Approval: Hydraulic Dimensioning and Procedure For Making U, V and Trapezoidale Drainage

HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V
AND TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE
APPROVAL
i|Page
Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier
DEDICATION
ii | P a g e
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This brief is the result of the combined efforts of many people around us; we would like to thank
you very much:
❖ M GUIMEZAP, Founder of the IUC for his initiative and dedication to youth education
❖ Mr. TSOPBENG, Director of ISTDI for his rigour and discipline;

Our framers:
❖ Mrs. TCHIKDJE PRUDENCE, Head of Department B-TECH for the advices receipt;
❖ The teaching staff of the Civil Engineering Department of the ISTDI and those from all over
the regions and from the UNIVERSITY of BUEA for the courses received;
❖ Mrs. ESSIMI ANNETTE, for her support and availability.
❖ Our parents, Mr. and Mrs. TIOBOU PHILIPPE; Mr. and Mrs. NGOUMO JEAN MARIE for
the love and support you have given us;
❖ Our respective families whose financial, material and moral support has been remarkable;
❖ Our friends with whom we spent some very pleasant moments and for their encouragement;
❖ All those who have participated directly or indirectly in the outcome of this work;
❖ May all those whose names are not mentioned here find in this letter an expression of our
deep gratitude.
❖ Eternal GOD Almighty who gives us the strength to achieve our goals and spreads his clarity
every time;
iii | P a g e
ABBREVIATION
AutoCAD: Automatic Computer Aided Design
USB: signifie Universal Serial Bus
fck: Characteristic strength of concrete

fy: yield strength
NG: natural ground
ZGN: altitude of natural ground
HA: high adhesion
COVADIS:
fy: characteristic reinforcement yield stress
k: coefficient of reduce moment
fctm: Mean value of axial tensile strength
Vrdc: Design value of punching shear
γ: volumetric density
iv | P a g e
ABSTRACT
The project submitted to our study concerns the hydraulic design and implementation process
of U, V and trapezoidal gutters on the Sisters' Hospital Express Crossroads road section, which
is approximately 1099.97m long from the main Logpom road. It is part of the project to gradually
renovate the itinerary Basson crossroads - Sister's Hospital - Andem crossroads. It was presented
as follows:
- A general presentation of the site and objective presentation of the trace;
- A study of the geometric characteristics of the plot (plan drawing, length profile, cross profiles)
with the COVADIS 8 software;
- hydraulic sizing;
- Reinforced concrete sizing;
- The implementation process;
- The estimated and quantitative estimate of the U-shaped gutter;
Our trace connects points A and B over a length of about 1099.97m. The width of our road is
5.40m with shoulders of 1.2m on either side of the road. A study of the descriptive, estimated
and quantitative specifications of the project was carried out. This quotation has been approved
at the Sum of #112 261 010 FCFA# (one hundred twelve million two hundred and seventy-one
thousand and ten CFA francs)
v|Page
RESUME
Le projet soumis à notre étude porte sur Le dimensionnement hydraulique et le procédé de

mise en œuvre des caniveaux en U, V et trapézoïdales sur le tronçon de route Hôpital des
sœurs carrefour express long d’environ 1099.97m de la route principale de Logpom. Il fait partie
du projet d’assainissement progressif de l’itinéraire carrefour Bassong - hôpital des soeurs-
carrefour Andem. Elle a été présentée de la manière suivante :
• Une présentation générale du site et objective du trace ;

• Une étude de caractéristiques géométriques du tracé (trace en plan, profil en long, profils
en travers) avec le logiciel COVADIS 8 ;
• le dimensionnement hydraulique ;
• Le dimensionnement en béton armé ;
• Le procédé de mise en œuvre ;
• Le devis estimatif et quantitatif du caniveau en U ;
Notre trace relie les points A et B sur une longueur d’environ 1099.97m. La largeur de notre
route est de 5.40m avec des accotements de 1.2m de part et d’autre de la chaussée. Une étude
des devis descriptif, estimatif et quantitatif du projet a été réalisée. Le présent devis a été arrêté
à la Somme de #112 261 010 FCFA# (cent douze millions deux cent soixante un mil dix franc
CFA)
vi | P a g e
HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING
U, V AND TRAPEZOIDAL DRAINAGE
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................................. i
DEDICATION .........................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................iii
ABBREVIATION ................................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................v
RESUME ................................................................................................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLE..................................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURE ....................................................................................................................................x
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER I: PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT, STUDY OF CLIMATE AND DRAINAGE

SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Section 1: GENERALITY ON THE PROJECT SITE ................................................................... 12
I. PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................ 12
1. Presentation of the project zone ........................................................................................ 12
2. The context and analysis of the site ................................................................................... 13
II. CLIMATE ........................................................................................................................ 21
1. Climatology ...................................................................................................................... 21
1.1. Climatic regions in Cameroon .................................................................................... 21
2. Temperature .................................................................................................................... 22
3. Precipitation ..................................................................................................................... 23
4. Pluviometry ...................................................................................................................... 23
III. STUDY OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM ............................................................................... 24
IV. CRITICS .......................................................................................................................... 24
Section 2: DESIGN OF THE ROAD LAYOUT FROM THE COVADIS SOFTWARE .............. 25
vii | P a g e

I. THE DIFFERENT STEPS USED IN COVADIS TO BRING OUT THE ROAD

PROJECTION ............................................................................................................................. 25
1. Loading of the seedlings of points .................................................................................. 26
2. Drawing of the long profile ............................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER II: MATERIAL AND METHOD ....................................................................................... 29
I. METHOD ............................................................................................................................. 29
• BAZIN approach: ............................................................................................................ 30
• MANNING STRICKLER approach: ............................................................................ 30
II. MATERIAL ..................................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER III: HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V AND

TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE ........................................................................................................ 33
I. HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING .......................................................................................... 33
1. U shape ................................................................................................................................. 34
2. V shape ................................................................................................................................. 37
3. Trapezoidal shape................................................................................................................ 39
II. CONCRETE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 41
1. Actions applied to the structure ......................................................................................... 41
2. Calculation hypotheses........................................................................................................ 41
3. Calculation of coverage ....................................................................................................... 42
4. Design of gutter .................................................................................................................... 43
III. PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER IV: COST QUANTITY AND ESTIMATE .................................................................... 50
GENERAL CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 52
WEBOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 52
viii | P a g e

LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Rainfall in the past five years in the city of Douala ................................................................ 23
Table 2: Point coordinates ..................................................................................................................... 27
Table 3:Manning Strickler coefficient................................................................................................... 31
Table 4 : Different shapes ..................................................................................................................... 33
Table 5: Runoff coefficient ................................................................................................................... 36
Table 6: Summary of hydraulic results ................................................................................................. 41
Table 7: Cost and quantity estimate ...................................................................................................... 51
ix | P a g e

