International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092, Volume- 1, Issue- 6, Dec-2013

THE EFFECT OF ORANGE PEEL POWDER EXTRACTS IN DIESEL

SOLUTION ON EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS IN COMPRESSION
IGNITION ENGINE
1
MAREDDY HARISH REDDY, 2M. ROHITH, 3P. VINAY
1,2,3,
S.C.S.V.M.V University.
Email:-harishreddy093@yahoo.com, rohi.aug15@gmail.com, vinaypalla92@gmail.com

Abstract— In the present energy scenario of fossil fuel, renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bio ethanol, bio methane,
and biomass from wastes or hydrogen have become the subjects of great interest. These fuels contribute to the reduction of the
dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, energy sources such as biodiesel using neem oil, thumba oil, rice bran oil etc. could
partially replace the use of conventional fuels which are responsible for environmental pollution. For the above mentioned
reasons they are known as “alternative fuels”. Diesel engines due to their inherent fuel economy, easy operation, low
maintenance and long life, find wide uses in the field of transportation, construction equipments, marine and stationary
applications such as water pumping, power generation etc. The current experiments were conducted on the single cylinder, 4
stroke, constant speed CI engine using Orange Peel Powder Diesel Solution (OPPDS) successfully. The diesel is mixed with
20% wt. and 30% wt. orange powder and kept idle for 15 days, then filtered to obtain test fuels which are tested for emissions
and is compared and analyzed with the emissions of pure diesel. The blends when used as fuel results in the reduction of nitric
oxide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide. The results were analyzed and was observed that the optimal load at which appreciable
% reduction in emissions for 20% and 30% OPPDS was found to be at 20% load. The % reduction in Carbon dioxide,
Hydrocarbon hexane, Nitric oxide are 13.3%, 53.3%, 27.9% respectively for 20% OPPDS and 13.3%, 58%, 20.4%
respectively for 30% OPPDS.

Keywords— Diesel engine, Orange Peel Powder Diesel Solution(OPPDS), Emission, Carbon monoxide, Carbon Dioxide,
Hydrocarbon Hexane, Nitric oxide(NO).

I. INTRODUCTION alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, resins, flavanoids,

Internal combustion engines especially diesel engines
are widely in transportation and industrial sectors
because of their relatively higher efficiency when
compared with petrol/gasoline engines. The gaseous
pollutants such as NO, CO, CO2, HC etc are leading
to global warming. Hence there is a necessity in
developing the alternative fuels/biodiesels which
produce lesser emissions replacing the present day
fuels. Many researchers have worked on alternate
fuels such as CNG, H2 etc and biodiesels using Jatropa
oil [1], Rice bran oil [2-4], Honge oil [4], Neem oil
[4-6], Thumba oil [7], ethanol blends [8] etc. Most of
the above biodiesels result in an increase in NO
emissions, however some studies report varying or
opposite results [9]. Orange fruits are largely produced
in countries such as Brazil, USA, India, China etc.
The worldwide production of citrus fruits is estimated
to be 68.3 million tonnes in 2010 [10]. India is third
largest country in producing oranges with annual
production 6 million tonnes. Orange juices are of the
most consumed beverages. 70% of the orange
production is used to manufacture derivative products
out of which 50% are used in juices and jam
manufacturing [11]. Here the fruit flesh (carpel) is
used and the peel is disposed as a waste. Researchers
have proved that the orange peel can be in used in
roduction of methane as well as a quality fertilizer
[11]. The chemical constituents of orange peel are
The effect of orange peel powder extracts in diesel solution on exhaust gas emissions in compression ignition engine
tannins, phenols and sugars but does not contain
coumarins and steroids. Nine elements, Iron (Fe),
Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), Copper
(Cu), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd),
Phosphorous (P) were detected in orange peel [12].
The orange peel powder diesel solution is proved to be
used as an alternative fuel for C.I engine [13]. In this
experiment the orange powder is mixed with diesel
fuel in two different wt. proportions i.e 20% and 30%
to obtain a orange peel powder diesel solution
(OPPDS) which is tested in diesel engine for Carbon
Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Hydro
Carbon Hexane, Nitric oxide (NO) emissions and
compared with pure diesel solution.
II. FUEL PREPARATION
The pure, de-moisturized and fine dried orange peel
powder was supplied by Saipro Biotech Pvt. Ltd.,
Pune. 20% wt. orange peel powder was added to 80%
wt. pure diesel solution (i.e 200g of orange peel

