Seismic Response of a Irregular Building : A Review

Samarth Shrivastava 1, Dr.Mukesh Pandey2

1
M.Tech Scholar ITM University , Gwalior , M.P, India.
2
Professor & HOD of Civil Department, ITM University ,Gwalior, M.P, India

Abstract
The paper covers the literature review on the seismic response of the irregular shaped
buildings in India and outside. The plastic design method has been adopted globally to assess
the behaviour of the tall structures. The existence of the soft component in the building is the
weaker link which lacks in ductility and not stiff enough to withstand the seismic forces. The
global proliferation of the skyscrapers to accommodate the large number of dwellings and
meet out the growing commercial houses. The aesthetic and other architectural requirements
have grown. It is quite challenging to structurally design such buildings. The vertically
irregular structure fail at the weaker sections. The main reason of such weak points are due
to varying mass, shape of the structure and stiffness. The seismic horizontal forces have more
cause more damage to irregular shapes.
Keywords: High Rise Structure, Vertical Irregularity, Mass Irregularity, Shape
Irregularity

I. INTRODUCTION

The term “performance,” as it relates to exposure to natural hazards, usually refers to a

building’s condition after a disaster, i.e., it signifies a level of damage expected or a load that
can be resisted. Building performance is an indicator of how well a structure supports the
defined needs of its users. Acceptable performance indicates acceptable (or tolerable) levels
of damage or condition that allow uninterrupted facility operation. Consequently,
performance-based design is the process or methodology used by design professionals to
create buildings that protect functionality and the continued availability of services.
Earthquake is the most devastating and destructive of all the natural calamities. Earthquake is
distinctive shaking of the earth surface which results in damage of the structures and causes
several hundreds of causalities or loss of life. The earthquake is caused due to the energy
released at the movement of faulty rocks. There will be continuous movement of the rock.
The earthquake occurred in past days proves that effect on the building Structures, loss of
human lives, damage on the ancient structures, flyovers bridges etc. this will directly affect
the growth of the country. Many researches are carried out to design an earthquake resistant
structure, but still it is not been possible to design the earthquake resistant structure without
causing damage. Vertical irregular structures constitute a large portion of the modern urban
infrastructure.
The group of people involved in constructing the building facilities, including owner,
architect, structural engineer, contractor and local authorities, contribute to the overall
planning, selection of structural system, and to its configuration. This may lead to building
structures with irregular distributions in their mass, stiffness and strength along the height of
building. When such structures are located in a high wind zone and seismic zone, the safety
of the structure becomes more challenging. So to acquire safety against additional
deformations there is need to study of detailed considerations to design earthquake resistance
structures as well as wind resistance structure.
The present era in India is marked by the increased awareness towards more safe structural
designs. The structural designers have now meet out the design requirements of general
public and governmental agencies with provision for the seismic resistance of the structure.
The structural performance of the building is the quantification of the building against
seismic forces acting on the building in the worst case.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
B. Lalitha et. al (2019)[1] In this paper the authors have discussed that the Indian
urbanization has led to increase in demand for construction of commercial floors, parking
facilities in the lower stories of building. The location of open storey at different levels in a
building is most vulnerable to seismic forces which may lead to either partial damage or
collapse of the building above that floor. The conventional design methods are not
accountable for such failures in past earthquakes. In this article attempts are made to explain
the factors that impact the soft storey failure in a building. Pushover analysis has been carried
out for a G+9 multi-storyed building to study the soft storey effect at different floor levels
using SAP 2000 software. The behavior of RC framed building with soft storey under seismic
loading has been observed in terms of hinge formation patterns, total lateral drift, storey
shear, overturning moment, and time period for considered structure. It is observed that infill
wall has significant effect in the stiffness and lateral resistance of frame.

