UNIT 1

MODIFIERS

Basic Competency
After completing this unit, the students
are expected to be able to form and use
various sentences using
various modifiers.

Indicators
After completing this unit, the students are able to:

A. apply adverbs as modifiers in tenses correctly

B. apply the correct order in different modifiers
C. apply the correct uses of adjective and adverbs of
manner.
D. apply the use of correct forms after linking verbs.
E. apply the use of participles as adjectives correctly
F. use so and such correctly
G. use nouns functioning as adjectives correctly.

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 1

 PRE-TEST
Direction. Identify whether the following sentences is CORRECT (C) or INCORRECT
(I).

1. The six-years old boy was saved from drowning.

2. Gold was discovered in Timika Irian Jaya since 18th century.
3. The bricks’ houses were built in 1840.
4. The physic teacher is explaining the Theory of Relativity.
5. It is such a nice day; let’s go for a walk.
6. It is so beautiful a weather that I sit in the sun.
7. The food tastes badly.
8. She looks eagerly.
9. She looks at him eager.
10. It is so expensive car that he takes care of it carefully.
11. My wife just bought a five-shelf bookcase.
12. The three-acts play by Teater Putih FKIP UNRAM will be held at Taman Budaya
Mataram.
13. He is a carefully truck driver.
14. She is beautiful dressed woman.
15. They are all economics teachers who are invited to talk to the students.
16. The teacher gave us so a difficult test.
17. The tired work make the boy tiring.
18. The result of the match was diappointed.
19. The excited audience jumped cheerfully.
20. The shocked news of his son’s death made him sob uncontrollably.

A modifier describes or limit the emaning of another word.There are two kinds of
modifiers: adjectives and adverbs. The adjective or adjectival phrase describes a noun or

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 2

an ing form and the adverb or adverbial phrase adds information about the verb,
adjective, or another verb.

Modifiers can affect the meanings of other words in some ways. Nouns can be modified
by adjectives, articles, determiners, participles and infinitives. Verbs can be modified by
adverbs, which can also modify adjectives or other adverbs.

VERBS & ADVERBS IN

A TENSES

The use of correct tenses is indicated by the appropriate uses of the verb and the adverb.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider the relationship between the “verb” and the
“adverb” in a sentence.

Study the following examples:

 I moved here in 1984.
 I have moved here since 1984.
 I always visit my parent every semester.
 We are visiting our family now.
 There will be an exhibition next week.
 At the moment he is washing his car.
 They are going to do presentation tomorrow.

From the examples above, we learn that certain verbs match with certain adverbs. When
you use sentences, pay attention to the appropriateness between the verbs and the adverbs
(of time and frequency). Below is the summary of some major tenses and their adverbs of
times and frequency (Check again Review of Tenses in English Grammar 1).

TENSES ADVERBS OF TIME AND FREQUENCY

Simple Present Tense o Every … (day, week, month …

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 o Once or twice ... (a day, a week, a month, …)
o Always, usually, sometimes, often …

Present Continuous Tense o Now

o At the present
o At the moment …
Present Perfect Tense o Since …… (last week, 4 years ago, 1984 …)
o For …….. (2 seasons, 2 weeks, 5 years, 20 years
…)
o Already
o Not ….yet
o Before
Present Future o Tonight
o Tomorrow
o Next … (week, month, year …)
o In + future time

Past Tense o Yesterday

o …. ago (two days ago, a week ago, a month
ago, …)
o Last … (week, month, year, …)
o In + past time ( in 1995, ….)

EXERCISE 1: Read each of the following sentences and then choose the better answer
from the options provided.

1. My family (has come) (came) to Lombok twenty five years ago.

2. The man (is smoking) (has smoked) for a long time.
3. I (had seen) (seen) the play twice, but I decided to see it again.
4. We (will finished) (will have finished) our report by 10 tomorrow.
5. He has been doing the job (for) (since) 30 years.
6. I (am drinking) (drink) milk today, but usually I (am drinking) (drink) coffee.
7. She (was taking) (took) a rest when the guest came.
8. In next ten years, the world population (will increase)(increased) rapindly.
9. In the last three years, the painter (had managed to produce) (will manage to produce)
hundreds of paintings.
10. They moved to the city (in) (since) 1990s.

