX 3: PICTURES
90
91
92

The Design of A New Katanga Drainage

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Design of A New Katanga Drainage

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DESIGN, ART AND

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

CIV 3202 GROUP DESIGN PROJECT

REPORT FOR THE DESIGN OF A NEW KATANGA DRAINAGE CHANNEL

SUPERVISOR: DR CHARLES NIWAGABA

Signature: …………………. Date: …………………….

The allocation of tasks in report preparation were as follows

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Figure 2: photos showing current state of the channel

To design a new Katanga drainage channel

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Figure 2: the span of the Katanga drainage channel

A channel is defined as a natural or artificial waterway where a stream of water flows

These are mainly of two types;

2.1.1 Natural channels

2.1.2 Artificial channels

Their selection factor depends on;

Figure 3: An open channel flow

Types of flow in open channels

Steady and unsteady flow (time is the criterion)

Uniform flow (space is the criterion).

Steady non uniform flow.

Hydraulic radius (R) - the ratio of area to wetted perimeter (A/P).

Table 1: Open Channel Geometric Relationships for Various Cross-sections

Velocity distribution in open channels

Figure 4: velocity distribution in an open channel

Laminar and turbulent flow in channels

𝜌 is the density of the flowing liquid. R is the hydraulic radius

D is the diameter of the pipe 𝜇 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Therefore the limits for each type of flow are;

ii. Conservation of energy

iii. Conservation of momentum

U1 is the flow velocity at end 1

A1 is a cross-section area of end 1

U2 is flow velocity at end 2

A2 is the is the cross-section area of end 2

U1 is the flow velocity at end 1

U2 is flow velocity at end 2

Z1 is the height of the centroid at face 1

Z2 is the height of the centroid at face 2

g is the acceleration due to gravity

Fx is the force in the x-direction

V2x is the flow velocity at face 2 in the x-axis

V1x is the flow velocity at face 1 in the x-axis

THE CHEZY EQUATION

Assumptions in the development of this equation

 assumed a condition of uniform flow

 assumed that shear force is proportional to the velocity squared

C is a constant that depends on Reynolds number and boundary roughness

The manning equation

Table 2: table for few typical values of Manning’s n

Channel type Surface material and form Manning’s range; n

CRITICAL, SUB CRITICAL AND SUPER CRITICAL FLOW

Vegetative lining is not applicable for use in areas where;

 Continuously flowing water.

 Lack of regular maintenance necessary to prevent growth of taller or woody vegetation.

 Lack of nutrients and inadequate topsoil.

2.2.1 Convectional rainfall

2.2.2 Orographic/relief rainfall

Figure 6: the formation of relief rainfall

Figure 7: formation of cyclonic rainfall