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Overall view of site from Google Earth ................................................................................. 12

Figure 2: Waste inside the gutter ........................................................................................................... 14
Figure 3: Inadequate gutters .................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 4: Surrounding houses; overview of the watershed ................................................................... 16
Figure 5: Surrounding houses................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 6: Surrounding houses................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 7: Full gutters ............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 8: Gutter full of dirt .................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 9: Loading of the seedlings of points ......................................................................................... 26
Figure 10: Long profile and Natural ground ......................................................................................... 28
Figure 11: U gutter shape ...................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 12: Strain on U gutter ................................................................................................................. 44
Figure 13: reinforcement of cover ......................................................................................................... 47
Figure 14: Reinforcement of the gutter ................................................................................................. 48
x|Page

INTRODUCTION
Urban drainage, stormwater and wastewater management systems remain one of the main
problems of our country, particularly in the Douala region, where water control and collection
problems are observed, resulting in degradation and flooding in some localities. It will therefore
be necessary to evaluate the water flow in order to find the hydraulic sections and make a
reinforced concrete design approach to bring out the gutter that will ensure good functionality.
In our case, we will focus on the Douala 5th area on the “Hôpital des Sœurs” road section to the
express crossroads which is 1099.87m long, because it has two catchment areas. This study will
include the following elements:
• topographic surveys
• a study of climate and meteorology
• the study of the road layout
• hydraulic dimensioning
• reinforced concrete design
• the quantitative and estimated estimate
11 | P a g e

CHAPTER I: PRESENTATION OF THE

PROJECT, STUDY OF CLIMATE AND
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Section 1: GENERALITY ON THE PROJECT SITE

I. PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT
1. Presentation of the project zone
In Bachelor Technology training, every student is asked to support a tutorial project by a group
of two on a subject that has been proposed to him by his department. It is with this in mind that
we have submitted to our study a project for the hydraulic dimensioning of U, V and trapezoidal
gutters to solve the problems of flooding and wastewater drainage on the Sisters' Hospital
section - express crossroads in the Douala V district of Logpom, Cameroon's Littoral region.
The continuation of this study through practical applications would be useful in determining a
strategy for achieving the best possible network condition in the long term, despite budgetary
constraints. It should then be possible to meet the expectations of the population.
Figure 1: Overall view of site from Google Earth
12 | P a g e

2. The context and analysis of the site
After several field trips we made the following remarks:
✓ The existence of type U gutters of different sizes and these are not always adequate to
solve the problem due to the non-viability of the road.
13 | P a g e

Figure 2: Waste inside the gutter
14 | P a g e

Figure 3: Inadequate gutters
15 | P a g e

✓ We have noticed a large number of homes, including several households; this must be
taken into account for our sizing.
Figure 4: Surrounding houses; overview of the watershed
16 | P a g e

Figure 5: Surrounding houses
17 | P a g e

Figure 6: Surrounding houses
✓ The lack of sanitation work, resulting in completely full gutters leading to water leaking
into homes (flooding).
18 | P a g e

Figure 7: Full gutters
19 | P a g e

Figure 8: Gutter full of dirt
20 | P a g e

II. CLIMATE
1. Climatology
Climatology is the study of atmospheric conditions over a longer period of time. It includes the
study of different kinds of weather that occur at a place. Dynamic change in the atmosphere
brings about variation and occasionally great extremes that must be treated on the long term as
well as the short-term basis. As a result, climatology may be defined as the aggregate of weather
at a place over a given time period.
There is diversity of approaches available in climate studies:
❖ Climatography consists of the basic presentation of data and its verbal or cartographic
description.
❖ Physical Climatology deals largely with the energy exchanges and physical components.
❖ Dynamic Climatology is more concerned with atmospheric motion and exchanges that lead
to and result from that motion.
❖ Applied Climatology is the scientific application of climatic data to specific problems

within such areas of forestry, agriculture, and industry. It can involve the application of
climatic data and theory of other disciplines, such as geomorphology and soil science.
1.1. Climatic regions in Cameroon
There are two broad climatic categories:
- The Equatorial climatic zone
- The Tropical climatic zone
a. The equatorial climatic domain
The southern part of the country that extends from latitude 2 degrees to 6 degrees North is
characterized by an Equatorial climate which is further subdivided into two categories:
The Guinean type: This extends from the coast at Kribi and covers the southern Plateau. It is
marked by four seasons per year; two rainy and two dry seasons. Rainfall is abundant and ranges
21 | P a g e

between 1500 to 2000mm. Temperatures are high and fairly constant measuring about 25
degrees Celsius on the average.
The Cameroon type: This is dominant in the southwestern coastal region and extends right up
to the mouth of the river Nyong.
The maritime Cameroon type: Extends from the coastal region right up to the mouth of the
River Nyong .This section encompasses the second rainiest part of the world, Debundscha,
having rainfalls averages of 10,000mm per year. Humidity here is high and the influence of
the mount Fako is ever present.
The mountain Cameroon type: This prevails on the Western Highlands including places like
Buea, Dschang, Bamenda, Kumbo etc. It extends northwards until it meets with the next
climatic region, the tropical Sudan type.
b. The tropical climatic domain
This is subdivided into the Humid Tropical and Sahel Climate. The Humid tropical climate
type extends from about latitude 6 to 10 degrees. Rainfall here is about 1500 mm and there are
two distinct seasons; the rainy and the dry season. The rainy season lasts for over seven months
meanwhile the dry season lasts for between 3 to 4 months in some cases. The average
temperatures here measures about 21 degree Celsius. The Sahel type extends from Benue Basin
right up North. This region experiences shorter and shorter periods of rainfall as we move
northwards. Temperatures equally become hotter and hotter as we progress towards the north.
The tendency towards the Far North Region is to experience rainfalls of less than 900mm and
rainy seasons as short as 4 months.
2. Temperature
Cameroon falls within the intertropical zone and experiences yearly temperatures varying
between 20 to 28 degrees Celsius. Temperatures generally increase from the south towards the
north; this explains why there is a change from a humid and ever green south towards a hot and
desert North. The temperature is also influenced by the proximity to the sea; the more you go
hinterland, the hotter it becomes. Both situations are however waved off in several cases by
altitude which influences the temperature; the higher you go, the colder it becomes as is the
case with Yaoundé which is higher (23.5degree Celsius) and Garoua (28 degree Celsius) which
in within the Benue Plain.
22 | P a g e