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11. When it touches a cold surface, water vapor (condensed) (condenses)
12. Look. The man (tries) (is trying) to open the door of your car.
13. Please don’t make so much noise. I (study) (am studying).

EXERCISE. WRITE YOUR OWN. Based on the concept learnt in this section, write
down 10 your own sentences.

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________

ADJECTIVES: Word Order

B
An adjectives is a modifier that has the grammatical property to make expressions more
specific and concrete. It can be in the forms of words, phrases or clauses. The adjectives
can be determiners and descriptions.

Determiners consist of small group of structure words without characteristic form. They
can take the forms of:
a. Articles: the, a, an
b. Demonstrative Adjectives: that, this, those, these
c. Possessive Adjectives:
from pronouns: my, your, one’s, etc.
from nouns: Mary’s, children’s, etc
d. Numerical Adjectives:
cardinal: one, two, three, etc.
ordinal: first, second, third, etc.
e. Adjectives of Indefinite Quantity: some, few, all, more, less, etc.

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 f. Relative and Interrogative Adjectives: whose, what, which

Descriptive adjectives usually indicate an inherent quality (beautiful, deligent, etc.) or

physical state such as age, size, shape, color. These include:
a. Proper Adjectives: a Catholic Church, A French dish, A Shakespearian play
b. Participial Adjectives: an interesting show, a boring teacher, tiring job, tired
students, bored teachers, etc.
c. Adjectives Compounds: an English-speaking country, a good-looking girl, a
heart-breaking story, absent-minded, ill-tempered, wall-to-wall carpet, hard-to-
please employer, etc.

When series of mofifiers precedes a noun, the modifiers may be placed in the following
order:

Determiners Description Other Noun

Articles, Numeral Quality or Size/ Color Nouns
Demonstratives, (cardinal, Characteristics Shape
Possessives, ordinal)
Indefinite
Adjectives
the fourth mathematcs program
the first four chapters
these four big white eggs
Bayu’s surprising attitude
my brother’s new British cars
many modern redwood houses
several narrow black picture frames

EXERCISE. Translate the following noun phrases into English

1. dua mobil baru buatan Jepang yang elegan tersebut. ________________________

2. lima serial cerita kungfu terakhir itu ____________________________________
3. gudang buku yang besar ______________________________________________
4. beberapa mainan anak-anak yang mahal _________________________________
5. komputer baru kakak saya ____________________________________________
6. serial terbaru dan terakhir Doraemon ____________________________________
7. dua lemari kayu eboni yang maha ______________________________________
8. kelas Bahasa Inggris dasar yang membosankan ___________________________
9. dua bab unit materi Biologi ___________________________________________
10. gang sempit yang berliku _____________________________________________

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 11. secangkir kopi susu coklat manis panas __________________________________
12. dua orang pemain basket yang tinggi, kurus, muda _________________________

EXERCISE. Arrange the words in parentheses in the correct order to write meaningful
phrases.
1. (temparamental, Italian, that, opera) singer _______________________________
2. (symphatetic, that, young, beautiful, English) teacher _______________________
3. (steep, muddy, a, river) bank __________________________________________
4. (stormy, wet, recent, this) weather ______________________________________
5. (commercial, the, first, jet, ten) planes___________________________________
6. (temple, a, very, Buddhist, large) tample _________________________________
7. (aluminum, multi-purpose, kitchen, four) utensils __________________________
8. (juicy, delicious, large, McDonald) burger _______________________________
9. (interesting, Indonesian, historical, new) novel ____________________________
10. (brand-new, expensive, an, four-lane) highway____________________________

EXERCISE. WRITE YOUR OWN. Based on the concept learnt in this section, write
down 10 your own phrases.

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________________
12. __________________________________________________________________

ADJECTIVES VS. ADVERBS OF

C MANNER
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In order to understand the difference between the adjectives and adverbs of manner, study
the following examples:

ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

1. He is a careful driver. He drives carefully.

2. She is a beautiful singer. She sings beautifully.

3. It was a clear explanation. He explained it clearly.

4. Our staff have regular meeting. Our staff meet regularly.

5. He is extremely interesting person He walked really slowly.

Other examples:

 She is a beautiful girl.