Akshay S. Paidalwar et. al (2018)[2] The area of research in this paper is Soft storey which
one of the main reasons for building damage during an earthquake and has been mentioned in
all investigation report. Soft storey due to increase storey height is well known subject.
Change in amount infill walls between stories also results in soft story. These are usually not
considered as a part of load bearing system. This study investigates the soft storey behavior
due to increase in storey height, of infill’s at ground floor storey by means of linear static and
nonlinear static analysis for midrise reinforced concrete building displacement capacity at
immediate occupancy, life safety and collapse prevision, performance level and storey drift
demands. Soft storey behavior due to change in infill’s amount is evaluated in view of the
displacement capacities, drift demand and structural behaviour.
Prof.C.Biswal et. al(2018) [3]In this paper three types of irregularities namely mass
irregularity, stiffness irregularity and vertical geometry irregularity were considered.
According to results of RSA, the storey shear force was found to be maximum for the first
storey and it decreased to a minimum in the top storey in all cases. According to results of
RSA, it was found that mass irregular building frames experience larger base shear than
similar regular building frames. According to results of RSM, the stiffness irregular building
experienced lesser base shear and has larger inter storey drifts. The absolute displacements
obtained from time history analysis of geometry irregular building at respective nodes were
found to be greater than that in case of regular building for upper stories but gradually as we
move to lower stories displacements in both structures tended to converge. This is because in
a geometry irregular structure upper stories have lower stiffness (due to L shape) than the
lower stories. Lower stiffness results in higher displacements of upper stories. In case of a
mass irregular structure, Time history analysis yielded slightly higher displacement for upper
stories than that in regular building, whereas as we move down, lower stories showed higher
displacements as compared to that in regular structures. When time history analysis was done
for regular as well as stiffness irregular building (soft it was found that displacements of
upper stories did not vary much from each other but as we moved down to lower stories the
absolute displacement in case of soft storey were higher compared to respective stories in
regular building. Tall structures have low natural frequency hence their response was found
to be maximum in a low frequency earthquake.
Pushpendra Singh kushwah et al(2018) [4] The authors have investigated the storey
shear force is maximum for the first storey and it decreases to minimum in the top storey. The
stiffness irregular structure experiences lesser base shear than similar regular structures. The
mass irregular structures experiences larger base shear than similar regular structures.Vertical
irregular structures can be designed accurately and economically for earthquake resistance
building using STAAD.pro v8i and ETABS software. According to RSA results, the storey
shear force was found to be maximum for the first storey and it decreased to a minimum in
the top storey in all cases. It was found that mass irregular building frames experience larger
base shear than similar regular building frames. The stiffness irregular building experienced
lesser base shear and has larger inter storey drifts. In case of mass irregular structure, Time
History Analysis yielded slightly higher displacements for upper stories than that in regular
building, whereas as we move down, lower stories showed higher displacements as compared
to that in regular structures. In regular and stiffness irregular building (soft storey), it was
found that displacements of upper stories did not vary much from each other but as we moved
down to lower stories the absolute displacement in case of soft storey were higher compared
to respective stories in regular buildings.
Shridhar Chandrakant et al. (2018) [5] The authors are of the opinion that the based on
static analysis of the different configurations of the irregular building the following
conclusions are drawn. In this study, results are decreases with irregularities in base shear
and storey drift and results are increases with irregularities in displacement, shear force, axial
force, bending moment. In this study, results are decreases with use of shear wall in
displacement, shear force, results are increases with use of shear wall in axial force and
bending moment and do not affect the base shear. There is significant improvement observed
in seismic performance of the irregular building by providing shear walls with different
configurations since lateral displacement and member force reduce considerably in building
due to provision of shear walls. It is observed that maximum displacement found in
maximum irregular structure of bare frame hence we can say that risk increases with
irregularities. In this study we found that, the position of the shear wall at corner is the best
position for the lateral resisting system.

