A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
URBAN DEVELOPMENT, WATER TREATMENT IN ELURU
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

A report submitted in part fulfillment of the Mandatory

Course of B.Tech (IVYear –I Semester)
In CIVIL ENGINEERING

BY

1. EDHARA SREEJA 20ME1A0109

2. KELLA. HIMA SRI GOWRI 20ME1A0117
3. KONDAPALLI NAGA AJAY KUMAR 20ME1A0118
4. RACHIRAJU VENKATA NAGA SRIVIDYA 20ME1A0134
5. SETTIPALLI SEETHA RAMANJANEYA VIVEK 21ME5A0113

Under the Supervison of the Mentor

HARISH (CC ) & PHANI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAMACHANDRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA and NACC(A+)
NH-16 Bypass Road, vatluru(V), Eluru, 534007, West Godavari Dt.
A.P
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RAMACHANDHRACOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ELURU
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the community service Project report entitled” URBAN DEVELOPMENT,
WATER TREATMENT is being submitted by the following students in partial fulfillment of the
requirements of IV B.Tech I Semester bachelor of technology in civil engineering from
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA, Andhra Pradesh is
record of bonafied workcarried out during the academic year 2023-2024.

1. EDHARA SREEJA 20ME1A0109

2. KELLA. HIMA SRI GOWRI 20ME1A0117
3. KONDAPALLI NAGA AJAY KUMAR 20ME1A0118
4. RACHIRAJU VENKATA NAGA SRIVIDYA 20ME1A0134
5. SETTIPALLI SEETHA RAMANJANEYA VIVEK 21ME5A0113

INTERNAL EXAMINAR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SB.GANESH DR. N. SHIVA KUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & HOD

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many individuals have contributed towards fulfillment to this work in one or many
ways. This work could not have seen light without the help of all these people. It will
be our pleasure and responsible to acknowledge their contributions.
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our guide HARISH (CC )
& PHANI for there valuable guidance, constant encouragement and fruitful suggestions
during the entire period of this dissertationwork.
We thank N.SHIVA KUMAR Head of the Department of civil Engineering for
his kind of cooperation, expert guidance and for showing us the right direction when
we were lost. We sincerely thank him for his valuable time and enormous patience.
We thank him from the bottom of our heart for providing and allowing us to use all
the facilities of the department. His expert guidance, untiring attitude, student centric
care is highly acknowledged.
We thank Prof. Dr. V. SRINIVASA RAO , Principal for providing us with all the
Infrastructural facilities towards successful completion of this work.
We thank Sri.K. VENUGOPAL, Secretary and Correspondent Ramachandra
college of Engineering for providing with good academic and research environment in
the department.
We thank all the Teaching and Non-Teaching members of the department for
their Help and encouragement. And my Sincere thanks to Classmates of mine for their
whole hearted encouragement and co-operation.
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this internship work entitled “URBAN DEVELOPMENT &
WATER TREATMENT IN ELURU MUNCIPAL CORPORATION ” has been prepared by us
during the year 2023-24 in the partial fulfilment of Batchelor of Technology degree
prescribed by the college.

We also declare that this internship is the outcome of our own effort, that it has not
been submitted to any other university or college for the award of any degree.

1. EDHARA SREEJA 20ME1A0109

2. KELLA. HIMA SRI GOWRI 20ME1A0117
3. KONDAPALLI NAGA AJAY KUMAR 20ME1A0118
4. RACHIRAJU VENKATA NAGA SRIVIDYA 20ME1A0134
5. SETTIPALLI SEETHA RAMANJANEYA VIVEK 21ME5A0113
 ABSTRACT
This abstract outlines a comprehensive study on the symbiotic relationship between
urban development and water treatment, emphasizing the critical need for an integrated
approach to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and the increasing demand
for clean water. The research investigates the intricate connections between urban
expansion, water availability, and environmental sustainability. It explores innovative
strategies for urban planning, infrastructure development, and water treatment technologies
to create a harmonious and sustainable urban environment. By adopting a holistic
perspective, the study aims to provide valuable insights and practical recommendations for
policymakers, planners, and stakeholders involved in fostering resilient and water-efficient
urban communities

Keywords: Urban development, Water treatment, Integrated approach, Sustainability,

Rapid urbanization, Clean water, Infrastructure planning, Environmental management,
communities.
 INTRODUCTION

