Foro Fase 2.

RAE y Mapa Conceptual

Presentado por:

Nelson Arnulfo Cediel

Carlos Arley Cubillos
Julián Stiven peña Useche
Cöd. 1.106.398470
Jessica Julieth González causa
Deiner Orlando Meneses
Cód. 1004493287

Curso: cultivos de clima cálido

Código:303021_21

Presentado a:
Ismael Dussan

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas. Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente ECAPMA
Marzo de 2018
 Formato Resumen Analítico Especializado. RAE

SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

1. Títle Integrated Pest Management in Mango cultivation (Mangifera

indica)

2. Author Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation

(CORPOICA)
3. Edition FIELD GUIDE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND
HANDLING OF DISEASES AND PESTS IN MANGO
CROPS

4. Date March 2013

5. Keywords Symptomatology, incidence, damages, limitations, pathogens,
integrated management

6. Description The present work aims to present a management in the

cultivation of mango, as it has some limitations for its proper
development, among which are the presence of pests and
diseases, which affect the different organs of the plant reducing
its activity productive

7. Sources The text is the result of a specific research carried out and that
serves as a point of reference for farmers and technicians to
carry out the rapid diagnosis or recognition in the field of the
main diseases and pests that affect the cultivation of Mango.

8. Contents The mango fruit is coveted in the market for its exquisite flavor,
but also for its nutritional properties. Numerous studies have
shown the richness of this fruit in minerals such as calcium,
phosphorus, different types of vitamins, as well as antioxidant
substances. This document begins with a reference to the
cultivation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a fruit of the
family Anacardiáceas native to India where there are more than
1,000 varieties. It was introduced in America by the Portuguese
and is a typical crop of tropical and subtropical areas (Espinal,
2005). In general, in all crops, the different organs of the plant
are affected by pathogens and insects that can cause economic
damages. One of the most efficient ways to manage pests and
diseases is to prevent their arrival to the crop or avoid the
development of their populations, or increase the damage,
through early detection and immediate decision-making
management. On the other hand, pathogens and insects tend to
increase or decrease their presence and incidence according to
 the environmental conditions of where they are. Corpoica, made
the diagnosis of the health situation of the most important crops
affected by the winter season 2010 - 2011 and set as a goal the
collection of technical information and the production of
illustrated guides of the main diseases and pests of the crops
studied.

9. Methodology He objective of this document is to serve as a point of reference

for farmers and technicians to carry out the rapid diagnosis or
recognition in the field of the main diseases and pests that affect
the cultivation of Mango.

10. Conclusions Taking into account the research carried out in this document, it
is very useful not only for mango technicians and producers but
also for people who want to venture into this crop

11. Author of RAE Nelson A Cediel Martínez

1 Títle Guia tenica de banano

2 Author Ing. Mauricio Guerrero (Técnico programa
MAG-CENTA-FRUTALES)
3 Edition y Diseño: COMUNICACIONES AUGURA
Impresión: IMPRESOS S.A. Medellín -
Colombia
4 Date Junio 2009
5 Keywords Banana production from sowing to harvest
6 Description In the cultivation of bananas we will find
from the seeds identifying the type of soil acts
and the fertilization of the crop and the
handling of the main diseases
7Sources This research is about establishing the proper
management of the banana crop, to have
good production and a good quality for the
profitability of the producers
8 Contents Banana is considered one of the most
important crops in agriculture. In tropical
fruits it occupies the first place and it is
considered as a basic fruit in the Mexican
diet, due to its low price, rich flavor,
availability throughout the year, multiple
combinations of cuisine, feeling of discomfort
that it produces and its nutritional value in
potassium, iron and vitamin k.