16
International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092,
powder is added to 800 g of pure diesel) and after
15days the mixture is filtered to obtain 20% Orange
Peel Powder Diesel Solution (20% OPPDS). In the
similar way 30% Orange Peel Powder Diesel Solution
(30%OPPDS) was obtained.
III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND
PROCEDURE
The obtained solutions are tested in a four stroke,
single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection CI
engine. The specifications of engine are listed in
Table.2. The engine is coupled with an alternator, the
alternator acts as the loading device for the engine. A
fuel switching circuit is setup to switch from diesel to
OPPDS when the engine is running. A burette and
stop watch setup was made to measure the fuel
consumption. An exhaust gas analyzer was used to
measure the Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon
dioxide(CO2), hydrocarbon hexane(HC) and Nitric
oxide(NO) emissions in the exhaust gas. AVL 5 gas
analyzer equipment was used to measure the exhaust
emissions. The engine is tested with three fuels
namely Pure diesel, 20% OPPDS and 30% OPPDS.
Throughout the experiment the cooling water flow
rate is maintained constant a value of 0.04 Kg/sec.
During the experiment several parameters such as
speed, load, fuel consumption, exhaust temperature,
cooling water outlet temperature, CO, CO2, NO, HC
Hexane emissions are noted only after the steady state
is achieved.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Emission analysis
1) Carbon dioxide
Fig.1 shows variation of CO2 emissions with % load
for engine running on pure diesel, 20% OPPDS and
30% OPPDS. The CO2 emissions for 20% OPPDS
increased from 1.70 % vol. at no load to 6.90% vol. at
80% load and for 30% OPPDS CO2 emissions
increased from 1.70% vol. at no load to 6.60% vol. at
80% load. CO2 emissions were comparatively lower
for 20% OPPDS from 0% to 60% load while it
Fig.1.Variation of CO2 emissions with % load.
The effect of orange peel powder extracts in diesel solution on exhaust gas emissions in compression ignition engine
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Volume- 1, Issue- 6, Dec-2013
increased at 80% load when compared to plane diesel
and for 30% OPPDS CO2 emissions decreased at 0%,
20%, 40% and 80% loads while it remained same at
60% load. The % decrease in CO2 emissions compared
to pure diesel with % load for engine running on 20%
OPPDS and 30% OPPDS is shown in Fig.2. The
maximum reduction in CO2 emissions was observed at
20% load with decrement by 13.3% for both 30% and
20% OPPDS.
2) Carbon monoxide
Fig.3 shows variation of CO emissions with % load for
engine running on pure diesel, 20% OPPDS and 30%
OPPDS. Generally diesel engines produce lower CO
emissions due to a higher supply of oxygen. The CO
emissions were not improved by 30% OPPDS. The CO
emission for 20% OPPDS remained same as that of
pure diesel from 0% load to 60% load, but it decreased
to0.05 % vol. from 0.06% vol. at 80% load. The %
decrease in CO emissions compared to pure diesel
with % load is shown in fig.4. The percentage
decrease for CO emissions is observed at 80% loads
for 20% OPPDS and
Fig.2.Variation of % decrease in CO2 emissions compared to
pure with % load.
Fig.3.Variation of CO emissions with % load.
for 30% OPPDS the CO emissions increased by
16.67% at 0% and 60% load compared to pure diesel.
3) Hydrocarbon Hexane
Comparison of HC Hexane emissions with % load for
engine running on pure diesel, 20% OPPDS and 30%
OPPDS is shown in fig.5. The HC Hexane emission
International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092,
were reduced at all the loads compared to pure diesel.
The HC Hexane emissions were reduced
comparatively higher in 30% OPPDS than 20%
OPPDS. Higher reduction in HC Hexane emissions
when compared to pure diesel were observed at no
load condition i.e it decreased from 80 ppm vol. to 49
ppm vol. for 30% OPPDS and 55 ppm vol. for 20%
OPPDS. Comparison in % decrease in HC Hexane
emissions compared to pure diesel with % load was
shown in fig.6. It is observed that the maximum %
decrement in HC Hexane emissions compared to pure
diesel is found to be 53.3% for 20% OPPDS and 58%
for 30% OPPDS at 20% load. The 30% OPPDS
showed greater % decrement in NO emissions when
compared to 20% OPPDS. The % decrement in HC
Hexane
Fig.4.Variation in % decrease of CO emission compared to pure
diesel with % load.
Fig.5.Variation of HC Hexane emissions with % load
emissions is found to be better when compared to CO,
CO2 and NO emissions.
4) Nitric oxide
Comparison of Nitric oxide (NO) emissions with %
load for engine running on pure diesel, 20% OPPDS
and 30% OPPDS is shown in fig.7. It was found that
the emissions of NO were reduced at all loads.
However the reduction in NO emissions is found to be
maximum at 40% load for both 20% OPPDS and 30%
OPPDS. The NO emissions here reduced from 462
The effect of orange peel powder extracts in diesel solution on exhaust gas emissions in compression ignition engine
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Volume- 1, Issue- 6, Dec-2013
ppm vol. for pure diesel to 367 ppm vol. and 366 ppm
vol. for 20% OPPDS and 30% OPPDS respectively.
The variation in % decrease in NO emissions
compared to pure diesel with % load is shown in fig.8.
The % decrease in NO emissions is observed at all
loads. The maximum % decrease in NO emissions is
observed to be 27.9% at 20% load for 20% OPPDS and
is 20.78% at 40% load for 30% OPPDS load.
Fig.6.Variation in % decrease of HC Hexane emission compared
to pure diesel with % load.
Fig.7.Variation of NO emissions with % load.
CONCLUSIONS
The single cylinder, 4-stroke, constant speed, diesel
engine was operated by Orange Peel Powder Diesel
Solution successfully and the exhaust emissions were
compared with the pure diesel. The following
conclusions were drawn based on experimental
results:
 The CO2 emissions are lower by 13.3% at 20%
load for both 20% and 30% OPPDS. An
increment of 2.8% in CO2 emission was observed
at 80% load for 20% OPPDS.
 The HC Hexane emissions were reduced
irrespective of the loads and the maximum %
decrement of 53.3% and 58% was observed for
20% and 30% OPPDS respectively at 20% load.
 The only % decrement in CO emissions was
found to be 16.67% at 80% load for 20% OPPDS
International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320-2092,
whereas an increment of 16.67% was observed at
0% and 60% loads for 30% OPPDS.
Fig.8.Variation in % decrease of HC Hexane emission compared
to pure diesel with % load.
 There is an overall % decrement in NO
emissions at all the loads. The maximum %
decrement is 27.9% at 20% load for 20%OPPDS
and 20.78% at 40% load for 30% OPPDS.
 The optimal load at which appreciable %
reduction in emissions was observed for 20% and
30% OPPDS at 20% load.
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