3. Precipitation
This is a phenomenon that is influenced by proximity to the sea and also the south to north
extension of the country. Same too as temperature, it is also influenced by altitude. It is therefore
for this reason that spatial variations exist throughout the country for example, Douala receives
4,016 mm of rainfall annually, Yaoundé 1,596mm, Lomie 1,654mm, Bamenda, 2,596mm,
Garoua 1000mm and Kousseri in the Far North region receives only 630mm. Relative humidity
varies in the same manner as rainfall based on the proximity to the coast.
Symptomatic of these combination of factors is the occurrence of four distinct seasons
in the South and Central parts of Cameroon; these include: the long dry season at the beginning
of the year, the long wet season from September to December, a short dry season in August and
a short wet season between March and June. From the Adamawa to the Lake Chad which marks
the Northern section of the country, there are two distinct seasons: a long dry season from
November to April and a short-wet season from May to October.
4. Pluviometry
Mesure de la quantité de pluie faite par un pluviomètre.
Rainfall of the area (mm), 1 mm = 1 L water/m².
The study of rainfall in the 5 last year give the table below:
July August September
2014 255.2 499 574.6
2015 399.3 511 407.0
2016 384.2 1043.4 484.7
2017 587.3 607.9 360.5
2018 411.3 559 291.5
Table 1: Rainfall in the past five years in the city of Douala
23 | P a g e

III. STUDY OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Drainage is an operation that consists of facilitating, by means of drains or ditches, the flow of
excess water into a land. It can be used for different purposes such as protecting a building from
moisture and drying out land. The presence of drainage for road constructions or land is very
important because without drainage, the probability of flooding, wall mildew and land settling
would be much higher. Drainage is therefore used to control the water.
A drainage system is composed of:
- A draining trench.
- A draining pipe that collects water and directs it to an outlet.
- An outlet that collects water from the draining pipe.
IV. CRITICS
Here it is a question of mentioning the different problems of drainage systems encountered in
cities.
- Lack of gutter cleaning by urban commune officials after heavy rains leading to the
deposit of waste from either roads (land) or local populations
- Spacing between covers (slabs) too large up to the thickness of the foot. this creates
small accidents
- Gutters and mouth drains
- Incorrect dimensioning of the gutters
24 | P a g e

Section 2: DESIGN OF THE ROAD LAYOUT FROM THE

COVADIS SOFTWARE
In order to be able to design our road profile, we have entered the data related to our 57 profile
numbers into the software. In this section, we will discuss how to design our road layout based
on the COVADIS software by describing the process of using the software.
I. THE DIFFERENT STEPS USED IN COVADIS TO BRING OUT

THE ROAD PROJECTION
Once the topographic background has been obtained, we must follow the following steps:
− Calculate the DTM (Digital Terrain Model)
− Draw contour lines
− Create the Autopiste project
− Design the main axis of the project where clothoids and circular connections will be
highlighted
− Assemble the elements of the axis in plan
− Tabulate the axis at an equidistance of 10 M
− Create the long profile on the on the NG
− Draw the longitudinal profile of the NG
− Divide the project into three portions and assign each type of gutter to each of these
portions.
25 | P a g e

1. Loading of the seedlings of points
Figure 9: Loading of the seedlings of points
Num. Abscisse Z Tn Z Projet Gisemen X Y

t
P.1 0.000 60.336 None 67.222 585182.457 450816.721
P.2 10.000 60.288 None 67.222 585177.533 450825.425
P.3 20.000 60.354 None 67.222 585172.608 450834.128
P.4 30.000 59.961 None 67.222 585167.684 450842.832
P.5 40.000 59.182 None 67.222 585162.760 450851.535
P.6 50.000 59.028 None 67.222 585157.836 450860.239
P.7 60.000 58.187 None 67.222 585152.911 450868.942
P.8 70.000 57.701 None 67.222 585147.987 450877.646
P.9 80.000 56.768 None 61.892 585142.650 450886.092
P.10 90.000 55.896 None 61.892 585137.015 450894.353
P.11 100.000 54.931 None 61.892 585131.380 450902.615
P.12 110.000 53.890 None 61.892 585125.745 450910.876
P.13 120.000 55.286 None 61.892 585120.111 450919.137
P.14 130.000 52.737 None 61.892 585114.476 450927.399
P.15 140.000 53.834 None 64.527 585108.956 450935.736
P.16 150.000 52.951 None 68.496 585103.935 450944.382
P.17 160.000 49.569 None 72.465 585099.464 450953.325
P.18 170.000 48.383 None 76.434 585095.558 450962.529
P.19 180.000 47.861 None 80.403 585092.233 450971.958
P.20 190.000 47.295 None 82.710 585089.449 450981.562
P.21 200.000 46.376 None 82.710 585086.766 450991.196
P.22 210.000 45.299 None 82.710 585084.084 451000.829
26 | P a g e

P.23 220.000 44.190 None 82.710 585081.401 451010.463

P.24 230.000 43.402 None 82.710 585078.718 451020.096
P.25 240.000 42.680 None 82.710 585076.036 451029.730
P.26 250.000 42.105 None 82.710 585073.353 451039.363
P.27 260.000 41.549 None 82.710 585070.671 451048.997
P.28 270.000 41.117 None 82.710 585067.988 451058.630
P.29 280.000 40.741 None 83.333 585065.327 451068.269
P.30 290.000 40.280 None 83.333 585062.739 451077.929
P.31 300.000 40.116 None 83.333 585060.151 451087.588
P.32 310.000 40.031 None 83.333 585057.562 451097.247
P.33 320.000 39.954 None 83.333 585054.974 451106.906
P.34 330.000 39.898 None 83.333 585052.386 451116.566
P.35 340.000 39.926 None 83.333 585049.798 451126.225
P.36 350.000 39.955 None 83.333 585047.209 451135.884
P.37 360.000 40.145 None 83.333 585044.621 451145.543
P.38 370.000 40.399 None 83.333 585042.033 451155.203
P.39 380.000 40.720 None 83.333 585039.444 451164.862
P.40 390.000 41.104 None 83.333 585036.856 451174.521
P.41 400.000 41.768 None 83.333 585034.268 451184.180
P.42 410.000 42.371 None 83.333 585031.679 451193.839
P.43 420.000 43.046 None 83.333 585029.091 451203.499
P.44 430.000 43.769 None 83.333 585026.503 451213.158
P.45 440.000 44.461 None 83.333 585023.914 451222.817
P.46 450.000 45.184 None 83.333 585021.326 451232.476
P.47 460.000 45.986 None 83.333 585018.738 451242.136
P.48 470.000 46.308 None 83.333 585016.150 451251.795
P.49 480.000 46.708 None 83.333 585013.561 451261.454
P.50 490.000 47.096 None 83.333 585010.973 451271.113
P.51 500.000 46.887 None 83.333 585008.385 451280.772
P.52 510.000 46.924 None 83.333 585005.796 451290.432
P.53 520.000 46.896 None 83.333 585003.208 451300.091
P.54 530.000 46.714 None 83.333 585000.620 451309.750
P.55 540.000 45.897 None 83.333 584998.031 451319.409
P.56 550.000 45.248 None 83.333 584995.443 451329.069
P.57 557.362 44.823 None 83.333 584993.538 451336.180
Table 2: Point coordinates
This operation allows you to upload the calculation point file. COVADIS will load our points
on a point layer (TOPOJIS) and display the points in Z coordinates on the screen.
2. Drawing of the long profile