 She is a very careless driver.
 It is very clear explanation.

 He drives carefully
 She can sing beautifully.
 She explained it clearly.
 She is a beautifully dressed woman.
 She is a truly beautifully dressed woman.

The adverbs of manner are formed by adding –ly on the adjectives. Look at the following

ADJECTIVES ADVERB OF MANNER

clear clearly

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 beautiful beautifully
careful carefully
careless carelessly
attentive at tentatively
patient patiently
fluent fluently

The function of the adjective as in “He is a careful driver” is to modify, characterisze,

describe, explain a noun. It is often used to answer the question of “ What kind of ……..
is he?/is it?.

The adverbs of manner as in “He drives carefully” are used to modify, describe, explain
the verb or adjectives. It often answers the question of “How does he do the job?”.

Note: Hardly and lately are not adverbs of manner; hardly (adverb of frequency meaning
'seldom'); lately (adverb of time).

Some words have the same forms for adjectives and adverbs of manner. Study the
following examples:

ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
1. He is a hard worker. He works hard.
2. Argo Bromo is a fast train. Argo Bromo runs fast.

Besides hard and fast, other words are: high, low, deep, early, late, long, near, straight,
right, wrong.

Some –ly words look like adverbs of manner, but they are adjectives. Those words are:

 lonely  ugly  lonely  yearly

 friendly  likely  daily  early
 lively  costly  mothly  kindly
 lovely  nightly  hourly  quarterly
 silly  manly  weekly  westerly
 northerly  easterly  southerly

Example:
 The head of department should submit the mothly report by the end of month.
 It is proven that it is less costly to market the products directly to costumers.
 We should be in the location early in the morning.
 Don’t be silly. All will be over.

EXERCISE: Write 10 sentences from the words listed above, and then analyze that they
are adjectives, not adverb of manner. You may copy the sentences from dictionary.

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 1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE. Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form. If it

needs an adverb, add –ly on the adjective. Some words appear twice.

 proper  awful  safe  fluent

 heavy  enjoyable  happy  punctual
 quick  sure  clear  dirty
 late  simple  clear  early
 easy  sudden  simple  bright

1. The weather looks __________. It is raining __________ all day.

2. “Look! You don’t wash the plates _________. They are still __________”.
“Sorry, I was in a hurry so I did them ___________”.
3. This participant speaks very ___________ English. Every sentence he produces is
pronounced ___________. He did it ______________.
4. “You don’t look very ____________.” “Yes, I don’t know where my purse is. I
felt ____________ that I brought it.”
5. It is so beautiful a day. The sun is shining ____________ from a clear blue sky.
Let’s have an __________ party in the City Park.
6. We are lucky. Although one of the engine wasn’t working, the pilot succeeded in
landing the pane ______________.
7. “Don’t come _____________. We will start the test _____________. “ “Yes, Sir.
We will leave home ___________ in the morning so we will be in the test
location before the time.”

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 8. “Can you tell me what had happened?” “I can’t remember ___________ because I
was too young at that time and it all happened so ____________.
9. When you express yourself, use _________ expression so people will understand
you ____________. Express your meaning ____________

EXERCISE. WRITE YOUR OWN. Based on the concept learnt in this section, write
down 10 your own sentences.

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________

LINKING VERBS +
D ADJECTIVES

Some verbs look like verbs, but they are just linking verbs. Their function is just the same
as “be” and must be followed by ADJECTIVES, not adverbs. Those verbs are:

 be  become  prove
 appear  feel  seem
 taste  look  smell
 stay  remain  sound

In order to prove that the verbs above are linking verbs, they can be replaced with “be”
without changing the meaning.

Examples:

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 Linking Verbs “Be”
 He seems happy  He is happy
 She looks tired  She is tired.
 They look sad  They are sad.
 We feel tired.  We`are tired
 They remained active  They are active

However, the verbs mentioned above can also function as action verbs. As action verbs,
they must be followed by adverbs of manner.