The Eluru Municipal Corporation stands as the administrative body entrusted

with managing and governing the civic affairs of Eluru, a significant city in the state
of Andhra Pradesh, India. It plays a pivotal role in overseeing various aspects of
urban development and ensuring the well-being of its residents. Here's an
introduction to the Eluru Municipal Corporation:

Establishment: The Eluru Municipal Corporation was established to cater to the

growing needs of the city and its inhabitants. Governed by the Municipal Corporation
Act, it operates within a legal framework to provide essential services and
infrastructure

The Engineering Wing within the Eluru Municipal Corporation is a crucial

department responsible for overseeing various aspects related to civil engineering and
infrastructure development within the municipal area. Here's an overview:
• Responsibilities: The Engineering Wing is primarily responsible for planning,
designing, implementing, and maintaining civil infrastructure projects within
Eluru. This includes roads, bridges, drainage systems, water supply networks,
public buildings, and other essential facilities.

• Infrastructure Development: The department manages the planning and

execution of infrastructure projects aimed at enhancing the city's development.
This involves conducting surveys, feasibility studies, and creating detailed
project plans for new constructions or improvements to existing infrastructure.

• Project Management: Engineers and staff within the Engineering Wing

oversee the entire project lifecycle, from conceptualization to completion. They
manage budgets, procure materials, hire contractors, and ensure projects are
executed efficiently and within specified timelines.

• Roads and Transportation: One of the key focuses of the Engineering Wing
is the development and maintenance of road networks, including construction,
repairs, widening, and ensuring road safety measures are in place.

• Water Supply and Drainage Systems: The department is involved in

managing water supply systems, sewage treatment, drainage networks, and
initiatives related to flood control and water conservation.
 • Building Regulations and Permits: The Engineering Wing enforces building
codes and regulations, issues building permits, and ensures that construction
activities comply with safety and quality standards.

• Maintenance and Repairs: Regular inspection, maintenance, and repair of

public infrastructure fall under the purview of the Engineering Wing to ensure
the longevity and functionality of facilities.

• Innovation and Upgrades: The department may also focus on adopting new
technologies and sustainable practices to improve infrastructure quality, energy
efficiency, and overall urban development.

The Engineering Wing collaborates closely with other departments and stakeholders
within the Eluru Municipal Corporation to ensure the city's infrastructure meets the
growing needs of its residents while adhering to safety and quality standards. For
specific details on ongoing projects or services offered by the Engineering Wing,
contacting the municipal corporation directly or accessing their official website
would provide the most accurate and updated information
As a passionate fourth-year B.Tech Civil Engineering student at Ramachandra
College of Engineering, my journey into the practical realm of civil engineering
commenced with an enriching two-month summer internship at the Eluru Municipal
Corporation's esteemed engineering wing.
Objectives
During this tenure, our primary objective was to immerse myself in the
dynamic world of civil engineering, particularly in the municipal setting. We aimed
to grasp the intricacies of road construction, building projects, and drainage systems,
honing my skills in internship management, regulatory compliance, and teamwork
within this vibrant department.
Throughout this immersive internship, our central objective was to immerse
myself in the multifaceted realm of urban development within a municipal setup. We
aimed to understand the critical components of enhancing urban infrastructure,
strategizing community-oriented development, and comprehending the pivotal role of
civil engineering in shaping urban landscapes.
 ACTIVITIES AND TASKS

Need of urban development in eluru:

The need for urban development in Eluru is driven by factors such as rapid
population growth, the demand for improved infrastructure, economic expansion, and
job creation. Urban development is essential for upgrading aging infrastructure,
creating housing solutions, and enhancing transportation and connectivity. It
contributes to economic growth, job opportunities, and improved quality of life by
providing better amenities, green spaces, and cultural institutions. Additionally, urban
development addresses environmental sustainability and climate resilience while
preserving the city's cultural and historical heritage. A comprehensive and sustainable
approach to urban development is crucial for meeting the evolving challenges and
opportunities in Eluru.

In the realm of road construction, We dived headfirst into understanding the

methodologies behind road design, materials used in pavement construction, and the
significance of meticulous quality control. My involvement in supervising the laying
of asphalt and concrete reinforced the importance of proper drainage and adherence
to stringent safety protocols.