We draw the long profile of the natural ground (in green) and the long profile of the project (in
red).
27 | P a g e

Figure 10: Long profile and Natural ground
28 | P a g e

CHAPTER II: MATERIAL AND METHOD
I. METHOD
Here we are going to enumerate the different steps and the choice of the method used to solve
our problem.
➢ Recognition of the site: this is just to take knowledge and have an overview of the site
➢ Topographic surveys: here we are going to work with the topographer to have layout of
the natural ground and the different slopes.
Survey: We have preceded by close leveling: we station on a known point in coordinates,
we target at the reference also known in coordinates, we walk until we stop on another point
known in coordinates. The angular observations were made in a left circle for all the points
except the points of the polygonal which were taken in two circles (left and right) which
consists of a double reversal of the alidade first on the horizontal axis and then the bezel on
the vertical axis. Indeed, turning the device around the vertical axis means unorienting the
blade by about 200 degrees: this way of proceeding is intended to cancel the collimation
errors of the device. This was done on all the vertices of the polygonal whose average of
the two circles was used for the calculations.
For the survey of details and to bring out our different profiles we have preceded by
radiation which is a topo-metric method of locating several points in distances and
directions from a single station.
➢ A study of climate and meteorology: knowing that we are dealing with water and rainfall
is one of the determinate factors that conditioned the design of our gutters, we need to
study the climatology and the temperature in our particular case as we have done in
chapter one.
➢ The study of the road layout.
➢ Hydraulic dimensioning: here we are going to calculate the hydraulic section of our
gutters. We have three approaches:
o Rational method: it is a method that consist in estimating the flow from a division
of the basin slopes in sectors bounded by isochronous lines, this method was
discovered in 1889, but it was in 1906 that it was generalized, it is also known by
29 | P a g e

the method of LIOYD DAVIS is a method that has been proven and proven
especially for ponds urban areas (< 10 Ha).
o BAZIN
o Manning Strickler
• BAZIN approach:
Bazin exprime the roughness of the channel with the factor γ by given the expression of C in
function of γ and Rh then C=f (γ; Rh):
87
C= 𝛾
1+
𝑅ℎ
Nature of the side γ

Very unified side: example: smooth 0.06
cement…
Unified side… example: stone, bricks 0.16
… …
Side in clay 1.30
Side in clay with pebble and grasses 1.75
Then, the BAZIN equation give the velocity:

V = C*√𝑅ℎ ∗ 𝐼
With:
U: average velocity of flow m/s
C: coefficient to be calculated using the BAZIN’s table
Rh: hydraulic radius in m
I: slope of the channel in percentage (%)
• MANNING STRICKLER approach:

It expresses (as Bazin approach) the coefficient C in function of roughness (and with an easier
1⁄
𝑅ℎ 6
⁄𝑛
way) and the hydraulic radius C =
Le facteur ‘n’ depend on the condition and the nature of the side.
30 | P a g e

Lining Lining Type n-value different depth ranges

Depth ranges
Category
0 – 15 cm 15 – 60 cm > 60 cm
Concrete 0.015 0.013 0.013
Grouted Riprap 0.040 0.030 0.028
Stone Masonry 0.042 0.032 0.030
Soil Cement 0.025 0.022 0.020
Asphalt 0.018 0.016 0.016
Rigid Bare Soil 0.023 0.020 0.020
Unlined Rock Cut 0.045 0.035 0.025
Woven Paper Net 0.016 0.015 0.015
Jute Net 0.028 0.022 0.019
Fiberglass Roving 0.028 0.021 0.019
Straw with Net 0.065 0.033 0.025
Cured Wood Mat 0.066 0.035 0.028
Synthetic Mat 0.036 0.025 0.021
Temporary 2.5-cm (d50) 0.044 0.033 0.030
Gravel
Riprap 5 -cm (d50) 0.066 0.041 0.034
15-cm (d50) 0.104 0.069 0.035

Rock
Riprap 30-cm (d50) - 0.078 0.040
Table 3:Manning Strickler coefficient
Equation of Manning given the velocity:

𝟏 𝟏⁄
V = 𝒏 ∗ 𝑹𝒉 ∗ 𝑰 𝟐
With:
V: average velocity of flow m/s
n: coefficient of Manning Strickler
Rh: hydraulic radius in m
I: slope of channel, exprime in percentage % (number without dimension)
Choice:
✓ Each formula used ( Bazin or Manning Strickler), the result is approximatively the same
✓ In practice, we will use Manning Strickler formula, in view of it convenience and the
rational method.
31 | P a g e

➢ Reinforced concrete design:

We have two norms:
o Eucode 2
o BAEL 91 revised 1999
The one recommended is Eurocode 2 because it is more secure than BAEL and it is a new
design calculation norm that we are using in class.
➢ The quantitative and estimated estimate

We will estimate the quantity of material used and cost.
II. MATERIAL
➢ Two personal computer of marks HP

➢ Two personal computer of marks PBhev
➢ Two calculators of marks KENKO and CASIO
➢ A4 paper size
➢ Pens (red, blue and black)
➢ Two USB key
➢ AutoCAD software
➢ COVADIS software
➢ Microsoft Office
➢ Arcgis software
➢ Cype software
➢ Total station
➢ Level
➢ Sight
32 | P a g e

CHAPTER III: HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING

AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V AND
TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE
I. HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING
U shape
Trapezoidale shape
V shape
Table 4 : Different shapes
33 | P a g e