Shaikh Abdul Aijaj Abdul Rahman et al(2018) [6] The behaviour of G + 10-storeyed
building with mass and stiffness irregularity has been studied using four models Model-1 is
an irregular building which is considered as the base model and extra mass is applied at
storeys third and seventh of the base model for mass irregularity in model-2. Model-3 and
model-4 are formed by increasing height of the fourth storey and first storey columns of the
base model respectively. Results in the form of storey \displacement, storey drift and storey
shear are evaluated and compared. The following conclusions can be made from the obtained
results.When there is a sudden change in mass between two storey (mass irregularity) of a
building, there will be a sudden change in storey displacement or storey drift at that level and
if masses are heavy then drift ratio will go beyond the permissible limit. For a building with
heavy mass at some storey, storey shear will be high compared to the same building having
normal mass distribution. Vertical stiffness irregularity at a storey in a building causes
increase in storey drift beyond specified limits at that storey, while buildings without
stiffness irregularity perform well for lateral loads. Buildings having mass and stiffness
irregularity should be analysed and designed properly. Special detailing and designing
methodology should be utilized to keep the displacement and stresses within permissible
limit.
 Shaikh Abdul Aijaj Abdul Rahman et al. (2017) [7]. Considering the storey displacement,
the frame with heavy mass on 3rd & 7th floor (frame-2) is the weakest than the (frame-1), as
it suffers the considerable change in displacement in all the floors. As far as storey drift is
concerned, frame-2 is weak than the frame-1, as the frame -2 having the considerable hange
in story drift. Story shear is maximum in frame-2. From this it is clear that the frame having
mass irregularity on vertically irregular frame is susceptible to damage in earthquake lying
zone. In this paper, two frames having different irregularities but with same dimensions have
been analyzed to study their behaviour when subjected to lateral loads. All the frames were
analyzed with the same method as stated in IS 1893(Part1):2002. The frame-1 (vertically
irregular) develops least storey drifts while the building with mass irregularity on vertically
irregular building (frame-1) shows maximum storey drifts on the respective storey levels.
Hence, this is the most vulnerable to damages under this kind of loading and the same frame
with heavy loads develops maximum storey shears, which should be accounted for in design
of columns suitably.The analysis proves that vertically irregular structures are harmful and
the effect of mass irregularity on the vertically irregular structure is also dangerous in seismic
zone. Therefore, as far as possible irregularities in a building must be avoided. But, if
irregularities have to be introduced for any reason, they must be designed properly following
the conditions of IS 1893(Part1):2002and IS- 456: 2000, and joints should be made ductile as
per IS 13920:1993. Now a day, complex shaped buildings are getting popular, but they carry
a risk of sustaining damages during earthquakes. Therefore, such buildings should be
designed properly taking care of their dynamic behavior.