It has its origins in Asia, being known in the

Mediterranean since the year 650. Laespecie
arrived in the Canary Islands in the XV
century and from there it was taken to
America in the year 1,516. Commercial
cultivation began in the Canary Islands in the
late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
Plant:
giant perennial herbaceous, with short
rhizome and apparent stem, resulting from
the union of the leaf sheaths, conical and 3.5-
7.5 m high, finished in a crown of leaves.
Root system:
superficial root, less branched than in pear.
Leaves:
very large and arranged in a spiral, 2-4 m.
long and up to half a meter wide, with a
petiole 1 m or more in length and elliptical
limb long, slightly decurrent towards the
petiole, a little wavy and glabrous. When they
are old they are easily broken transversally
by the wind whip.

 
From the crown of leaves leaves, during
flowering, a pubescent scape of 5-6 cm in
diameter terminated by a hanging cluster of
1-2 m in length. It has a twenty oval bracts,
elongated, sharp, purple-red, covered with a
floury white powder; From the armpits of
these bracts the flowers are born.
Stem:
the true stem is a large, starchy, subterranean
rhizome, which is crowned with buds; they
develop once the plant has blossomed and
fructified. As each rhizome pacifier reaches
maturity, its terminal bud becomes an
inflorescence as it is pushed up from the
inside of the soil by the lengthening of the
stem, until it emerges above the stem.
Flowers:
yellowish flowers, irregular and with six
stamens, of which one is sterile, reduced to
petaloid staminode. The gynaeceum has three
pistils, with an ovarioinfero. The set of the
inflorescence constitutes the regime of the
banana tree. Each group of flowers gathered
in each bract forms a gathering of fruits
called hand, which contains 3 to 20 fruits. A
regimen can not take more than 4 people,
except in the very fruitful varieties, which can
count on 12-14.
Fruit:
oblong; During the development of the fruit
these are folded geotropically, depending on
 the weight of this, causes the peduncle to
bend. This reaction determines the shape of
the cluster. The bananas are polymorphic,
being able to contain 5-20 people, each with
2-20 fruits; being greenish yellow, yellow,
reddish-yellow or red. The edible bananas
are vegetative parthenocarpy, that is, they
develop an edible pulp mass without
pollination. The ovules soon atrophy, but can
be recognized in the edible pulp.
Parthenocarpy and sterility are different
mechanisms, due to genetic changes, which
are at least partially independent. The
majority of the fruits of the edible Musaceae
family are sterile, due to a complex of causes,
among others, to specific genes of febrile
infertility, triploidy and chromosomal
structural changes, in different degrees
9 Methodology it is about knowing the requirements of the
banana crop from the sowing and the
fertilization of the crop by means of the post-
harvest and harvest process
10 Conclusions the research is important for the study of
warm climate cultivation since it makes
known from the types of soil and the
management of pests and diseases of the
crop, the fertilization of the same
11 Author of RAE Carlos arley cubillos lugo

SPECIALIZED ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

12. Títle TECHNICAL GUIDE OF THE

CULTIVATION OF THE PAPAYA
13. Author Ing. Mario Alfonso García (Research Technician MAG-
CENTA-FRUTALES Program
14. Edition National Technology Center
Agriculture and Forestry
Enrique Álvarez Córdova
15. Date 2010 december
16. Keywords Symptomatology, incidence, damages, limitations, pathogens,
integrated management