Linking Verbs Action Verbs

 Maria looked happy  Maria looked at him happily.
 The medicine tastes sweet.  She tasted the drink nervously.
 They appeared angry.  The man appeared suddenly behind
the woman

EXERCISE. Fill in the blank with the appropriate adjective or adverb.

real or really extreme or extremely

1. a _______________ achivement 1. _________________ big
2. ______________ amusing 2. _________________ hot
3. ______________ frightening 3. _________________ heat
4. ____________ original work 4. was ___________ depressing
5. _____________ ruby 5. in such an ___________ way
6. appeared _______________ 6. an ___________ loud speaker
7. seem ____________ sad 7. became _________ quiet
8. cried ____________ loudly 8. _______________ stressful
9. with ____________ sincerity 9. an _________ boring teacher
10. _____________ imagination 10. _______________ weather
11. sound ___________ good 11. ______________ well-known
12. a _____________ party 12. ___________ delicious food
13. a ___________ enjoyable party 13. ___________ distinction
14. a _____________ bargain 14. differ _________________

EXERCISE. Choose the appropriate answer to complete the following sentence.

1. The roses smell (sweet, sweetly).

2. After intensive training, the athletes can lift the weights (easy, easily).

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 3. The students felts (sad, sadly) when they knew the results of the exam.
4. The woman look (impatient, impatiently) waiting for her son in the surgery room.
5. The food in the Chinese Restaurant always tastes (good, well).
6. Prof. Austin looked (quick, quickly) at the student’s work.
7. That kind of music sounded too (noisy, noisily) to be included as classical.
8. The massager felt the broken leg (careful, carefully).
9. The house smells (musty, mustily) after being closed for long time.
10. The woman is smelling the flower (happy, happily)
11. The woman looked (sad, sadly) at the burnt food.
12. The hikers remained (calm, calmly) despite the thunder storm.
13. Balawan plays his eight-string guitar (good, well).
14. The sun is shining (bright, brightly).
15. The announcer speaks (fluent, fluently) Japanese.
16. The car got an accident because the driver was driving too (fast, fastly).
17. The tour guide speaks five foreign languages (fluent, fluently).
18. No flights nowadays are on time. They always arrive (late, lately).
19. The serviceman always does his work (careful, carefully).
20. A waiter should be able to calculate a bill (swift, swiftly).

EXERCISE. WRITE YOUR OWN. Based on the concept learnt in this section, write
down 10 your own sentences.

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________

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NOTE:
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES. Certain adjectives appear only in the predicate of the
sentence; that is, they appear after a linking verb such as “BE”, and they cannot appear
directly in front of the nouns that they describe (Phillips, 1996).

The Predicate Adjectives are presented in the following chart:

PREDICATE ADJECTIVES
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES FORMS USED IN FRONT OF NOUN
 alike  like, similar
 alive  live, living
 alone  lone
 afraid  frightened
 asleep  sleeping

Look at the following examples:

 The children are afraid.

 The animals are still alive
 The family was asleep when the robber broke the house.

However, we cannot say:

 The afraid* children are crying.

 The alive* animals are saved by people.
 The asleep* family was suprised when they got up.

PARTICIPLES AS
E ADJECTIVES

Participles, either present participles (the –ing form) or past participles (the –ed
form/V3), can also be used as adjectives. The difference between these two participles is
almost the same as the active and passive meaning. The present participles (like the active
voice) means that the noun it describes is doing the action. The past participles (like the
passive voice) means that the noun it describes is receiving the action from the verb.
Study the following chart:

PRESENT & PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

TYPE MEANING USE EXAMPLE
Present Active It does the action of  The boring teacher makes the

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 Participle the verb students asleep.
(-ing form)  The frightening movie became
the box office.
 The boring book makes me
tired to read.
Past Passive It receives the action  The frightened child began to
Participle of the verb cry.
(-ed form)  The bored students began to
play in the class.
 The blended tobacos smells
good.

EXERCISE. Choose the better option to complete the sentence.

