IElPROVING PSYCHOKINESIS PERFORWNCE

THEORETICAL AND !lETIIODOLOGICAL NOTES

C h a r l e s T. T a r t
U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Davis

I n 1966, I proposed ( T a r t , 1966) t h a t t h e u s u a l p r o c e d u r e f o r

f o r c e d - c h o i c e t e s t i n g i n ESP e x p e r i m e n t s , n a m e l y d e l a y i n g a n y
f e e d b a c k a b o u t i n d i v i d u a l t a r g e t i d e n t i t y u n t i l a f t e r a r u n was
completed o r even i n d e f i n i t e l y , c o n s t i t u t e d a n e x t i n c t i o n paradigm
r a t h e r t h a n a l e a r n i n g p a r a d i g m . Thus t h e f r e q u e n t l y r e p o r t e d
d e c l i n e e f f e c t made s e n s e f r o m a l e a r n i n g t h e o r y a p p r o a c h :
p e r c i p i e n t s were b e i n g s y s t e m a t i c a l l y e x t i n g u i s h e d . Yore
p o s i t i v e l y , t h e theory proposed t h a t f o r motivated p e r c i p i e n t s
w i t h some i n i t i a l ESP t a l e n t , t h e p r o v i s i o n o f i m m e d i a t e f e e d b a c k
o f r e s u l t s on e a c h t r i a l c o u l d n o t o n l y e l i m i n a t e t h e d e c l i n e
e f f e c t , b u t c o u l d a l l o w l e a r n i n g , s o ESP p e r f o r m a n c e c o u l d i m p r o v e
w i t h t i m e a n d come u n d e r v o l u n t a r y c o n t r o l .

I n a n e x t e n s i v e modeling of i n t e r n a l processes involved i n

t r y i n g t o l e a r n t o u s e ESP w i t h i m m e d i a t e f e e d b a c k ( T a r t , 1 9 7 7 ) , I
s u g g e s t e d t h a t what a p e r c i p i e n t must b a s i c a l l y t r y t o do is f i n d
some a s p e c t o r a s p e c t s o f h i s o n g o i n g s t r e a m o f e x p e r i e n c e t h a t
c o r r e l a t e w i t h s u c c e s s f u l u s e o f ESP. I t is n e c e s s a r y t o p o s t u l a t e
some k i n d ( s ) o f d i s c e r n i b l e e x p e r i e n t i a l q u a l i t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
s u c c e s s f u l ESP f u n c t i o n i n g f o r l e a r n i n g t o b e p o s s i b l e , a n d t h e
g e n e r a l l y h i g h s u c c e s s rate a s s o c i a t e d with c o n f i d e n c e c a l l s l e n d s
e m p i r i c a l s u p p o r t t o t h i s p o s t u l a t e . D i s c e r n i n g s u c h a s p e c t s of
e x p e r i e n c e would n o t , o f c o u r s e , b e a n e a s y t a s k . Most p e o p l e h a v e
had no t r a i n i n g a t t r y i n g t o o b s e r v e t h e i r ongoing e x p e r i e n c e , and
 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PARAPSYCHOLOGY

numerous o r d i n a r y t h o u g h t p r o c e s s e s c o n s t i t u t e i r r e l e v a n t a n d
d i s t r a c t i n g n o i s e . F u r t h e r , t h e r e i s a f o r m i d a b l e problem w h i c h
was d i s c u s s e d i n t h e e a r l i e s t p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r y ( T a r t ,
1966) i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e concept of t h e ' t a l e n t t h r e s h o l d ' ,
and a m p l i f i e d i n t h e l a t e r modeling of i n t e r n a l processes ( T a r t ,
1 9 7 7 ) . T h i s is t h e p r o b l e m o f n o i s e a n d c o n f u s i o n c r e a t e d by f a l s e
p o s i t i v e s , h i t s due t o chance alone.