Wetted surface Aw
Wetted perimeter Pw
Hydraulic radius Rh
Width B
hydraulic depth Rh
1. U shape
We have choose it on the first section of the road of length 339.97m
Hypothesis:
C = 0.88 for the platform of the road and L = 339.97m
K = 1/n = 67 (n=0.015) for concrete surface l = 14m
I = hydraulic slope = 15.5%
We predimensioning of our gutter will be done with a rectangular section 60cm base and 60cm
height because this shape is the most common in use in the city.
𝟐
𝑸 = 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ 𝑹𝒉 𝟑 ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐 (Manning Strikler formula)
Q in m3/s
𝑆
Rh = : hydraulic radius in m
𝑃
Aw: wetted section m2
Ver = 3.50m/s given by Manning Strickler
B = 60cm
- Determination of the wetted section

Aw = b*h
- Determination of the wetted perimeter
Pw = 2h + b
- Determination of the hydraulic radius
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴
Rh = = 𝑃𝑤
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤
𝐻∗𝐵
Rh = 2𝐻+𝐵
34 | P a g e

𝟐
𝐻∗𝐵 𝟑
Q= 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨𝒘 ∗ (2𝐻+𝐵) ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐
3⁄
𝐻∗𝐵 𝑉 2
=( 1 )
2𝐻+𝐵 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
3⁄
𝐻∗𝐵 𝑉 2
=a with a = ( 1 )
2𝐻+𝐵 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
B*H = a(B + 2H)

B*H = aB + 2aH
𝑎𝐵
H = 𝐵−2𝑎
3⁄
2
𝑉
𝐵∗( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
H= 3⁄
2
𝑉
𝐵−2∗( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
If V = Ver
3⁄
2
𝑉𝑒𝑟
𝐵∗( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
Her = 3⁄
2
𝑉𝑒𝑟
𝐵−2∗( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
3⁄
2
3.50
0.6∗( 1 )
67∗0.155 ⁄2
Her = 3⁄
2
𝑉𝑒𝑟
0.6−2∗( 1 )
67∗0.155 ⁄2
Her = 0.6 m
Thefore Pw = 2*0.6 + 0.6
Pw = 1.8m
- Determination of eroded surface
Qer = Ver*Ser
Ser = B*Her = 0.6*0.6
Ser = 0.36m²
- Determination of the eroded flow
Qer = 3.5*0.36
Qer = 1.26 m3/s
35 | P a g e

- Determination of the flow project

1
Qp = CIA = 0.28CIA
3.6
C: flow coefficient
- Determination of the watershed area
A = L*l
A = 339.97*14 = 4759.58 m2
A = 0.00476km2 = 0.48 Ha
Designation of the type of urbanization or land Average runoff coefficient

use
City centre of important agglomeration, very 0.80 – 0.95
dense housing "old city".
Collective housing zone, suburban area without 0.60 – 0.80
gardens or green spaces
Semi-collective housing area, recent district with 0.40 – 0.6
green spaces
residential or pavilion area 0.25 – 0.45
rural agglomeration centre 0.15 – 0.35
artisanal zone 0.30 – 0.80
industrial area 0.50 – 0.80
port area 0.70 – 0.90
railway area 0.20 – 0.35
sports and playground 0.20 – 0.40
cemetery 0.4
roadway, car park, pedestrian walkway 0.70 – 0.90
green spaces 0.10 – 0.25
gardens and parks 0.05 – 0.20
grove 0.04 – 0.08
cultivation areas 0.06 – 0.10
forests, wasteland 0.01 – 0.10
Table 5: Runoff coefficient
From this table C = 0.88
36 | P a g e

0.88∗1043.4∗0.48
Then Qp = = 437.02 L/s
3.6
Qp = 0.44m3/s
Qp = 0.44m3/s < 1.26m3/s = Qer so the structure is suitable for the flow of runoff water.
- Determination of the real velocity
𝑄𝑝 0.48
Vr = = = 1.21 m/s
𝐴𝑤 0.36
Vr = 1.21 m/s < 3.50 m/s = Ver so the gutter will not erode.
2. V shape
Hypothesis:
I = 2.71%
m=1 b = 2mh
K = 1/n = 67 (n=0.015) for rubble stone
L = 679.35m C = 0.88
- Determination of the maximum flow rate
𝟐
Q = 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨𝒘 ∗ 𝑹𝒉 𝟑 ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐
Q in m3/s
K: coefficient of rugosity
- Determination of the wetted section

5
Aw = 4 H2
- Determination of the wetted perimeter
Pw = 2h√1 + 𝑚2
- Determination of the hydraulic radius
𝐻∗√5
Rh = 6
2 2
Flow Q = k ∗ A ∗ R h ∗ I1/2 3
3⁄
𝑉 2
Rh = ( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
2
37 | P a g e

And
2 3⁄
2 3⁄
𝐻∗√5 𝑉 2 6 𝑉 2
=( 1 ) H= ∗( 1 )
6 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2 √5 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
3⁄ 2
5 6 𝑉 2
Q = V*A = V*4 ∗ [ ∗( 1 ) ]
√5 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
5 36 𝑉3
Q = V*4 ∗ ∗ 3
5 𝐾3 ∗𝐼 ⁄2
𝑉𝑒𝑟 4
Q = Qer = 9* 3
𝐾3 ∗𝐼 ⁄2
3.54
Qer = 9 ∗ 3 = 1.01 m3/s
673 ∗0.0271 ⁄2
Qer = 1.01m3/s
- Wetted section
Qer = Ver*Ser
𝑄𝑒𝑟 1.01
Ser = = = 0.289
𝑉𝑒𝑟 3.5
Ser = 0.289 m²
- Height
5 4𝑆𝑒𝑟
Ser = 4 H2 H=√
5
4∗0.29
H=√ = 0.5 m
5
H = 50 cm
0.5∗√5
Therefore, Rh= = 0.186m
6
Rh= 18.6 cm
And Pw = 2*0.5*√1 + 12 = 1.41m

Pw = 1.41m
- Width
B = 2mH with m = 1
B = 2*1*50 = 100cm
B = 1m
38 | P a g e

- Determination of flow project Qp

1
Qp = CIA = 0.28CIA
3.6
A = L*l
A = 679.35*14 = 0.95 Ha
Qp = 0.28*0.88*1043.4*0.95
Qp = 0.24 m3/s
Qp = 0.24 m3/s < 1.01m3/s = Qer So the structure is suitable for the flow
- Determination of Velocity
𝑄𝑝 0.24
Vp = = 1∗0.5
𝐴𝑝
2
Vp = 0.96 m/s
Vp = 0.96 m/s < Ver = 3.5m/s So the gutter will not erode.
3. Trapezoidal shape
Hypothesis:
I = 10%
m =1
Aw= (b + mh) h P= b + 2h√2

K= 67 for concrete surface
L = 1099.97m
C = 0.88
Manning’s formula
𝟐
Qer = 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨𝒘 ∗ 𝑹𝒉 𝟑 ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐
Q in m3/s
𝑆
Rh = : hydraulic radius in m
𝑃
K: coefficient of rugosity
- Wetted section
Aw = (b + mh) h
39 | P a g e