1. I heard the circus they went to yesterday was really (amused, amusing).
2. “Do you think Martha will take job offered to her?” “It seemed that she is
(interested, interesting).
3. Kuntilanak was a (frightening, frightened) movie.
4. The (boring, bored) lecturer makes the (boring,bored) students fall asleep.
5. There are (interesting, interested) statistics about the progress of tourism
development in Lombok Island.
6. Th news of tsunami in Japan makes people (scaring, scared).
7. TV channels in Indoensia have some (amused, amusing) programs.
8. We are (surprised, surprising) to find that all students failed in that class.
9. The TOEFL score made us (disappointing, disappointed).
10. Teenagers are (exciting,excited) about Justin Beiber’s album.
11. The exhibition at ARMA Museum was (fascinated, fascinating).
12. I was (fascinated, fascinating) by the exhibition at ARMA Museum.
13. Climbing mountain is a (tiring, tired) activity.
14. Parasailing is a (thrilled, thrilling) experience.
15. The talk was rather (confusing, confused); the audience felt (confusing, confused).

EXERCISE. WRITE YOUR OWN. Based on the concept learnt in this section, write
down 10 your own sentences.

1. __________________________________________________________________

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 15

 2. __________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________

SO AND SUCH
F
So and such in English have similar meaning but they do not function the same
grammatically. They are used in the following rules:

a. Such + Noun/Noun Phrase

Such can be followed by noun or noun phrases of all categories: Singular Countable
Nouns, Uncountable Noun, and Plural Countable Nouns. Look ar the following examples.

 Jane is such a nice girl. (singular countable noun)

 Today is such nice weather.(uncountable noun)
 They are such good basketball players. (plural countable noun)

b. So + Adjective or Adverb
So is generally followed by an adjective or adverb. Look at the following examples:

 I am so tired from working all day.

 This milk is so good.

c. So + Adjective + Singular Countable Noun

Different from the application of “such” that allow to be followed by all kind of nouns,
“so” is just followed by adjective and singular nouns. Study the following examples:

 I can't believe the teacher gave us so hard a test.

 She is so beautiful a girl.

d. So + Quantity Expression + Noun

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Quantity expressions such as so much, so few, so little, so many are followed by nouns or
noun phrases (pay attention to countable and uncountabke nouns.)

 I have so much homework to do.

 The store had so few customers that it closed.

e. So + that-clause === Result

Such

 She was such a good dancer that she got a good job in the ballet company.
 The student was so tired that he fell asleep in class.

Very and too cannot be used to replace “so” and “such” to express a result clause.

 I was very* tired after working all day that I fell asleep soon.
(incorrect; very  so)

EXERCISE. Choose the best answer from the four options provided.

1. “Your new English teacher day that I went to Senggigi

seems interesting” “Yes. Her Beach to lie down in the
name is Ms Joan Collins. She sun.”
is _____________ person”. a. such nice
a. a so nice b. such a nice
b. such a nice c. so nice
c. such nice d. very nice
d. a such nice 5. Did you enjoy the concert
2. “My son Bayu is really fat for last Saturday?” “Yes,
his age” “He is so tall _____ __________ I bought their
his classmates make fun of albums.
him”. a. such much
a. as b. so much that
b. such that c. very much that
c. that d. too much that
d. than 6. “That’s a beautiful dress Joan
3. “I brought you some flowers wears.” “She always puts on
from my garden.” “Oh, thank ________ clothes.”
you. It is very kind of you. a. such a lovely
They are ________ beautiful b. so lovely
colors.” c. such lovely
a. so d. so much lovely
b. as 7. Did you feel the earthquake
c. such last night?” “No, I didn’t. I
d. too was __________ that I didn’t
4. “What did you do last wake up.”
Saturday?” “It was _______ a. very tired

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 b. such tired 10. “That actress is wearing a
c. so tired beautiful dress.” “Yes, she
d. enough tired always puts on ____ clothes”.
8. “How was your travel to a. such a lovely
Singapore?” “It was b. so lovely
wonderful, except that we c. such lovely
spent __________ money.” d. so much lovely
a. so much 11. The food that my family sent
b. such much over was __________ that I
c. so many ate it all in one day.
d. many a. very delicious
9. “Vlad is a very competent b. too delicious
teacher.” “He is _______ c. so delicious
good that many schools want d. delicious
to hire him”. 12. “Oh, come on, boy. How did
a. very you make ____________ in
b. too making decision.”
c. so a. such fatal mistake
d. definite b. such a fatal mistake
c. so a fatal mistake
d. so fatal mistake

EXERCISE. WRITE YOUR OWN. Based on the concept learnt in this section, write
down 10 your own sentences.