17. Description
In this work the objective is to make the observation of the fruit
crop as it is the papaya its integrated management of soils, its
ways of confronting plagues its harvest and post-harvest.
18. Sources .
This is the result of a thorough investigation which is a very
good support for the better knowledge of the papaya crop, a
better productivity and good harvests that help the farmers grow
and thus advance in the agriculture market, which is why can be
based on how to recognize in an effective way diseases and
plgas and how to combat them in an adequate way all this for
the improvement of their crops.
19. Contents . he cultivation of papaya (the cultivation of papaya (Carica
papaya arica papaya) has
experienced worldwide growth, experienced growth around the
world
in recent years due to the demand of the last years due to the
demand of the
consumers for their nutritional properties, because of their
nutritional properties,
medicinal products and flavor, also at the level of edicinales and
flavor, in addition to
farmers is a crop that offers income to growers is a crop that
offers income to
from 6 months after transplanting, what the art of the 6 months
of transplanting, what
returns one of the most precocious fruit trees, this is one of the
most precocious fruit trees, to this
you have to add that the investment projects to and that you add
that the investment projects
social see in this plant a good alternative ocial see in this plant a
good alternative
of food, fun and food options, diversification options for food
farms, source of employment and high profitability. The Ncas,
source of employment and high profitability. He
Salvador in 2005 imported 3,216,754 kg alvador in the year
2005 imported 3,216,754 kg
with a monthly average of 268,063 kg. what on a monthly
average of 268,063 kg. what
shows that there is an unsatisfied demand, that there is an unmet
demand,
giving the guidelines to continue promoting this guide and to
continue promoting this
culture, The first written mention that you have of the first
written mention you have of the
papaya is in the "Natural History and General of apaya is in the"
Natural and General History of
the Indies "of Oviedo, who around the year as Indias" of
Oviedo, who around the year
1535, in a letter to his Sovereign, he said 535, in a letter to his
Sovereign, he said
have seen, this plant, growing in the south of aber seen, this
plant, growing in the south of
Mexico and Central America. Mexico and Central America.
 In the early days of the conquest, the first times of the conquest
were
distributed quickly throughout the Antilles and quickly spread
throughout the Antilles and
South America. To South America. At the end of the 14th
century and at the beginning of the 14th century and early
of the XV spread to the Philippines, Malaysia, South the 15th
spread to the Philippines, Malaysia, South
from China, Ceylon and Hawaii, by sailors from China, Ceylon
and Hawaii, by sailors
Spanish and Portuguese. Now you can find spañoles and
Portuguese’s. Now he is
cultivated in extensive areas for all the finalized in extensive
areas by all
Tropical and subtropical regions. In the tropical and subtropical
regions. In the
last years 50% of world production last year’s 50% of world
production
is concentrated in Brazil, Mexico and India.

20. Methodology The main objective of this document is to help the farmers and
producers of this fruit to improve their production by effectively
giving proper management of soil and their forms of cultivars
and the rapid and easy recognition of pests and diseases and
their way of combating them.

21. Conclusions In this investigation it is to conclude that it is a very good base

for the most effective knowledge about the cultivation of the
papaya and thus have a greater idea to the idea of cultivating it.
22. Author of RAE Julian Stiven Peña Useche.

1. Información General
Tipo de documento Scientific article
Institución Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia UNAD
Título del documento Etiological studies of avocado wilt in Antioquia-Colombia.
Joaquín Guillermo Ramírez GilI; Darío Antonio Castañeda Sánchez; Juan
Autor(es)
Gonzalo Morales Osorio.
Palabras Claves Hass variety, diseases, Persea americana Mill
2. Descripción del documento o artículo científico
This article deals with the cultivation of avocado, especially of the Hass variety, and because of the deaths of
these trees at all stages of its development, the research was carried out in the field and in the laboratory, thus
allowing satisfactory results.
The cultivation of avocado in Colombia has shown an increase in the area sown during the last decade,
especially in moderate cold climates, between 1,800 and 2,500 m. The Hass variety stands out for having the
largest area sown in this climate, in the department of Antioquia-Colombia. This crop presents great
technological challenges for its expansion; among them, the management of the disease occupies a predominant
place due to the implications that it has in the costs, the impact on the health, the environment and the
restrictions to the exports. The wilt causes the death of numerous trees in all stages of the crop and presents the
highest incidence and severity of the diseases identified for this crop. The lack of knowledge of the causative
agents of this disease has led to management practices directed mainly at the control of oomycete Phytophthora
cinnamomi Rands as the sole causative agent. The study was carried out in the municipalities of Donmatías,
Entreríos and San Pedro de Los Milagros located in the Northern Altiplano of Antioquia, Colombia. This
research aimed to identify the different causal agents of avocado wilt and the relationship of its incidence with
the practices of management in lots cultivated in the department of Antioquia-Colombia. The incidence of
avocado wilt was calculated as the number of diseased plants in the total number of trees planted in each batch.
For the causal agents involved, the incidence was calculated as a function of the number of positive samples in
the 15 symptomatic samples collected in the field. In each farm / lot a survey was carried out on the work done
in the crop and the measures adopted for the management of wilt. The percentages of recorded wilt incidence
were transformed logarithmically for their normalization. They were then analyzed using Tukey's multiple
range test (P <0.05). The variables of agronomic management were grouped into two categories, the first
included the variables associated with the crop and in the second category, the variables related to phytosanitary
management of wilt were grouped.
The results show that wilting is the main problem of avocado cultivation. Microorganisms P. cinnamomi,
Phytophthora heveae Thompson, Phytophthora citrustica Sawada, Verticillium sp., And Cylindrocarpon
destructans (Zinss) Scholten were isolated and reproduced the symptoms associated with wilt. The conditions
of low oxygen content in the soil also reproduced the symptomatology of wilt, which also has an abiotic origin
in the etiology. With these results, it responds to the objective proposed by the researcher.