The world of building construction unveiled itself, allowing me to witness the

meticulous process of erecting various structures. From laying solid foundations to
ensuring structural integrity and meticulously adhering to architectural blueprints,
each phase was an invaluable learning opportunity.
 Exploring drainage system construction provided a glimpse into the critical
role of efficient systems to manage stormwater effectively. Understanding the
intricacies of different drainage materials and installation techniques was paramount
in comprehending their importance for community welfare and infrastructure
durability.

Contribution
My role in supervising construction works empowered me to ensure meticulous
adherence to plans and specifications. Guiding the construction teams was pivotal in
maintaining quality standards and meeting internship deadlines.
Collaborating closely with construction teams highlighted the significance of
effective communication and teamwork in achieving internship goals efficiently.
 LEARNINGS AND EXPERIENCES

Engaging in road construction opened my eyes to the complexities behind

seemingly straightforward thoroughfares. Witnessing the precision required in sub-
base preparation, asphalt layering techniques, and the geometry that defines safe
transportation networks was enlightening.

In urban planning within the Eluru Municipal Corporation, the development of

roads, buildings, and drainage systems stands as a cornerstone for the city's progress
and livability. Upgrading roads is fundamental to enhancing connectivity, easing
travel, and reducing congestion, thereby improving access to vital services and
economic centers. Efficient traffic management through well-designed roads ensures
safer commuting and accommodates future infrastructure expansion, aligning with
the city's growth trajectory.

Simultaneously, strategic building development is crucial. Diverse and safe

housing options are essential to cater to the burgeoning population, while
thoughtfully planned commercial spaces contribute to economic growth and
employment opportunities. Additionally, constructing public infrastructure such as
educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and administrative buildings is
imperative for meeting societal needs and sustaining a well-functioning urban
environment.

Drainage systems form another integral aspect. Efficient stormwater

management through well-structured drains is vital to prevent waterlogging,
minimize flood risks, and protect infrastructure from potential damage. Beyond
functionality, these systems play a critical role in maintaining public health by
curbing the breeding of disease-carrying agents that stagnant water may harbor.
Introducing environmentally conscious drainage solutions aligns with Eluru's
sustainability objectives, contributing to a greener and more eco-friendly urban
landscape.

In essence, the development of roads, buildings, and drainage systems is

interwoven in the fabric of Eluru's urban planning. Their strategic enhancement is
pivotal, fostering sustainable growth, elevating residents' quality of life, and
underpinning the city's comprehensive progress. These elements, interconnected and
indispensable, form the bedrock for the city's holistic and forward-looking urban
design.
 Construction Of Roads And Drains In EMC

Building construction broadened my perspective on construction nuances, from

the strategic placement of reinforcements to the intricate pouring of concrete.
Integrating utility systems within structures highlighted the need for meticulous
planning and execution.

The world of drainage construction unfolded, shedding light on the necessity of

designing effective systems. Understanding various types of drainage and their design
considerations emphasized their crucial role in managing stormwater and preserving
community well-being.

Building Near Janmaboomi Park

As we’re the intern supervising CC road construction within a municipal corporation,
here are the potential learning outcomes I might anticipate:
1) Technical Mastery:
a) Materials Understanding: Acquire comprehensive knowledge about
concrete mixtures, aggregates, and their specific applications in CC road
construction.

b) Construction Techniques: Master various methods involved in laying,

curing, and finishing CC roads, ensuring durability and strength.

c) Quality Control Expertise: Learn quality assessment techniques, testing

protocols, and standards to ensure optimal road construction quality.

2) Project Management Proficiency:

a) Planning and Execution: Develop skills in planning construction

activities, scheduling tasks, and resource allocation to adhere to project
timelines.

b) On-site Supervision: Gain hands-on experience in supervising construction

teams, ensuring compliance with plans, and maintaining a safe work
environment.

3) Compliance and Regulations:

a) Regulatory Adherence: Understand municipal, state, and national

regulations governing road construction to ensure full compliance.

b) Permitting Processes: Learn about the permit acquisition process and the
essential documentation necessary for project initiation.

4) Effective Communication and Coordination:

a) Stakeholder Interaction: Engage and collaborate with engineers,

contractors, and municipal authorities to facilitate seamless project
progression.

b) Team Collaboration: Enhance coordination skills to effectively

communicate project goals and requirements to construction teams,
ensuring alignment with objectives.