I n a n y f o r c e d - c h o i c e ESP t a s k , where t h e a p r i o r i p r o b a b i l i t y o f
a h i t is p , a p r o p o r t i o n p o f t h e t r i a l s w i l l y i e l d h i t s d u e t o
c h a n c e . E v e r y one o f t h e s e f a l s e p o s i t i v e h i t s w i l l b e a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h some p s i - i r r e l e v a n t a s p e c t s o f o n g o i n g e x p e r i e n c e , j u s t a s
h i t s d u e t o a c t u a l f u n c t i o n i n g o f ESP w i l l h o p e f u l l y b e a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h a s p e c t s of o n g o i n g e x p e r i e n c e t h a t a r e r e g u l a r l y a n d l a w f u l l y
r e l a t e d t o t h e p r o p e r f u n c t i o n i n g of t h e ESP p r o c e s s . Thus e a c h
f a l s e p o s i t i v e h i t c a n g e n e r a t e a f a l s e h y p o t h e s i s a b o u t some
a s p e c t of e x p e r i e n c e p o s s i b l y b e i n g a s s o c i a t e d w i t h ESP o p e r a t i o n ,
c a n f a l s e l y r e w a r d t h e p e r c i p i e n t , and c a n g e n e r a l l y d i s t r a c t a n d
c o n f u s e him o r h e r . F a l s e p o s i t i v e h i t s mean t h a t t h e r e i s some
e x t i n c t i o n procedure i n h e r e n t i n any forced-choice t e s t s , d e s p i t e
t h e p r o v i s i o n of immediate feedback.

I f a p e r c i p i e n t h a s no d e m o n s t r a b l e ESP a b i l i t y t o b e g i n w i t h ,
a l l h i s h i t s a r e f a l s e p o s i t i v e s , associated with i r r e l e v a n t
a s p e c t s of e x p e r i e n c e , s o h e h a s n o t h i n g t o l e a r n . F o r a
p e r c i p i e n t w i t h a l i t t l e p s i a b i l i t y , t h e r e i s a m i x t u r e of
g e n u i n e l y psi-mediated h i t s and f a l s e p o s i t i v e h i t s . E x t i n c t i o n
may be slowed down f o r a t i m e , i n s o f a r a s t h e p e r c i p i e n t
e f f i c i e n t l y makes u s e of r e l e v a n t c u e s f r o m p s i - m e d i a t e d h i t s t o
l e a r n some c o n t r o l o v e r h i s ESP a b i l i t i e s , b u t t h e c o n f u s i o n
c a u s e d by f a l s e p o s i t i v e h i t s may e v e n t u a l l y s a p h i s m o t i v a t i o n
and i n h i b i t l e a r n i n g , w i t h e x t i n c t i o n b e i n g a f i n a l outcome. F o r a
p e r c i p i e n t w i t h h i g h ESP a b i l i t i e s , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , many of h i s
h i t s w i l l be p s i - m e d i a t e d , g i v i n g him t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o f o r m a n d
t e s t u s e f u l h y p o t h e s e s a b o u t a s p e c t s of h i s o n g o i n g e x p e r i e n c e
t h a t a r e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h s u c c e s s f u l u s e o f ESP. Once s u c h g e n u i n e
c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e l e a r n e d , t h e p e r c i p i e n t may t h e n o p t t o make
c a l l s o n l y when h i s e x p e r i e n c e shows t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h e now
knows t o be p s i - f a v o r a b l e ; a n d / o r h e may d e l i b e r a t e l y t r y t o
i n d u c e s u c h p s i - f a v o r a b l e a s p e c t s of e x p e r i e n c e .

The ' t a l e n t t h r e s h o l d ' , a s o r i g i n a l l y p o s t u l a t e d , meant some

i n i t i a l l e v e l of p s i t a l e n t brought t o t h e immediate feedback
IMPROVING PSYCHOKINESIS PERFORMANCE

t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s t h a t was h i g h enough s o t h e l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s
predominated over t h e e x t i n c t i o n process i n h e r e n t i n any
f o r c e d - c h o i c e t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e . The t a l e n t t h r e s h o l d i s n o t a n
a b s o l u t e l y f i x e d l e v e l o f ESP t a l e n t . H i g h e r l e v e l s of m o t i v a t i o n ,
e.g., c a n keep a p e r c i p i e n t working a t d i s c r i m i n a t i n g r e l e v a n t and
i r r e l e v a n t a s p e c t s of e x p e r i e n c e and p o s s i b l y l e a r n i n g even i f
t h e i r i n i t i a l l e v e l of t a l e n t i s somewhat l o w e r t h a n t h e t a l e n t
t h r e s h o l d m i g h t n e e d t o be f o r p e r c i p i e n t s i n g e n e r a l . F u r t h e r
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of t h i s s o r t a r e d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e ( T a r t , 1 9 7 7 ) .

EPIPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR TtIE LEARNING THEORY

My l e a r n i n g t h e o r y a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l b e a d e q u a t e l y t e s t e d when a
r e a s o n a b l e number o f i n i t i a l l y h i g h l y t a l e n t e d p e r c i p i e n t s h a v e
been g i v e n immediate feedback t r a i n i n g , t r a i n i n g t h a t t h e y a r e
m o t i v a t e d t o work a t f o r a t i m e . Given t h e r a r i t y of h i g h l y
t a l e n t e d p e r c i p i e n t s , b o t h i n my own work a n d i n p a r a p s y c h o l o g i c a l
r e s e a r c h g e n e r a l l y , i t may be y e a r s b e f o r e t h e u s e f u l n e s s o r l a c k
o f i t of t h e l e a r n i n g t h e o r y a p p l i c a t i o n h a s b e e n a d e q u a t e l y
t e s t e d . Thus t h e t h e o r y i s i n a k i n d o f l i m b o a s r e g a r d s
p e r c i p i e n t s b e i n g a b l e t o l e a r n improved ESP a b i l i t y by immediate
f e e d b a c k t r a i n i n g , a l t h o u g h i t h a s some e m p i r i c a l s u p p o r t .

The e v i d e n c e i s r a t h e r s t r o n g , t h o u g h , t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n o f
i m m e d i a t e f e e d b a c k l a r g e l y e l i m i n a t e s d e c l i n e e f f e c t s i n ESP
t e s t i n g . This l i t e r a t u r e h a s been reviewed elsewhere ( T a r t , 1976).

LEARNING TO USE PK

A l t h o u g h my o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f l e a r n i n g t h e o r y f o c u s e d
p r i m a r i l y o n ESP, a l m o s t a l l a s p e c t s of i t a p p l y d i r e c t l y t o PK.
I f a n y p o t e n t i a l l y d i s c e r n i b l e a s p e c t s of e x p e r i e n c e a r e
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s u c c e s s f u l u s e o f PK, a PK a g e n t r e c e i v i n g
i m m e d i a t e f e e d b a c k o f h i s o r h e r r e s u l t s s h o u l d b e a b l e t o form
h y p o t h e s e s a b o u t what t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e , t e s t t h e s e
h y p o t h e s e s , and e v e n t u a l l y show much g r e a t e r s u c c e s s a t PK, e i t h e r
by w a i t i n g f o r t h e r i g h t i n t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n t o make h i s t r i e s ,
a n d / o r by i n d u c i n g P K - f a v o r a b l e a s p e c t s of e x p e r i e n c e a t w i l l .
478 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PARAPSYCHOLOGY

I mentioned above t h a t t h e l e a r n i n g a p p l i c a t i o n h y p o t h e s i s h a s
n o t b e e n a d e q u a t e l y t e s t e d f o r ESP l e a r n i n g , p a r t l y b e c a u s e
p e r c i p i e n t s have a l m o s t always been r u n w i t h o u t immediate
t r i a l - b y - t r i a l feedback, p a r t l y because of t h e r a r i t y of t a l e n t e d
p e r c i p i e n t s . A t f i r s t g l a n c e , PK s t u d i e s m i g h t seem t o h a v e
p r o v i d e d a good d a t a b a s e f o r t e s t i n g t h e l e a r n i n g h y p o t h e s i s , a s
i m m e d i a t e f e e d b a c k h a s b e e n t h e norm r a t h e r t h a n t h e e x c e p t i o n . I n
d i c e s t u d i e s t h e a g e n t i m m e d i a t e l y s e e s how t h e d i c e f a l l ; i n
e l e c t r o n i c random number g e n e r a t o r (RNG) PK s t u d i e s t h e r e i s
u s u a l l y some s o r t o f c o n t i n u o u s f e e d b a c k d i s p l a y o p e r a t i v e .
E m p i r i c a l l y , however, d e c l i n e e f f e c t s a r e common a n d i n c l i n e
( l e a r n i n g ) e f f e c t s v e r y r a r e i n p u b l i s h e d PK r e s e a r c h , a c c o r d i n g
t o Stanford (1977).