- Wetted perimeter
P= b + 2h√2
𝐴𝑤 (𝑏+ℎ)ℎ
- Hydraulic radius Rh = =
𝑃𝑤 (𝑏+2ℎ √2)
From Manning’s equation

3⁄
𝑉 2
Rh = ( 1 )
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
3⁄
(𝑏+ℎ)ℎ 𝑉 2
=( 1 )
(𝑏+2ℎ√2) 𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2
3⁄ 3⁄
𝑉 2 3.5 2
(b + h) h = a (b + 2ℎ√2) with a= ( 1 ) =( 1 ) = 0.19
𝐾∗𝐼 ⁄2 33∗0.1 ⁄2
bh + h2 = ab + 2ℎ√2
h2 + h (b – 2a√2 )– ab= 0
After solving this equation we got h1= - 0.21m and h2= 0.36m
h= 40cm
(0.4+0.4)0.4 0.32
Therefore, Rh= = = 0.21m
(0.4+2∗0.4√2) 1.53
Rh= 21cm
- Determination flow of erosion
𝟐 2
Qer = 𝒌 ∗ 𝑨𝒘 ∗ 𝑹𝒉 𝟑 ∗ 𝑰𝟏/𝟐= 33∗ 3.5 ∗ 0.32 ∗ 0.213 ∗ 0.11/2
Qer = 4.13 m3/s
- Determination of flow of project

1
Qp = CIA = 0.28CIA
3.6
A = L*l
A = 1099.97*14 = 1.54 Ha
Qp = 0.28*0.88*1043.4*1.54= 395.92L/s
Qp = 0.396m3/s
Qp = 0.396 m3/s < 4.13m3/s = Qer so the structure is suitable for the flow.
- Determination of real velocity
𝑄𝑝 0.396
Vp = = = 1.24m/s
𝐴𝑝 0.32
40 | P a g e

Vp =1.24 m/s < Vmax = 3.5 m/s So the gutter will not erode.
Summary table
Dimensions Wetted Wetted Hydraulic flow rate Project Speed Real
cm perimeter surface radius of flow of velocity
2
m m erosion rate erosion m/s
m3/s m3/s m/s
Section 1: H= 60 1.8 0.36 0.2 1.26 0.44 3.5 1.21
U shape B= 60
Section 2: H= 40 1.41 0.289 0.186 1.01 0.24 3.5 0.96
V shape B= 40
Section 3: H= 40 1.53 0.32 0.21 4.13 0.396 3.5 1.24
:trapezoidale B= 120
b= 40
Table 6: Summary of hydraulic results
II. CONCRETE DESIGN

1. Actions applied to the structure
-Self-weight of reinforced concrete: 2500 Kg/m3.
- Weight of the sidewalk body: 275 Kg/m2.
- Uniformly distributed pedestrian load: 250 Kg/m2.
- Concentrated load due to parking of a vehicle of average weight of 16 t. "Category G according

to article 6.3.2 of Eurocode 1 part 2-1": q = 4500 Kg.
- Water density: γe = 1000 Kg/m3.
- Density of compacted soil: γs = 2500 Kg/m3.
- Internal friction angle of the soil: φ = 30°.
- Ka = (1-sin φ) (1+sin φ) = (1-0.5)(1+0.5) = 0.333
- Design load: NEd = 45 + 2.5 +2.75 + 10.3 = 60.55 KN/ml
2. Calculation hypotheses
- The calculation rules used are those of EUROCODE 2.
- fc28 = 25 MPa.
41 | P a g e

- fe = 500 MPa.
- Safety coefficient for concrete: γb = 1.5.
- Safety coefficient for steel: γs = 1.15.
- Coating = 2 cm.
- Cracking is considered prejudicial.
3. Calculation of coverage
The cover is made of reinforced concrete slab of 15cm thickness (L/10 = 7.5cm) on two
supports. So this slab will be design as a beam in simple flexual width b0= 50cm and height H=
15cm.
Design load: Ed
Self-load G:
Self-weight of reinforced concrete: 25*0.5*0.15 = 1.875KN/m
G= 1.875KN/m
Live load Q:
Load due to parking of a vehicle: 4500kg= 45KN
Ed = 1.35G+1.5Q
Ed = 1.35*1.875 + 1.5*0= 2.53KN/m
q(Kg)
G KN/m
L=50cm
After solving the beam we got the moment M = 8.62KN.m

𝑀
K= 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓 d=15-2-0.06-0.08/2= 12.9cm
𝑐𝑘
8.62∗10−3
K= 0.5∗0.1292∗25 = 0.01< 0.168 OK there are no compressive reinforcement
Determination of maximum Moment:

Mrd =0.196bd²fck=0.196*0.5*0.129²*25*103 = 40. 77KN.m
MEd = 8.62 KN.m < Mrd= 40.77KN.m OK
42 | P a g e

𝑑
Level arm z = 2 [1 + √1 − 3.53𝑘′ ]  0.95d with k’=0.168
0.129
z= [1 + √1 − 3.53 ∗ 0.168 ]0.95*0.129=0.123
2
z = 0.1060.123 OK
Determination of fyd: fyd =fyk/s=500/1.15=434.78MPa
So we have:
MEd 8.62∗0.001
As= = 434.78∗0.106=187.0.4mm² then we choose 6HA8 ASREL=251mm²
fyd∗z
4. Design of gutter
Figure 11: U gutter shape
43 | P a g e

Figure 12: Strain on U gutter

Le dimensionnement sera concentrer sur le caniveau en U. celui de trapezoidale fonctionne
comme un barrage renversé.
We accentuate our dimensioning on the U-shaped channel by considering it as a retaining
wall using Eurocode 2.
a) Check preliminary sizing for 1 meter length of the wall
i. Bending moment at the base of the cantilever:
M = 0.5ka γH2(H/3) + ka*NEd*H(H/2)
= 0.5*0.333*25*0.75²*0.75/3 + 0.333*60.55*0.75*0.75/2
M = 6.26 KN.m
𝑀
Knowing that: M < 0.196bd²*fck d > √0.196𝑏𝑓
𝑐𝑘
6.26∗1000
d > √0.196∗1000∗30 = 32.63mm
ii. check resistance to sliding

H1 = D + b = 750 + 150 = 900mm
H1 = 0.9m
𝑁𝐸𝑑 60.55
= = 2.69
𝛾∗𝐻1 25∗0.9
𝑏2 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝐻1
{𝜇 + 𝛾∗𝐻1
} ≥ 1.5ka {0.5 + 𝛾∗𝐻1
}
𝑏2
𝐻1
{0.5 + 2.69} ≥ 1.5*0.333 {0.5 +2.69}
44 | P a g e