5) Safety and Environmental Awareness:

 a) Safety Implementation: Enforce and oversee safety protocols to guarantee
a secure working environment for all involved parties.
b) Environmental Considerations: Gain insight into the environmental
impact of construction activities and explore ways to mitigate negative
consequences.

6) Team Leadership and Communication:

a) Developing leadership skills by managing and supervising construction
teams effectively.
b) Improving communication skills to convey instructions clearly to
construction workers, subcontractors, and stakeholders involved in the
project.

7) Technical Knowledge and Problem-Solving:

a) Applying theoretical knowledge gained from academic studies to real-world
scenarios, understanding construction techniques, materials, and
technologies used in municipal building projects.
b) Developing problem-solving skills to address on-site challenges and
troubleshoot construction-related issues efficiently.
Recommendations-
Based on my experiences, we suggest incorporating more interactive learning
sessions, such as workshops on emerging construction technologies and mentorship
opportunities, for a more enriching internship experience. Additionally, streamlining
documentation processes and establishing clearer guidelines for construction workers
could optimize project efficiency
Reflecting on this enriching experience, we propose incorporating more
interactive learning sessions and workshops to complement practical exposure.
Enhanced mentorship opportunities and regular site visits to ongoing projects could
significantly enrich future internship experiences.

Internship Program Enhancements: Based on our experiences, we suggest

incorporating more interactive learning sessions, such as workshops on emerging
construction technologies, site visits to ongoing projects, and mentorship
opportunities for a more holistic learning experience.

Process Improvements: we recommend streamlining documentation processes for

better communication among departments, implementing regular quality checks, and
establishing clearer guidelines for construction workers to enhance project efficiency.
WATER TREATMENT

Water treatment :

Water treatment refers to the process of treating and purifying water to make it
safe and suitable for various purposes, including drinking, industrial use,
irrigation, and recreational activities. The goal of water treatment is to remove
or reduce contaminants, pathogens, suspended solids, and unwanted substances
from water sources.

The specific methods and processes used in water treatment can vary
depending on the quality of the source water and the intended end-use.
However, here are some common steps and techniques involved in water
treatment:

➢ Coagulation and Flocculation: Chemicals, such as aluminum sulfate (alum)

or ferric chloride, are added to the water to destabilize and aggregate
suspended particles. This process is called coagulation. Flocculation follows,
where gentle mixing causes the formation of larger particles called flocs.
➢ Sedimentation: The water is allowed to stand in a settling basin or tank,
allowing the flocs to settle to the bottom due to gravity. This process, known as
sedimentation, helps to remove larger particles and solids.
➢ Filtration: After sedimentation, the water passes through various filtration
layers to remove smaller suspended particles and solids. Common types of
filters include sand filters, activated carbon filters, and multimedia filters.
➢ Disinfection: Disinfection is a crucial step to kill or inactivate harmful
microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Chlorine,
chloramines, ozone, or ultraviolet (UV) light are commonly used for
disinfection.
➢ pH Adjustment: Sometimes, the pH of the water may be too high or too
low, requiring adjustment to optimize its corrosiveness and taste. Lime, soda
ash, or carbon dioxide may be added to adjust the pH.
➢ Desalination (if needed): In areas where the source water has a high salt
content, desalination processes such as reverse osmosis or distillation may be
employed to remove the salts and produce freshwater.
➢ Additional Treatment (if required): Depending on the specific water quality
concerns, additional treatment processes may be employed. These can include

➢ Advanced oxidation, ion exchange, activated carbon adsorption, or specific

contaminant removal techniques.
➢ Storage and Distribution: Treated water is stored in reservoirs or tanks and
then distributed through a network of pipes to reach consumers.
➢ pH Adjustment: Sometimes, the pH of the water may be too high or too
low, requiring adjustment to optimize its corrosiveness and taste.
➢ The water is allowed to stand in a settling basin or tank, allowing the flocs
to settle to the bottom due to gravity. This process, known as sedimentation,
helps to remove larger particles and solids.
➢
 TESTS CONDUCTED ON WATER

1. ALKALINITY :
The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralise acids. The
alkalinity of natural water is due to the salts of carbonate, bicarbonate, borates,
silicates and phosphates along with the hydroxyl ions in free state. However
the major portion of the alkalinity in natural waters is caused by hydroxide,
carbonate and Bicarbonates which may be ranked in order of their association
with high pH values.