On c l o s e r i n s p e c t i o n , h o w e v e r , t h e PK l i t e r a t u r e t o d a t e d o e s
not provide an adequate d a t a base f o r t e s t i n g t h e l e a r n i n g theory
a p p l i c a t i o n . The l e v e l o f p s i t a l e n t shown by a g e n t s i n l a b o r a t o r y
PK s t u d i e s h a s g e n e r a l l y b e e n f a r t o o low.

I am i n t h e p r o c e s s of r e v i e w i n g t h e PK l i t e r a t u r e . To d a t e I
h a v e computed p s i c o e f f i c i e n t s ( t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t i m e p s i was
presumably o p e r a t i n g a f t e r t h e chance b a s e l i n e h i t s have been
f a c t o r e d o u t : s e e Timm, 1973) f o r t h e most s u c c e s s f u l c o n d i t i o n s
o f 33 PK s t u d i e s i n v o l v i n g m e c h a n i c a l PK t e s t s ( m o s t l y d i c e ) ( n o t e
1 ) . I h a v e u s e d o n l y e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n r e s u l t s t h a t were
s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t ( p < . 0 5 ) f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f PK h i t t i n g
beyond b a s e l i n e e x p e c t a t i o n ( n o t j u s t f o r d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f e c t s ) . I
h a v e a l s o computed p s i c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r 35 s i m i l a r l y s u c c e s s f u l PK
s t u d i e s on e l e c t r o n i c RNG's ( n o t e 2 ) . Combining b o t h t y p e s , o v e r
90% of t h e s e s t u d i e s show p s i c o e f f i c i e n t s ( n o t e 3) l e s s t h a n t h e
10% t h a t I h a v e e m p i r i c a l l y e s t i m a t e d a s t h e mean t a l e n t t h r e s h o l d
f o r l e a r n i n g t o b e g i n i n ESP s t u d i e s ( T a r t , 1 9 7 6 ) . I n d e e d , t h e
v a s t m a j o r i t y ( 5 7 % ) o f p s i c o e f f i c i e n t s shown i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y
s t u d i e s f a l l i n t h e 1% t o 3% r a n g e . Thus i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t
d e c l i n e s ( e x t i n c t i o n ) h a v e b e e n q u i t e common i n l a b o r a t o r y PR
research.

I would h a v e l i k e d t o do a n a n a l y s i s c o m p a r i n g p s i t a l e n t l e v e l s
i n t h e r e p o r t e d s t u d i e s w i t h d e g r e e of d e c l i n e o r l a c k of i t , b u t
wide v a r i a t i o n s i n c o m p l e t e n e s s o f r e p o r t i n g a n d method o f
computing d e c l i n e e f f e c t s produce t o o few s t u d i e s t o a l l o w a
f r u i t f u l analysis.
IMPROVING PSYCHOKINESIS PERFORMANCE

INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING VERSUS AVERSIVE CONDITIONING

The l e a r n i n g t h e o r y a p p l i c a t i o n I h a v e p r o p o s e d f o r i n c r e a s i n g
p s i a b i l i t y i s a form o f i n s t r u m e n t a l o r o p e r a n t c o n d i t i o n i n g . We
t a k e a b e h a v i o r t h a t e x i s t s o n l y i n i n f r e q u e n t and p o o r l y
developed form ( t h e i n i t i a l , non-zero l e v e l of p s i f u n c t i o n i n g a
p e r c i p i e n t o r PK a g e n t b r i n g s t o t h e t r a i n i n g ) , and t r y t o
i n c r e a s e and r e f i n e i t by p r o v i d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a l f e e d b a c k .
I n s o f a r a s t h e p e r c i p i e n t o r a g e n t is m o t i v a t e d t o s u c c e e d ,
f e e d b a c k of c o r r e c t n e s s a l s o c o n s t i t u t e s a r e w a r d .

Recently Broughton, M i l l a r , and Johnson (1981) introduced a

d i f f e r e n t l e a r n i n g paradigm, a v e r s i v e c o n d i t i o n i n g , i n a n a t t e m p t
t o i n c r e a s e PK a b i l i t y . Using a n e l e c t r o n i c RNG PK t a s k , t h e y
d e l i v e r e d s t r o n g , unpleasant e l e c t r i c a l shocks t o t h e i r f o u r
a g e n t s when t h e y o b t a i n e d poor s c o r e s . No o v e r a l l s i g n i f i c a n t
i n d i c a t i o n s of PK were f o u n d , a n d e v e n t h e most l i b e r a l
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e i r r e s u l t s would show n o more t h a n t i n y
p o s s i b l e i n d i c a t i o n s of PK.