3. Fuentes consultadas por parte del investigador

 Besoain X & Piontelli E (1999) Pudrición negra en raicillas de palto (Persea americana Mill.) por
Cylindrocarpon destructans: patogenicidad y aspectos epidemiológicos. Boletín Micológico, 14:41-47.
[Links]:http://revistas.uv.cl/index.php/Bolmicol/article/view/917/884
This source is an investigation that was carried out due to wilting and deaths of avocado seedlings in
nursery, where it was found that the main cause was Cylindrocarpon destructans. This research
supports that Cylondrocarpon sp was inoculated based on the methodology they had used in their
research.

 Duque DS (2011) Asfixia radicular: estrategias de manejo en Colombia. En: VII Congreso Mundial
del Aguacate, Cairns. Memorias, editado por avocadosource. p.12-24 [Links]:
http://studylib.es/doc/5013267/asfixia-radicular-en-aguacate
This source deals with root asphyxia in avocado trees and as it has been misdiagnosed, showing the
reality, soil fungi are a consequence of root asphyxia rather than direct tree death. The research
supports the fact that one of the deaths in the field is the lack of oxygen in the soil due to sowing in
flooded or drainage soil and has been little studied in the country.

 Guerrero T, Nieves B, Barriga F, Aguirre S & Coria V (2011) Recuperación de árboles de aguacate
infectados con Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands bajo control biológico y químico. En: VII Congreso
Mundial del Aguacate 2011, Cairns. Memorias, editado por avocadosource. p.20-
43[Links]:http://www.avocadosource.com/WAC7/Section_01/LaraChavezBN2011.pdf
This source of literature deals with the wilting of avocado plants caused by the Oomycete
Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, being one of the most important phytosanitary problems of the
avocado crop including the different species that exist, it also formulates methods in the management
of said disease , in this work the effect of three strains of Trichoderma and the fungicide Ridomil Gold
4E on the recovery of infected avocado trees was evaluated.
 4. Supuestos teóricos utilizados en la investigación
The major causal agent of the diseases affecting avocado cultivation, in the area studied is Phytophthora
cinnamomi with 42%, the symptoms are wilting, chlorosis, excessive production of flowers and flower
production. And the damage it causes in the crop is little or no leaf area accompanied by descending death and
total destruction of secondary roots.