Principle : Alkalinity of a sample can be estimated by titrating with standard

sulphuric acid. Titration to pH 8.3 or decolourisation of phenolphthalein
indicator will indicate complete neutralisation of ph and 1/2 of COg while to
ph 4.5 or sharp change from yellow to pink of methyl orange indicator will
indicate total alkalinity (complete neutra-
lisation of ОН, СОз, НСОз).

2. Reagents :

L. Standard H2S04(0.02 N) : Prepare 0.1 N H2SO4 by diluting 3.0 ml conc.12504

to 1000 ml.

Standardise it against standard Na2cOg 0._ N.

Dilute appropriate volume of H204 (approx. 0.1 N) to 1000 ml to obtain standard
0.02 N 12504.
2. Phenolphthalein indicator : Dissolve 5 gm in 500 ml 95% ethyl Add 500 ml
distilled water. Add dropwise 0.02 N NaOh till Alcoholfaint pink colour
appears.

3. Methyl orange indicator: Dissolve 0.5 gm and dilute to 1000 ml with

CO2 free distilled water.

 Procedure:

1. Take 50 ml sample in a conical flask and add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein

indicator.
2. If pink colour develops titrate with 0.02 NH2SO4 till it disappears or pH is
8.3 note the volume of H2SO4 required.
3. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange to the same flask, and continue titration till
pH down to 4-5 or orange color goes to pink.

4. In case pink colour does not appear after addition or phenolphthalein

continue as in 3 above.

5. Calculate Total (T) phenolphthalein (P) and methyl orange alkalinityas

follows and express in mg/1 as CaCO3.

P - Alkalinity, mg/l as CaCO3 = A x 1000/ml sample.

MO- Alkalinity, mg/1 as CaCO3 = B x 1000/ml sample.

T -alkalinity, mg/1 as CaCO3 (A+B) x 1000/ml sample

In case H2SO4 is not 0.02 N apply the following formula:

Alkalinity, mg/1 as CaCO3 =Ax N x 5000ml Sample

Where N = Normality of H2SO4 used.

2. CHLORIDE

Chloride chloride deposits, ion is generally present in natural waters. in natural

waters can be attributed to The presence of discharges of effluents from
chemical industries, irrigation dissolution of salt drainage, contamination from
refuge leachates and sea water intrusion in coastal areas. The salty taste
produced by chloride depends on the chemical composition of the water.
detectable content has in A concentration of 250 mg/1 may be some waters
containing sodium ions. a deleterious effect on metallic pipes and well as on
agricultural plants. A high chloride structures as

➢ Principle : Chloride is determined in a neutral or slightly alkaline solution

by titration with standard silver nitrate, chromate as an indicator silver chloride
 is quantitatively before red silver chromate is formed. using potassium
precipitated

➢ Interference : If the sample is too coloured or turbid to allow the end point
to be readily detected, this interference may be reduced by alum flocculating
followed by filtration prior to the estimation of chloride.

Reagents :

1. Potassium water. chromate indicator: Dissolve 50 g K2CrO4 in distilled Add

AgNO3 till definite red precipitate is formed. Allow to stand for 12 hrs. Filter
and dilute to 1000 ml.

2. Silver nitrate (0.0141 N) :

Dissolve 2.395 gm AgNO3 and dilute to 1000 ml. Standardize against NaCl, 0.141
N. 0.5 mg C1.

3. Sodium chloride 0.141 N : 1 ml of 0.141 N AgNO3 = Dissolve 824.1 mg NaCl

Dried at 140°C) and dilute to 1000 ml. 1 ml = 0.5 mg C1.

4. Special (SO4)2, 60°C and reagent to remove colour and turbidity: Dissolve 125
g AlK 12 H20 or AlNH4 (SO4)2.12H2O and dilute to 1000 ml Warm to add 55
ml conc. NH4OH slowly. Solution should be free from C1.

Allow to stand for 1 hr.

Procedure:

➢ Take 100 ml sample and adjust the pH between 7.0 and 8.0
➢ Take 50 ml well mixed sample adjusted to pH 7.0 8.0 and add 1.0 ml
K2CrO4
➢ Titrate with standard AgNO3 solution till AgCrO4 starts precipitating
➢ Standardize AgNO3 against standard NaCl.
 ➢ For better accuracy titrate distilled water (50 ml) in the same way to
establish reagent blank
➢ Calculate as follows:
Chloride mg/1 = ((A-B) x N x 35.45 x 1000)/ml sample
Where A= ml AgNO3 required for sample.
B =ml AgNO3 required for blank
N = Normality of AgNO3 used.