S i n c e none o f t h e f o u r would-be a g e n t s of t h e s t u d y had e v e r

shown, t o my knowledge, p s i c o e f f i c i e n t s a p p r o a c h i n g t h e 10% l e v e l
i n p r e v i o u s l a b o r a t o r y p s i s t u d i e s , i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t no
c l e a r PK was f o u n d i n t h i s s t u d y , much l e s s i n d i c a t i o n s of
l e a r n i n g . The r e s u l t s a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h t h o s e p r e d i c t e d f r o m my
l e a r n i n g theory a p p l i c a t i o n , a l b e i t t r i v i a l l y so.

More i m p o r t a n t l y , w h i l e t h e a u t h o r s of t h i s s t u d y were F a m i l i a r
w i t h my l e a r n i n g t h e o r y a p p l i c a t i o n , I d o n o t a g r e e w i t h t h e i r
e x t e n s i o n of i t t o u s e of a v e r s i v e c o n d i t i o n i n g . I n a n a v e r s i v e
c o n d i t i o n i n g p a r a d i g m , we b e g i n w i t h a w e l l - d e v e l o p e d b e h a v i o r
w h i c h we c o n s i d e r u n d e s i r a b l e , a n d we a t t e m p t t o d e c r e a s e i t s
f r e q u e n c y of a p p e a r a n c e w i t h a p p l y i n g p u n i s h m e n t ( a v e r s i v e
s t i m u l a t i o n ) whenever t h e p e r s o n shows i t . I n t r y i n g t o L e a r n ESP
o r PK a b i l i t y , t o t h e c o n t r a r y , we h a v e a n a l m o s t t o t a l l y
u n d e v e l o p e d b e h a v i o r . I t is u n c l e a r how a p p l y i n g p u n i s h m e n t t o
suppress the behavior of not using p s i w i l l allow t h e s u b t l e
l e a r n i n g needed t o r e c o g n i z e e x p e r i e n t i a l c o r r e l a t e s of p s i .

P u n i s h m e n t m i g h t i n c r e a s e m o t i v a t i o n t o l e a r n p s i , b u t , g i v e n my
e x t e n d e d model of i n t e r n a l p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n l e a r n i n g p s i
( T a r t , 1 9 7 7 ) , I would s u s p e c t t h a t t h e s p e c i f i c f e a r ,
480 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PARAPSYCHOLOGY 1

a n t i c i p a t i o n , and g e n e r a l i z e d unpleasant a r o u s a l o c c u r r i n g i n t h e
a v e r s i v e c o n d i t i o n i n g s i t u a t i o n would g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e t h e ' n o i s e
l e v e l ' o f i r r e l e v a n t m e n t a l p r o c e s s e s , a n d s o make i n s t r u m e n t a l
l e a r n i n g of i n c r e a s e d p s i a b i l i t y e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t . It i s h a r d
t o s e a r c h f o r s u b t l e i n t e r n a l e x p e r i e n c e s when y o u r mind a n d body
a r e c r i n g i n g i n a n t i c i p a t i o n of t h e next s e v e r e shock!

Thus I do n o t recommend t h e u s e o f a v e r s i v e c o n d i t i o n i n g
procedures f o r enhancing p s i .

CONCLUSION

I n s o f a r a s t h e r e a r e any p o t e n t i a l l y d i s c e r n i b l e e x p e r i e n t i a l
c o r r e l a t e s of t h e u s e of PK, t h e p r o v i s i o n of i m m e d i a t e f e e d b a c k
of r e s u l t s s h o u l d a l l o w a n a g e n t t o l e a r n more e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l
of h i s o r h e r PK a b i l i t y . The same s o r t s of c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
advanced i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h u s i n g immediate feedback t r a i n i n g t o
e n h a n c e ESP a b i l i t y a p p l y t o i t s u s e t o e n h a n c e PK, s u c h a s t h e
need f o r t h e a g e n t t o be m o t i v a t e d t o l e a r n e n h a n c e d PK a n d , v e r y
i m p o r t a n t l y , t o p o s s e s s a f a i r l y h i g h l e v e l o f i n i t i a l PK a b i l i t y .
T h i s l e v e l i s r o u g h l y e s t i m a t e d , by a n a l o g y w i t h ESP r e s u l t s , t o
c o r r e s p o n d t o a p s i c o e f f i c i e n t oE a b o u t 10%.