Piyush Mandloi et al (2017) [8]. It is concluded from results and discussion that the
outcomes varies from time history to time history. The designers worked for seismic zones
must consider time history data while designing vertical and mass irregular buildings.
Building with irregularities may be designed with software applications effectively. It saves
time and cost for designer. Results from various time histories can be efficiently presented
and utilized for future building design problems. Standards can be establish for same. The
buildings can be compared for their mass irregularities using software application to decide
whether to construct particular design in required time history or not.
Gitadevi et al(2017) [9] Following important observations are made with the study of
irregular buildings. Irregularity affects the dynamic characteristics of the structure i.e. time
period and mode shapes Seismic coefficient method may not be accurate for earthquake force
calculations. Proper calculation of regularity index is necessary for assessment of irregularity
buildings. There is a loss of strength, stiffness and ductility of the irregular buildings
subjected to base excitation.
[10] Piyush Mandloi et al (2016) [10]. It is concluded from results and discussion that the
outcomes varies from time history to time history. The designers worked for seismic zones
must consider time history data while designing vertical and mass irregular buildings.
Building with irregularities may be designed with software applications effectively. It saves
time and cost for designer. Results from various time histories can be efficiently presented
and utilized for future building design problems. Standards can be establish for same. The
buildings can be compared for their mass irregularities using software application to decide
whether to construct particular design in required time history or not.
Shaikh Abdul Aijaj Abdul Rahman1 e.t al(2016) [11].The behaviour of G + 10-storeyed
building with mass and stiffness irregularity has been studied using four models. Model-1 is
an irregular building which is considered as the base model and extra mass is applied at
storeys third and seventh of the base model for mass irregularity in model-2. Model-3 and
model-4 are formed by increasing height of the fourth storey and first storey columns of the
base model respectively. Results in the form of storey displacement, storey drift and storey
shear are evaluated and compared. The following conclusions can be made from the obtained
results.When there is a sudden change in mass between two storey (mass irregularity) of a
building, there will be a sudden change in storey displacement or storey drift at that level and
if masses are heavy then drift ratio will go beyond the permissible limit. For a building with
heavy mass at some storey, storey shear will be high compared to the same building having
normal mass distribution. Vertical stiffness irregularity at a storey in a building causes
increase in storey drift beyond specified limits at that storey, while buildings without stiffness
irregularity perform well for lateral loads. Buildings having mass and stiffness irregularity
should be analysed and designed properly. Special detailing and designing methodology
should be utilized to keep the displacement and stresses within permissible limit.
Devesh P. Soni et. al (2006) [12 ]From the above discussion, it can be concluded that a
large number of research studies and building codes have addressed the issue of effects of
vertical irregularities. Building codes provide criteria to classify the vertically irregular
structures and suggest elastic time history analysis or elastic response spectrum analysis to
obtain the design lateral force distribution. A majority of studies have evaluated the elastic
response only. Most of the studies have focused on investigating two types of irregularities:
those in set-back and soft and/or weak first story structures. Conflicting conclusions have
been found for the set-back structures; most of the studies, however, agree on the increase in
drift demand for the tower portion of the set-back structures. For the soft and weak first story
structures, increase in seismic demand has been observed as compared to the regular
structures. For buildings with discontinuous distributions in mass, stiffness, and strength
(independently or in combination), the effect of strength irregularity has been found to be
larger than the effect of stiffness irregularity, and the effect of combined-stiffness-and
strength irregularity has been found to be the largest. It has been found that the seismic is
influenced by the type of model (i.e., beam hinge model or column hinge model) used in the
study. Finally, buildings with a wide range of vertical irregularities that were designed
specifically for code based limits on drift, strength and ductility, have exhibited reasonable
performances, even though the design forces were obtained from the ELF (seismic
coefficient) procedures.
III. Objective of The Research
The very objective of this research is to calculate the design lateral forces on regular and
irregular buildings using response spectrum analysis and to compare the results of different
structures. The second objective is study three irregularities in structures namely mass,
stiffness and vertical geometry irregularities and finally to calculate the response of buildings
subjected to various types of ground motions. The motions are namely low, intermediate and
high frequency ground motion using Time history analysis and to compare the results, carry
out ductility-based earthquake-resistant design as per IS 13920 corresponding to equivalent
static analysis and time history analysis and to compare the difference in design.
Methodology
Review of existing literatures by different researchers. Selection of types of structures.
Modelling of the selected structures. Performing dynamic analysis on selected building
models and comparison of analysis results. Ductility based design of the buildings as per the
analysis results
Conclusion
From present study it can be concluded that, the regular structure is found better than the
irregular structure. The geometrically irregular shaped buildings experienced higher
displacement than regular shaped building. To get better performance required of the RCC
building then, new seismic design provisions require Structure engineer perform both static
and dynamic analysis for the design of the structure. But nowadays the need and demand of
the modern era and growing population has made the architects or engineers forced towards
planning of irregular structures which needs additional careful structural analysis so that
acceptable behaviour of the structures can be ensured throughout a devastating earthquake.
So, seismic analysis must be done for regular and irregular medium to high-rise buildings.

References

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