HARDNESS

Water hardness react with soap, produce a lather. is the traditional measure of
the capacity of water to hard water requiring a considerable amount of soap to
Hardness of water is not a specific constituent but a variable and complex
mixture of cations and anions. The principle hardness causing ions are calcium
and magnesium. The degree of hard- ness of drinking water has been classified
in terms of the equivalent CaCO3 concentration as follows

Soft 0-60 mg/1

Medium 60-120 mg/1

Hard 120-180 mg/1

Very hard >180 mg/1

Hardness many also be discussed in terms of carbonate (Temporary) and Non-

carbonate (permanent) Hardness. Carbonate hardness can be removed or
precipitated by boiling. This type of hardness is responsible for the deposition
of scale in hot water pipes and kettles. Non-carbonate hardness is caused by the
association of the hardness. with sulphate, chloride or nitrate. causing cations It
cannot be removed by boiling. Public acceptability of the degree of hardness
may vary considerably from community to community, depending on local
conditions.

EDTA TITRIMETRIC METHOD :

Principle: In alkaline condition EDTA reacts with Ca and Mg to form a soluble

chelated complex. Ca and Mg ions develop wine red colour with Eriochrome
Black T under alkaline condition. When EDTA is added as a titrant the Ca and
Mg divalent ions get complexed resulting in sharp change from wine red to
blue which indicates end point of the titration. The pH for this titration has to
be maintained at 10.0 +0.1. pH i.e.about 12.0 Mg ion precipitates and only
Ca++ ion At a high remains in solution. At this pH Murexide indicator forms a
 pink colour with Ca++. When EDTA is added Ca++ gets complexed resulting
in a change of from pink to purple which indicates the end point of the
reaction.

REAGENTS:

1. Buffer solution Dissolve 16.9 gm. NH4C1 in 143 ml NH4OH. Add 1.25 gm.
magnesium salt of EDTA to obtain sharp change in indicator and 780 mg dilute
to 250 ml. If magnesium salt of EDTA is unavailable, dissolve 1.179 gm.
disodium salt of EDTA (AR grade) and MgSO4.7H20 or 644 mg MgC12.6H20
in 50 ml distilled water. Add to above solution of NH4C1 in NH4OH and
dilute to 250 ml.

2. Inhibitor Dissolve 4.5 gm hydroxyl-amine hydrochloride in 100 ml : 95%

ethyl alcohol or isopropyl-alcohol.

3. Eriochrome Black T indicator :Mix 0.5 gm dye with 100 gm Nacl to prepare
dry powder. 4. Murexide Indicator : Prepare a ground mixture of 200 mg of
murexide
(ammonium purpurate) with 100 gm of solid NaCl.

5. Sodium hydroxide 2 N : Dissolve 80 gm NaOH and dilute to 1000 ml.

6. Standard EDTA soultion 0.01 M : and dilute to 1000 ml. tion, 1 ml = 1 mg

CaCO3. Dissolve 3.723 gm EDTA sodium salt Standardize against standard
calcium solu-

7. Standard calcium solution: Weigh accurately 1.0 gm AR grade CaCO3 and

transfer to 250 ml conical flask. Place a funnel in the neck of a flask and add
1+1 HC1 till CaCO3 dissolves completely. distilled water and boil for 20-30
min. methyl orange CaCO3. red indicator. colour develops. to expel CO2. Add
NH4OH 3 N dropwise till Add 200 ml Cool and add intermediate Dilute to
1000 ml to obtain 1 m1= 1 mg

Procedure :

A total Hardness

1. Take 25 or 50 ml well mixed sample in porcelain dish or conical flask.

2. Add 1-2 ml buffer solution followed by 1 ml inhibitor. 3. Add a pinch of

Eriochrome Black T and titrate with standard EDTA (0.01 M) till wine red
colour changes to blue. Note down the volume of EDTA required (A)

4. Run a reagent blank. Note the volume of EDTA.....(B)

5. Calculate volume of EDTA required by sample, from volume of EDTA
required in steps 3 and 4
C = (A-B)

6. Calculate as follows

Total hardness as CaCO3

mg/1 = (CxDx 1000)/ml sample

Where C =Vol. of EDTA required by sample.