I b e l i e v e much of t h e i m p a s s e i n a t t e m p t s t o c o n t r o l a n d
u n d e r s t a n d PK a r i s e s from t h e same s o u r c e a s t h e i m p a s s e i n
a t t e m p t s t o c o n t r o l a n d u n d e r s t a n d ESP, namely t h a t t h e
m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of ESP a n d PK we u s u a l l y s e e i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y a r e
of t o o s m a l l a m a g n i t u d e t o be r e a d i l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m n o i s e . I f
immediate feedback t r a i n i n g l e a d s t o s t r o n g , r e l i a b l e
m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of l a b o r a t o r y PK, t h e n r e s e a r c h on u n d e r s t a n d i n g
a n d c o n t r o l l i n g PK w i l l t a k e a quantum l e a p f o r w a r d .

NOTES

1. I want t o t h a n k B a r r y Boatman f o r t h e l i b r a r y work h e c a r r i e d

o u t f o r me t h a t u n d e r l i e s t h i s l i t e r a t u r e s u r v e y .

2 . I am i n d e b t e d t o Ed May of SRI I n t e r n a t i o n a l f o r t h e raw d a t a

h e used i n a n e x t e n s i v e s t u d y o f e l e c t r o n i c RNG PK, f r o m which I
h a v e e x t r a c t e d t h e a b o v e 35 s t u d i e s by my s u c c e s s c r i t e r i o n .

3. P s i c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e o r d i n a r i l y e x p r e s s e d a s d e c i m a l s , b u t I
s h a l l u s e p e r c e n t a g e s f o r r e a d a b i l i t y . Thus a p s i c o e f f i c i e n t a t
IMPROVING PSYCHOKINESIS PERFORMANCE

.10 i s c a l l e d l o % , and i n d i c a t e s p s i b e i n g u s e d on 10% o f t h e

t r i a l s t h a t w o u l d o t h e r w i s e show m i s s e s by c h a n c e a l o n e .

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

A s h o r t e n e d v e r s i o n o f t h i s p a p e r was p r e s e n t e d a t t h e c o m b i n e d
1982 m e e t i n g s of t h e S o c i e t y f o r P s y c h i c a l R e s e a r c h a n d t h e
P a r a p s y c h o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , h e l d i n Cambridge, England.

REFERENCES

B r o u g h t o n , R.S., M i l l a r , B.M., a n d J o h n s o n , M.U. 'An i n v e s t i g a t i o n

i n t o t h e use of a v e r s i o n t h e r a p y t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e o p e r a n t
c o n t r o l o f PK p r o d u c t i o n i n h u m a n s ' , E.J.P., 1 9 8 1 , 3, 317-344.

S t a n f o r d , R. ' E x p e r i m e n t a l p s y c h o k i n e s i s : A r e v i e w f r o m d i v e r s e
p e r s p e c t i v e s ' , I n Wolman, B. ( E d ) 'Handbook o f P a r a p s y c h o l o g y ' ,
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T a r t , C.T. ' C a r d g u e s s i n g t e s t s : L e a r n i n g p a r a d i g m o r e x t i n c t i o n
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T a r t , C.T. 'Toward c o n s c i o u s c o n t r o l o f p s i t h r o u g h i m m e d i a t e
f e e d b a c k t r a i n i n g : Some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of i n t e r n a l p r o c e s s e s ' , J.
A.S.P.R., 1 9 7 7 , 7 1 , 375-408.

T a r t , C.T. ' L e a r n i n g t o Use E x t r a s e n s o r y P e r c e p t i o n ' , Chicago,

U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1976.

Timm, U. 'The m e a s u r e m e n t of p s i ' , J . A.S.P.R., 1 9 7 3 , 6 7 , 282-294.

D r . C h a r l e s T. T a r t
Psychology Department
U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a
D a v i s , C a l . 95616
U.S.A.
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