𝑏2
≥ 1.59/3.19
𝐻1
0.9
b2 ≥ 1.59*H1/3.19 b2 ≥ 1.59 ∗ 3.19
b2 ≥ 0.45 then b2 = 0.50m

iii. check excentricity
𝐻1 𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑏2
= 𝛾∗𝐻1
= 2.69
𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑏1 𝐻 2 1+3∗𝛾∗𝐻
𝑏2
≥ 0.25𝑘𝑎 ( 𝑏 1) ∗[ 𝑁𝐸𝑑
1
]-0.25
2 1+𝛾∗𝐻
1
𝑏1 1+3∗2.69
𝑏2
≥ 0.25 ∗ 0.333 (0.9)2 ∗ [ 1+2.69
]-0.25
𝑏1
𝑏2
≥ 0.41 b1≥ 0.41 b2 OK
b1 ≥ 0.21𝑚 then b1 = 0.6m is taken because of internal dimension of gutter

60x60 cm²
iv. Wall stability
The horizontal pressure at the depth z from the top is:
P= ka(𝛾 ∗ 𝑧 + 𝑁𝐸𝑑 ) = 0.333(25 ∗ 𝑧 + 60.55)
• At the top z=0 P= 0.333*60.55 = 20.15KN/m²
• At the base z=0.9m P = 0.333(25*0.9+60.55) = 27.66 KN/m²
b) Cantilever wall slab

i. Bending design
Average pressure: P= (20.15+27.26)/2 = 23.91KN.m²
V= 23.91*0.9*1.5= 32.27KN
M= {(27.66-20.15)*0.5*0.9*0.9/3+20.15*0.9*0.9/2}*1.5
M=13.79 KN.m/m
Assume that the cover is 20mm and the diameter of the bar is 10mm, effective depth is :
d= b-e- φ/2 = 150-20-5= 125mm

𝑀 13.79∗106
k = 𝑏𝑑2 ∗𝑓 = = 0.03 < 0.196 OK
𝑐𝑘 1000∗1252 ∗30
𝑧
= 0.5{1+√1 − 3𝑘/𝜂 with 𝜂 = 1
𝑑
45 | P a g e

𝑧
= 0.98
𝑑
13.76∗106
As= 0.98∗125∗0.87∗500 = 258.22mm² then we have 4HA10 with Asr=314mm²/m
Spacing = 250mm
• Check minimum steel Asmin= 0.26*(fctm/fyk)*b*d 0.0013bd and
fctm= 0.3𝑓𝑦𝑘 0.67 = 0.3*300.67= 2.9MPa
Asmin= 0.26*(2.9/500) *1000*125=188.5mm² and 0.0013bd= 162.5 mm²

Then Asmin= 188.5> 0.0013bd= 162.5 OK
ii. Curtailment of flexural steel
The corresponding moment of resistance is approximately: M= 0.5*13.76= 6. 68KN.m
This moment occur at a depth z from top given by:
6.68= 1.5*ka( 𝛾*z3/6 + 15z²/2)
6.68= 2.08z3 + 3.75z2 2.08Z3 + 3.75Z2 - 6.68 = 0
Then Z1= 1.06m after solving the equation
K= 6.68*106/ (1000*125²*30)
K= 0.014< 0.196 OK
𝑧 𝑘
So we have 𝑑= 0.5*(1+√1 − 3 𝜂 ) = 0.5*(1+√1 − 3 ∗ 0.014)
𝑧
= 0.99 As= 6.68*106/ (0.99*125*0.87*500)
𝑑
As= 124.11mm² 4HA8 for Asreal = 151mm²

• Check minimum steel
Asmin= 0.26*(fctm/fyk)*b*d 0.0013bd
fctm= 0.3𝑓𝑦𝑘 0.67 = 0.3*300.67= 2.9MPa
Asmin= 0.26*(2.9/500) *1000*125=188.5mm² and 0.0013bd= 162.5 mm²

Then Asmin= 188.5 > 0.0013bd= 162.5 OK
c) Shear check
At serviceability limit state, the horizontal pressure P at d from the base is:
P= ka(𝛾z + NEd)= 0.333(25*(0.750-0.125)+60.55)= 25.37KN/m²
At the top z=0 P= 0.333*60.55= 20.16KN/m²
The average pressure is: Pavg= (25.37+20.16)/2= 22.72KN/m²
46 | P a g e

At ultimate limit state using γb = 1.5 at d from the base of the cantilever, shear force VEd is equal
to: Vcd= Pavg*Z* γb= 22.77*(0.750-0.125) *1.5= 21.35KN/m
Vcd = 21.35KN/m
𝑉𝑐𝑑 21.35∗103
VEd = = = 0.17PMa
𝑏𝑑 1000∗125
0.18 0.18
CRd,c= = = 0.12
𝛾𝑏 1.5
120
K = 1+ √125 = 1.98< 2 OK
VRd,c = CRd,c*k(100*𝜌 ∗fck)0.333 ≥ (Vmin = 0.035*k1.5*√𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
VRd,c = 0.12*1.98(0.70*30)0.333 = 0.65 and Vmin = 0.035*1.981.5*√30= 0.53

Finally we have VRd,c = 0.65 > Vmin =0.53 OK
Figure 13: reinforcement of cover
47 | P a g e

Figure 14: Reinforcement of the gutter
III. PROCEDURE
➢ Case of prefabricated gutters:

− Topography (implantation)
− Earthworks
− Excavation bottom
− Receipt of the excavation bottom (by the topographer and the laboratory technician)
− Blinding concrete (after lab approval)
− Reception of blinding concrete (i.e. control of thicknesses and definition of gutter
placement axes)
− Alignment of gutters
− Reception of the alignment of gutters by the topographer
− Verification of the final gutter heights by topographers
− Seal jamming
➢ Pour on site:
− Topography (implementation)
− Earthworks
− Excavation bottom
48 | P a g e

− Receipt of the excavation bottom (by the topographer and the laboratory technician)
− Blinding concrete (after approval by the lab)
− Reception of Blinding concrete (i.e. control of thicknesses and definition of gutter
placement axes)
− Placing the mould
− Checking the mould dimensions
− Verification of steels
− Verification of concrete by proportionality (sand + water + cement + gravel)
− Concrete implementation and pouring of the elements
− Demoulding after 48 hours
− Eventual finish off.
49 | P a g e