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________

NOUNS FUNCTIONING AS
G ADJECTIVES
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Many nouns in English structures can function as adjectives when they are placed before
other nouns. In such expressions as a silver ring, a physics teacher, a language
instructor, the first nouns (silver, physics, language) function as adjectives (whose
function is to modify or describe the second nouns which function as nouns). The nouns
which function as adjectetives are always in singular forms. However, some
combinations will take different forms depending on what kinds of nouns are concerned.
The following section will discuss possibilities of noun and noun combinations.

1. Non-Human Noun as Modifier

When non-human nouns are placed in the first position, these nouns will function as
adjectives, whose function are to modify the second nouns. As adjectives, they are always
in singular forms. Look at the examples:

o A brick house
o The room numbers
o The tea cup
o A wool jacket
o A gold watch
o The steel vault
o A language teacher

Note: A noun as a modifier must be in a singular form, but look at the following
examples:
o A mathematics teacher
o The physics experts
o The lens frame
o The Windows program

The –s on the first nouns (mathematics, physics, lens) are not plural markers; they cannot
be omitted.

2. The use of an Appostrophe s (‘s)

An apostrophe s is used when:

a. People or animal + Noun
 A singular noun
o John’s car
o My friend’s house
o Jane’s friends
o Boy’s pocket

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  A Plural noun with -s
o My friends’ houses
o The students’ union
o The Smiths’ computer
o The tourists’ luggages

 An irregular plural noun

o Men’s toilet
o Children’s clothes
o The policemen’s uniforms

b. Places/Organization/Writing + Noun
Both the ‘s and of patterns can be used in the noun phrases with places, organization and
writing.

The ‘s Pattern The of Pattern

o Sydney’s museums o The museums of Sydney
o The ocean’s tide o The tide of the ocean
o The newspaper’s opinions o The opinions of the newspaper
o The company’s future o The future of the company

c. Time expression + Noun (but “of form” can also be used)

The possessive forms can also be used in some expressions of time.
o Yesterday’s Lombok Post
o Today’s TV programs
o In two months’ time
o Last month’s salary
o Last week’s magazine

3. Word Order of Noun Modifiers

As discussed above nouns can also be to modify other nouns. When a series of nouns
used as modifiers, they may be placed in the order illustrated in the following order:

MATERIAL OPERATION POWER PLACE/ NOUN

PURPOSE
Steel typing table
automatic electric blanket
stainless-steel electric garbage compacter
plastic sewer pipes
frost-free electric refrigerator

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 20

 4. Nouns Functioning as Adjectives (Nouns combined with Numbers)

When a noun used as a modifier is combined with a number expression , the noun is
singular and a hyphen (-) is commonly used. This kind of expression is commonly used
to simplify from a clause to a phrase. Study the following examples. They have more or
less the same meaning, but are expressed differently.

Words Functioning as Nouns Noun Functioning as Adjectives

 We have to write a paper which  We have to write a 1000-
consists of 1000 words. word paper

 The book consists of 50 pages.  It is a 50-page book.

 We have to submit two  We have to submit two ten-

assignments consisting of 10 page assignments
pages each.

 We will watch a play in three  We will watch a three-act

acts next week. play next week.

 The fisherman bought a tool set  The fisherman bought a 35-

containing 35 pieces piece tool set.
 Marion has a bookcase with six  Marion has a six-shelf
shelves. bookcase.

EXERCISE. Rephrase the following sentences into reduced phrases by functioning nouns
as adjectives.

1. The widow lives with her child in the boarding house. He is 10 years.
 The widow lives with her 10-year old child in the boarding house.
2. All students must write an assignment that consits of 2,000 words.
 _______________________________________________________________
3. They are teachers from Indonesia. They teach langauges.