D=mg CaCO3 per 1.0 ml. EDTA (0.01 M) used as titrant

5. Calcium Hardness

1. Take 25 or 50 ml sample in porcelain dish. 2. Add 1 ml NaOH to raise pH to

12.0 and a pinch of murexide Indicator.

3. Titrate immediately with EDTA till pink colour changes to purple. Note the
vol. of EDTA used (A').

4. Run a reagent blank. Note the al. of EDTA (B) required and keep it aside to
compare end points of sample titrations.

5. Calculate as follows

Calcium hardness as CaCO3 = (Cx D x 1000)/ml sample.

Where C' volume of EDTA used by sample (A-B') Dng CaCO3 per 1.0 ml
EDTA (0.01 M) used for titration.
C. Magnesium hardness as CaCO3 mg/1 total hardness as
CaCO3 mg/1 Ca hardness as CaCO3 mg/1

D. Alkaline (Carbonate) Hardness and Non Alkaline (Non

Carbonate)Hardness.

These types of hardness can be calculated from total hardness and total
alkalinity data as follows I

If total hardness >>Total alkalinityas CaCO3

as CaCO3

Then
1. Alkaline Hardness Total alkalinity.

2. Non-alkaline Hardness =Total hardness- total alkalinity.

If total hardness <<<Total alkalinity as CaCO3

as CaCO3
Then,
1) Alkaline hardness = Total hardness.
2) II) Non alkaline hardness = Nil.

SULPHATE

Sulphate ions usually occur in natural water. Many sulphate compounds are
readily soluble in water. Most of them originated from the oxida- tion of
sulphite ores, the solution of gypsum and anhydrite, the pre- sence of shales,
particularly those rich in organic compounds. Atmos- phericsulphurdioxide
formed by the combustion of fossil fuels and emitted by the metallurgical
roasting processes may also contribute to the sulphate compounds of water.
Sulphate bearing Minerals are common in most sedimentary rocks. In the
weathering process gypsum (CaSO4) is dissolved and sulphide minerals are
partly oxidised, giving rise to soluble form of sulphate that is carried away by
water. Sulphates cause a problem of scaling in industrial water supplies, and
problems of odor and corrosion in waste water treatment due its reduction to
H2S. Inges- tion of water containing high concentration of sulphate can have
laxative effect, which is enhanced when sulphate is consumed in combina- tion
with magnesium.
Turbidimetric Method

Principle : Sulphate ions are precipitated as BaSO4 in acidic media (HCL) with
Barium chloride. The absorption of light by this precipi- tated suspension is
measured by spectrophotometer at 420 nm or scattered light by Nephelometer.

Interference: Colour, turbidity and silica in the concentration of 500 ppm

interfere in this estimation. Filtration is adopted to remove colour and turbidity.

Apparatus :

1. Magnetic stirrer

2. Colorimeter for use at 420 nm

3. Stopwatch

4. Nessler's tubes, cap 100 ml.

5. Measuring spoon cap - 0.2 to 0.3 ml.

Reagents

1. Conditioning reagent : Mix 50 ml. glycerol with a solution contai- ning 30

ml. concentrated HCL, 300 ml. distilled water, 100 ml. 95% ethyl or isopropyl
alcohol and 75 g NaCl.
2. Barium chloride. Crystals. 20-30 mesh.
3. Standard sulphate solution: Dissolve 147.9 mg. anhydrous Na2S04 and
dilute to 1000 ml. 1 ml. 100 ug 504-

Procedure

1. Take suitable vol. of sample in 250 ml. conical flask and dilute to 100 ml.
2. Add 5.0 ml. conditioning reagent accurately. Mix well.
3.Keep the flask constantly stirred with the help of stirrer. Add BaCl2 crystals
while stirring.. Continue stirring for 1 min. after addition of BaCl2.
4. Measure the turbidity developed after every 30 sec. for 4 mincolorimeter at
420 nm.
After 2 min. Stirring, reading will remainconstant. Note this reading for
calculation purpose.
5. Prepare standard curve by carrying standard sulphate solution through entire
procedure. Space standards at 5 mg/1 increment in the 0 to 40 mg/1 range.
6. Read ng 504 present in the sample from the standard curve.