CHAPTER IV: COST QUANTITY AND

ESTIMATE
N DESIGNATION U QTY PU TP
100 PREPARATORY WORKS

101 Installation (bring and return of materials) FF 1,00 9 500 000 9 500 000
TOTAL PREPARATORY WORKS 9 500 000
200 GENERAL EARTH-WORKS

201 Excavation of natural ground and put in store m3 1859 5 100 9 480 900
depository
202 Filling coming from excavation m3 572 4 034 2 307 385
TOTAL GENERAL EARTHWORKS 11 788 285
301 Preparation of the seats (profiling) m 1099.97 875 962 475

962 475
TOTAL PAVEMENT AND SHOULDERS
50 | P a g e

SANITIZATION
401 Concrete U-shaped gutters m3 454 135 000 61 290 000
402 Concrete water running down the slope ml 20,00 44 000 880 000
SMALL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
403 Cleaning of the stream bed FF 1,00 2 200 000 2 200 000
404 Blinding concrete dosed at 150kg/m3 m3 44.2 72 000 3 182 400
405 Realization of the covers ( slabs) ml 679.94 22 000 14 958 680
TOTAL SANITATION AND SMALL ART

WORKING
82 511 080
TOTAL EXCLUDING TAX 92 973 555
UNFORESEEN AND DIVERSE (0,5%) 464 868
TOTAL AMOUNT EXCLUDING TAX 93 438 423
VAT 19,25% 17 986 896
MONTANT TOTAL TTC 111 425 320
COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES (0.75%) 835 690
TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT 112 261 010
Table 7: Cost and quantity estimate
51 | P a g e

GENERAL CONCLUSION
We have reached the end of our project, which aimed to study the drainage of water from the
Sisters' Hospital section - an express crossroads approximately 1099.97 m long. We have thus
used documents, books, software packages, both civil engineering and other fields to carry out
this project. However, among the difficulties encountered, we note only the problem of
determining the surface area of the watershed during the hydraulic dimensioning of the gutters;
on the other hand, we have benefited from the kindness of our supervisors, who have served as
our guides in our work. Despite these facts, we have succeeded in designing, studying and
dimensioning our gutters in compliance with the standards and regulations in force; in order to
obtain a quality structure that integrates the position and environment of the structure and
provides comfort and safety for its residents. Indeed, we have not only plagiarized the results
provided by the various software, because the engineer, according to his knowledge, must be
able to analyze, interpret and criticize these results.
The Sisters' Hospital - Express Crossroads section will be drained with U, V and trapezoidal
gutters, but the one that will ensure good functionality is the U, since it is easy to implement
and is used frequently in urban areas. In the future, we propose regular cleaning with machinery
and qualified personnel to avoid waste deposits and erosion of the gutter.
Similarly, we cannot complete this project without mentioning that through it, we have
acquired significant experience both academically and professionally, as part of the study of a
hydraulic project. It also allowed us to better appreciate the spirit of teamwork, an essential
element for our integration into the socio-professional environment.
52 | P a g e

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Course on urban and rural hydraulics at the FORHOM Institute

2) Memoir for the Master's degree in hydraulics from Mr. Messaoudi Med El Amine and Mr.
Mezerai Khaled
3) Manual for the calculation and design of municipal stormwater management structures
4) Hydraulic course of Mr Rigobert MOTCHEMIEN, Phd IWRM
5) Calculation notes of Mr KUM Akwa
53 | P a g e

WEBOGRAPHY
1) www.googleearth.com
2) www.doualazoom.com/web/fr/activity
3) www.mercurial.fr.downloadastro.com
4) www.cameroun-info.net/article/ cameroun-water-drinking-in-the-city-of-douala-
191019.html
5) www.google- geomatics- and- analysis of the sanitation and health risks in the urban
environment.html
6) www.googlemap.com
54 | P a g e

Approval: Hydraulic Dimensioning and Procedure For Making U, V and Trapezoidale Drainage

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Approval: Hydraulic Dimensioning and Procedure For Making U, V and Trapezoidale Drainage

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V

AND TRAPEZOIDALE DRAINAGE

❖ Mr. TSOPBENG, Director of ISTDI for his rigour and discipline;

❖ Mrs. ESSIMI ANNETTE, for her support and availability.

AutoCAD: Automatic Computer Aided Design

USB: signifie Universal Serial Bus

fck: Characteristic strength of concrete

- Reinforced concrete sizing;

- The implementation process;

- The estimated and quantitative estimate of the U-shaped gutter;

Le projet soumis à notre étude porte sur Le dimensionnement hydraulique et le procédé de

• Une présentation générale du site et objective du trace ;

TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURE ....................................................................................................................................x

CHAPTER I: PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT, STUDY OF CLIMATE AND DRAINAGE

Section 1: GENERALITY ON THE PROJECT SITE ................................................................... 12

I. PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................ 12

1. Presentation of the project zone ........................................................................................ 12

2. The context and analysis of the site ................................................................................... 13

II. CLIMATE ........................................................................................................................ 21

1.1. Climatic regions in Cameroon .................................................................................... 21

III. STUDY OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM ............................................................................... 24

IV. CRITICS .......................................................................................................................... 24

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

I. THE DIFFERENT STEPS USED IN COVADIS TO BRING OUT THE ROAD

1. Loading of the seedlings of points .................................................................................. 26

2. Drawing of the long profile ............................................................................................. 27

CHAPTER II: MATERIAL AND METHOD ....................................................................................... 29

• BAZIN approach: ............................................................................................................ 30

• MANNING STRICKLER approach: ............................................................................ 30

II. MATERIAL ..................................................................................................................... 32

CHAPTER III: HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING AND PROCEDURE FOR MAKING U, V AND

I. HYDRAULIC DIMENSIONING .......................................................................................... 33

II. CONCRETE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 41

1. Actions applied to the structure ......................................................................................... 41

3. Calculation of coverage ....................................................................................................... 42

4. Design of gutter .................................................................................................................... 43

III. PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................................... 48

CHAPTER IV: COST QUANTITY AND ESTIMATE .................................................................... 50

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Figure 1: Overall view of site from Google Earth ................................................................................. 12

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

CHAPTER I: PRESENTATION OF THE

Section 1: GENERALITY ON THE PROJECT SITE

1. Presentation of the project zone

Figure 1: Overall view of site from Google Earth

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

2. The context and analysis of the site

After several field trips we made the following remarks:

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Figure 2: Waste inside the gutter

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Figure 3: Inadequate gutters

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Figure 4: Surrounding houses; overview of the watershed

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Figure 5: Surrounding houses

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Figure 6: Surrounding houses

Written by KENKO NGOUNOU Pierre and KENMAYON TIOBOU Olivier

Figure 7: Full gutters