4. The car belongs to Mary. It was stolen in the cafe parking lot last night.
 _______________________________________________________________
5. All those books needs two cupboards that consist of 8 shelves.
 _______________________________________________________________

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 21

6. The explosion was heard for kilometers around. It was caused by the mountain.
 ______________________________________________________________
7. The course will be run in 32 meetings. Each meeting consists of 100 minutes.
 ______________________________________________________________
8. The facilitators come from all over the world. They all teach physics in their
countries.
 _____________________________________________________________
9. When I was in Australia, I lived in an apartment which has 10 stories.
 ______________________________________________________________
10. The advertisement announces that the garage sale will last in five days.
 ______________________________________________________________
11. The doctor is waiting for the technician. He will take the x-ray.
 _______________________________________________________________
12. The group of lecturers will take a tour that lasts six days.
 ______________________________________________________________
13. We are lucky to get a book that cost five dollars.
 ______________________________________________________________
14. The assignment for ESP class is that you have to submit two projects which consist of
1000 words each.
 _______________________________________________________________
15. Bayu are dreaming of buying a bicycle which has ten speeds.
 _______________________________________________________________
16. My wife is looking for a pressure cooker that holds six quarts.
 _______________________________________________________________
17. Can I have two cans of salmon that weigh 100 ons each.
 _______________________________________________________________
18. Our subscription to Lombok Post is for 12 months.
 ______________________________________________________________
19. These shirts cost 200 dollars each.
 _______________________________________________________________

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 22

20. The test lasted two hours.
 _______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE. WRITE YOUR OWN. Based on the concept learnt in this section, write
down 10 your own sentences.

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________
10. __________________________________________________________________
11. __________________________________________________________________
12. _________________________________________________________________
13. _________________________________________________________________
14. _________________________________________________________________
15. __________________________________________________________________
16. __________________________________________________________________
17. __________________________________________________________________
18. __________________________________________________________________
19. __________________________________________________________________
20. __________________________________________________________________

SUGGESTED
READINGS

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 23

Azar, B. S., 1990. Understanding and Using English Grammar. (including Workbook A
& B) London : New Jersey : Prentice-Hall International.
Eastwood, J., 1993. Oxford Practice Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frank, M., 1985. Modern English (including Modern English Exercises Book I and II).
New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
Maclin, A., 1994. Reference Guide to English: A Handbook of English as a Second
Language. Washington DC: USIS.
Murphy, R., 1994. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Philips, D., 1996. Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test. New York:
Addison Wisley Longman.
Philips, D., 1996. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test. New York:
Addison Wisley Longman.
Pyle, M. A. And Mary Ellen Munoz, 1991. Cliff’s TOEFL Preparation Guide.
Singapore : John Wiley and Sons.
Reinhart, S. M. 1993. Testing Your Grammar. Michigan : University of Michigan Press.
Sharpe, P. J., 1997. Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEFL Test. (8th edition). New
York: Baron educational Series.
Sinclair, J., (ed.). 1995. Collins Cobuild Student’s Grammar. London: HarperCollins
Publisher.

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 24

 SELF
ASSESSMENT

In order to check your understanding toward the materials you just learnt, put tick (√) in
front of the statement if you understand the materials comprehensively, cross (x) if don’t
understand the material, and question mark (?) if you feel in-between yes or no. You
have to be honest to yourself.

After completing this unit, I can ...

 apply the use of adverbs as modifiers in tenses correctly.

 apply the uses of adjectives and adverbs correctly.
 use the correct forms after linking verbs.
 use participles (present and past) as adjectives correctly.
 use such and so correctly.
 use nouns functioning as adjectives correctly.

If you don’t understand the materials or feel doubt about your mastery, just check the
materials again and reflect which parts you don’t understand. Don’t leave the unit without
comprehensive understanding because it will influence your progess in learning the
following materials.

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 25

 REFLECTION ON
LEARNING
Without looking back to the materials, try to summarize the materials you just learnt by
completing this MIND MAPPING technique. Put the subtopics on the first layer and
take notes some important information on the following layers. [This reflection will be
important for you to test your understanding and prepare yourself to become a teacher
who needs comprehensive mastery of this materials]