SODIUM AND POTASSIUM

Sodium is present in a number of minerals, salt (sodium chloride). the principal
one being rock The increased pollution of surface and ground water during the
past decade has resulted in a substantial increase the sodium content of
drinking water in different regions of the Sewage, the industrial effluents, in
world: sea water intrusion in coastal area, and use of sodium compounds for
corrosion control and water-softening processes all contribute to sodium
concentration in water because of the high solubility of sodium salts and
minerals. Sodium levels in ground water vary widely but normally range
between 6 and 130 mg/1. water the In surface sodium concentration may be
less than 1 mg/1 or exceed · 300 mg/1 depending upon the geographical area.

The estimation of sodium and potassium is based on the emission spectro-

scopy, which deals with the excitation of electrons from ground state to higher
energy emission of light. state and coming back to its original state with the

Principle: The sample solution is sucked by an atomiser under trolled

conditions. The radiation from the flame enters a device in order to isolate the
desired region of con- dispersing the spectrum. intensity of isolated radiation
can be measured by a phototube. carefully calibrating the photometer with the
solution of known The After compo- sition and concentration, it is possible to
correlate the intensity of a given spectral line of the unknown with the amount
of an element present that emits the particular radiation.
Equipment :

Flame photometer. With flame accessories.

Reagents :

1. Deionised distilled water.

2. Stock sodium solution: Dissolve 2.542 g dry sodium chloride in 1000 ml

distilled water.

1 ml = 1.0 mg Na
3. Working sodium solution Dilute 10 ml of stock solution to 1 litre. 1 ml = 0.1
mg Na.

4. Stock potassium solution: Dissolve 1.907 of dry (110°c)

1 ml =1 mg K

5. Working potassium solution: Dilute 10 ml of the stock solution to 1 litre.

1 ml = 0.10 mg K

Procedure:

1. For operating the instrument, manufacturer.

2. Start the electrical supply and switch on the air compressor supply. Stabilize
the air flow. The needle should be steady at the mark.

3. Switch on the gas and maintain the gas fuel mixture so that the blue flame is
seen through the viewing window. 4. Aspirate the distilled water and adjust the
galvanometer reading to zero.

5. Calibrate the instrument by aspirating the standard and adjusting the

galvanometric reading to desire mark.

6Aspirate distilled water to bring the reading to Zero mark.

7. Aspirate sample and note down the galvanometric reading.

8.Put off the fuel supply first followed by air and then main switch followed by
the instructions given by the main switch.
IRON

Being it the fourth most abundant element by weight in the earth's Occurs
presence mainly in the divalent and trivalent state in water. crust, The of iron in
natural water can be attributed to the dissolution of rocks and minerals, acid
mines drainage, and engineering industries. landfill leachates, sewage

The presence of iron in drinking water supplies is objectionable for a number

of reasons. Under pH condition existing in drinking water supply, ferrous
sulphate is unstable and precipitate as insoluble ferric hydroxide which settles
out as a rust coloured silt. tastes unpalatable even Such water often at low
concentration (0.3 mg/1) and stains loundry and plumbing fixtures. bacteria'. of
Iron also promotes the growth of 'Iron These microorganisms derive their
energy from the oxidation ferrous to ferric and in the process deposit a slimy
coating on piping. the

Principle: The ferric form of iron is reduced to ferrous form by boiling with
hydrochloric acid Hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Upon adding 1,10
phenanthroline (between pH 3.2 and 3.3) form a soluble chelated complex of
orange red colour. Intensity of the colour is directly proportional to
concentration of iron present in the sample
.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the integrated approach to urban development and water
treatment explored in this study underscores the imperative of addressing the intricate
challenges posed by rapid urbanization and the escalating demand for clean water.
The identified key elements, including sustainability, resilient communities, and
innovative strategies, collectively form a framework for informed decision-making in
urban planning and infrastructure development. By recognizing the symbiotic
relationship between urban growth and water resources, stakeholders can work
collaboratively to implement effective solutions. The emphasis on environmental
sustainability and engagement with various stakeholders further enhances the
potential for creating urban environments that are not only prosperous and developed
but also resilient, water-efficient, and harmonious with the broader ecosystem. This
holistic perspective serves as a valuable guide for policymakers, planners, and
communities alike, paving the way for a more sustainable and water-secure urban
future.