5. Metodología utilizada en el desarrollo de su investigación

This research was carried out in the field and in the laboratory, carried out in 4 municipalities in the northern
highlands of Antioquia-Colombia, for a total of 10 lots in an area of 23 hectares, the incidence of wilt was
calculated. In each farm / lot a survey was carried out on the work carried out in the crop and the measures
adopted for the management of wilt. The percentages of incidence of wilt recorded were transformed
logarithmically for their normalization. They were then analyzed using Tukey's multiple range test (P <0.05).
The variables of agronomic management were grouped into two categories, the first included the variables
associated with the crop and in the second category, the variables related to the phytosanitary management of
wilt were grouped. A relationship of each of these groups of variables was established with the incidence of
the disease using a generalized linear model, using a Poisson distribution function; (Schabenberger & Pierce,
2002), variables that were not statistically significant (P <0.05) were eliminated from the model. A second
generalized linear model was constructed with the remaining variables and without including the variables
that were significant in the first, in order to analyze the significance of important variables, which could
appear masked and that could be determinant for the incidence of the disease.
For the identification associated with the symptoms, samples of 15 plants of each batch with typical
symptomatology were collected. For each sample, 3 holes were made in the soil of the root zone, collecting
roots (20 g) and soil (500 g) up to 30 cm depth, tissues were also taken from the basal part of the stem (50 g).
The samples of vegetal tissue were placed in paper napkins and transported in plastic bags to the Laboratory
of Molecular Studies in Agricultural Sciences and Plant Health of the National University of Colombia,
Medellín, where the washing procedure, sporulation in chamber soil trapping, search for plant parasitic
nematodes, isolation and identification of microorganisms and pathogenicity tests. After the statistical
analysis, the morphometric measurements of the isolates were performed on 20 individual structures. The
mean and standard deviation were determined for the data obtained using the Microsoft® Excel program. For
inoculations a completely randomized design with five replications was applied. For the variables measured in
the pathogenicity tests, the homoscedasticity and normality of the data were evaluated, using the Levene and
Kolmogorov-Smirnov assays, respectively. The analysis of variance and the means separation test were then
performed with the Tukey test, with a significance level of 99%.

6. Conclusiones propias
This type of research is of great importance because it allows to have more clarity on the different agents that
cause the death of avocado trees in all their stages of development, associated to root diseases. As these
problems are present in these municipalities of Antioquia, it is also present in all municipalities of Colombia
where avocado is grown, because many of the farmers do not have the knowledge and do not have technical
assistance, which is transferred to losses in their crops either by the death of their trees, as damage in their
productions, having no knowledge they give a mismanagement to these problems applying any amount of
products that will not serve them and that instead is produced is a contamination of the soil and the water.
So fundamental to investigate a little about the symptoms that are present in our crops and if it is the case send
samples to the laboratory to have better certainty of what is presented and thus determine what management
should give.

Elaborado por: Nombre

Jessica Julieth Gonzales Causa
del estudiante
mapas conceptuales 1.
2.
3.
 Bibliografía[ CITATION htt136 \l 9226 ][ CITATION Jua02 \l 9226 ]

Asohofrucol - Copoica. (Febrero de 2013). Modelo Tecnológico para el

cultivo del mango en el Valle del alto Magdalena en el Departamento del
Tolima. Marzo 9 de 2018, de CORPORACIÓN COLOMBIANA DE
INVESTIGACIONES AGROPECUARIAS CORPOICA Recuperado de
http://www.asohofrucol.com.co/archivos/biblioteca/biblioteca_264_MP_Man
go.pdf
Corpoica. (2011). RECOMENDACIONES PARA LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN
DE BUENAS PRÁCTICAS AGRÍCOLAS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE MANGO
EN EL TOLIMA (PRIMERA VERSIÓN). Marzo 8 de 2018, de Corpoica
Recuperado de http://www.fedemango.com.co/pdf/Cartilla%20BPA
%20Mango.pdf

Juan Mora Montero, J. G. (11 de JUNIO de 2002). GUIA PARA EL CULTIVO

DE MANGO. Obtenido de
http://www.mag.go.cr/bibioteca_virtual_ciencia/tec-mango.pdf