rel. verbs and

adverbs

MODIFI
ERS

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 26

 POST TEST

I. Choose the appropriate word to complete the sentence. Underline your choice.

1. The boss employs the woman because she looks (careful, carefully)
2. When she was a student, she lived in a (two stories, two-story) building.
3. The (70 years old, 70-year old) man was rushed to hospital.
4. No one suspected the man of being the thief because he looked so (honest,
honestly).
5. The woman tasted the soup (cautious, cautiously) in order not to burnt her
tongue.
6. The girl grew (quick, quickly) since she lived with her grandparent.
7. The secretary looked the report (careful, carefully).
8. To a starving person, even stale food can taste (delicious, deliciously).
9. When the footbal team made a mistake, the coach shouted at the players (angry,
angrily)
10. The jazz music played at a corner of Jak Jazz Festival sounded (beautiful,
beautifully) from the distance.
11. Trying not to awaken the patient, the doctor closed the door (slow, slowly).
12. The children laughed (uncontrollable, uncontrollably) watching Tom and Jerry
series.
13. The police rechecked the robber’s story, and it proved (false, falsely).
14. The (encouraging, encouraged) remarks from the editor raises the young writer’s
productivity.
15. Could you please put the (ironing, ironed) clothes back to the shelf.
16. The (mathematic teachers, mathematics teachers) from Mataram are doing
Lesson Study workshop at this school.
17. It was (such a beautiful weather, such beautiful weather) that we sunbathed in
Senggigi Beach.

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 18. The company made a (surprised, surprising) financial recovery under the new
management system.
19. My son was overslept and was (so, very) late to arrive at school that he was
punished by the counseling teacher in his school.
20. The (100-years old, 100-year old) buildings in this old city will be ruined.

II. Choose the best answer

21. We haven’t seen each other 25. The terrorist set bomb at Kuta
______________ thirty years Bali 8 years ________ today.
ago; the time we finished our a. since
senior high school in 1981. b. from
a. before c. before
b. since d. ago
c. for 26. The computers displayed at
d. from Mataram Mall exhibition are
22. “The soup served at the wedding _________ expensive that they
party is so good”. “Yes, but are not affordable.
__________ is a little too small a. so
for me.” b. very
a. the cup of tea c. too
b. the tea cup d. too much
c. the tea’s cup 27. It is ______________ a day that
d. the cup for the tea all flights are delayed.
23. All audience listened to the a. such snowy
keynote speaker __________ on b. so snowy
the International TEFLIN c. such a snowy
Conference. d. so a snowy
a. attentatively 28. I don’t like eating in that
b. attentative restaurant; it is expensive and
c. attention the food tastes _________.
d. attentativeness a. badly
24. The _______________ boy died b. bad
because of the nuclear radiation c. too much bad
a. three-months old d. very badly
b. three-months olds 29. My family __________ to
c. three-month old Mataram since 1984 when I
d. three-month olds

English Grammar 2, I Made SujanaPage 28

 studied at University of d. three-bedrooms units
Mataram. 35. Your word is ___________ for
a. has lived me; you don’t need to give me a
b. is living receipt.
c. was living a. enough good
d. would live b. good enough
30. Excuse me, where the c. good as enough
__________ for English 101 and d. good than enough
Literature 402? 36. For me it is more enjoyable to
a. rooms number watch the football match from
b. rooms numbers TV screen because I can see
c. room’s numbers more __________.
d. room number a. clearness
31. Last Sunday was __________ b. clearly
that we took holiday to Mt. c. clear
Rinjani. d. clearer
a. so a beautiful day 37. The ___________ lecturer
b. such beautiful day makes the students fall asleep.
c. so beautiful a day a. bore
d. so beautiful days b. bored
32. We are happy that all my friends c. boredom
decided to come to the party d. boring
because we hadn’t seen 38. The ___________ employees try
________ several years. to destroy everything they found
a. since in the company.
b. until a. disappoint
c. for b. disappointed
d. before c. disappointing
33. All the ___________ in this area d. disappointment
are invited to the conference to 39. The ___________ children
share their ideas. makes other children cry.
a. physics teachers a. frightening
b. physics teacher b. frightened
c. physic’s teachers c. frighten
d. physics teachers d. afraid
34. It is an expensive complex. It is 40. The _____________ children
difficult to a _____________ for began to cry.
less than US$1,500 a month. a. frightening
a. three-bedroom unit b. frightened
b. three-bedroom units c. frighten
c. three-bedrooms unit d. afraid

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