Two Days Seminar

on
“Urban Transportation Environment”
(UTE-04)

13th & 14th March ’ 2004

- A Presentation
by

Shri A.R.Shah
&
Ms. Aarti Galgale

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 A SCENARIO OF VEHICULAR AIR
POLLUTION IN BARODA CITY

Aarti D. Galgale A. R. Shah

Lecturer Reader

Civil Engg Dept., Faculty of Tech. & Engg.

M.S.University of Baroda.

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 PRESENTATION OUTLINE

 INTRODUCTION

 VEHICULAR POLLUTION

 VEHICULAR EMISSIONS

 EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE

 MEASUREMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE

 RECOMMENDATIONS

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 INTRODUCTION

 Urbanization in India has brought an upward swing in Indian economy

 Indian cities are growing by leaps and bounds and facing the menace of vehicular
pollution.
 The Baroda city is also facing the same menace.
 In Baroda total number of two wheelers, three wheelers and passenger cars has
gone up from 2,76,000 in 1993 to 6,47,000 in 2003,an increase of 134 percent .
 Thus the city is exposed to large-scale pollution causing a wide range of health
problems.
 The constituents of vehicular exhaust include, suspended particulate matters, carbon
monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, polycyclic aromatics, hydrocarbons, Sulphur dioxide and
secondary pollutants like ozone.
 Carbon monoxide is considered as a silent killer having its effect on central nervous
system and behavioral performance .
 This paper presents the measurement of concentration of carbon monoxide at
various traffic junctions of Baroda city.

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 Cumulative numbers of vehicles (Source: R.T.O. Baroda)

Year 1992- 1993- 1994- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003-
1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Vehicles
2-wheeler 221238 240935 263390 289990 318376 348625 382866 420894 453301 485997 528808

3-wheeler 18471 19181 20057 20947 22472 24377 26769 28485 29463 30212 31123

Car/jeep/ 36139 36870 40106 45172 50774 56613 60945 67997 74124 80490 86770
van

Bus/truck 11238 11480 12079 12893 14084 14954 15522 16027 16314 16408 16637

Tempo/ 1175 3869 4271 4607 4944 5277 5685 6108 6305 6427 6551
psv

Tractor/ 15093 16245 17459 18781 20038 21425 22954 24574 25602 26369 27338
Tanker

others 451 597 675 678 697 725 785 841 866 899 946

Total 303805 329177 358037 393068 431385 471996 515526 564926 605975 646802 698173

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TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

Gasolene & Diesel

Lead
Particulates
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen and HC Species
Other fuels: CNG, LPG
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 VEHICULAR POLLUTION

 Motor vehicles contribute: CO2, CO, HCs, NOx, SOx, and PM

 SO2 emissions due mainly to diesel fuel, but also petrol engines

 Usually emitted in form of PM consisting of C, HC, and sulfates

 Sulfur in fuel contributes to PM and reduces efficiency of catalytic

converter (later explained)

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 VEHICULAR EMISSIONS
Table:1 The percent contribution of various emissions for three main pollutants:

Sr.No. Type of Emission %CO %NO %HC

1 Exhaust emission 98-99 98-99 65

2 Evaporative emissions 0 0 10

3 Crank case blow by 1-2 1-2 25

Table:2 Comparison of average emissions from two-stroke and four stroke engines

Pollutant Emissions in gms/bhp-hr

2 Stroke Engine 4 Stroke Engine
Full Load Part Load Full Load Part Load
CO 250 300 180 230
HC 140 150 8 12
NOx 2 1 5 5
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 VEHICULAR EMISSIONS
Table:3 The Effect Of Engine Operating Conditions On The Composition
Of Auto Exhaust

Parameter Idle Acceleration Cruising Deceleration

Air fuel ratio 11-12.5 11-13 13-15 11-12.5
%CO 4-6 0-6 1-4 2-4
NOx, ppm 10-50 1000-4000 1000-3000 10-50
HC, ppm 500-1000 50-500 200-300 4000-12000
Unburnt fuel as %of supplied 4-6 2-4 2-4 20-60
fuel
Table:4 The following table gives Exhaust Data For Diesel And Petrol Engines

Sr.No. Pollutant Diesel Engine Petrol Engine

1 Particulate matter 0.5 g/m3 0.01g/m3
2 Carbon monoxide < 0.1%by volume >10% by volume
3 Hydrocarbons < 300ppm <1000ppm
4 Oxides of Nitrogen 1000-4000ppm 2000-4000ppm

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 EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE
 Carbon monoxide at present ambient levels has little if any effect on property, vegetation or
materials.
 At higher concentrations, it can seriously affect human aerobic metabolism .
 Carbon monoxide reacts with the hemoglobin (Hb) of blood to give carboxyhemoglobin
(COHb), thus reducing the capability of blood to carry oxygen.
 Since the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon monoxide is more than 200 times as great as its
affinity for oxygen, CO can seriously impair the transport of oxygen, even when present at low
concentrations .

Table:5 Health effects of COHb at various levels in blood

COHb level in% Demonstrated effects

Less than 1.0 No apparent effect
1.0 to2.0 Some evidence of effect on behavioral performance
2.0 to 5.0 Central nervous system effects; impairment of time interval discrimination,
visual acuity, brightness discrimination, and certain other psychomotor
functions
Greater than 5.0 Cardiac and pulmonary functional changes
10.0to 80.0 Headache, fatigue, drowsiness, coma, respiratory failure, death.
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 MEASUREMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE
 Measurement of carbon monoxide at various traffic junctions was carried out to assess role of
automobiles in deterioration of air quality and to suggest control measures.
 Multigas Monitor by Technovation is used for the measurement purpose.
 The instrument consists of electrochemical sensors of the micro fuel type.
 Active gases diffusing to the sensing electrode react and produce a minute current, which is
sensed conditioned and amplified.
 The oxygen required for the reaction is taken from the ambient air. Cross interference by most
gases have been eliminated.
 The small-inbuilt pump provides for education of the gases from distance.

Table:6 Concentrations of Carbon monoxide Observed

Location CO concentration
Maximum, ppm Minimum, ppm 1 hour Average
KalaGhoda 38 4 9.9
Jubilee Baug 63 18 37
Lehripura gate 16 5 10.5
Tower Char rasta 3 0 1.69
Kothi Char rasta 2 1 1.53
Khanderao market char rasta 2 1 1.6
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 MEASUREMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE
Table:7 Ambient Air Quality (ug/m3) at Subhanpura,Vadodara(2001)

Month RSPM SO2 No2

Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg.
Jan 51 262 128 4.1 30.7 8.0 5.9 135.9 39.9
Feb 88 340 183 4.5 27.4 7.7 3.6 95.3 44.0
Mar 77 258 135 4.1 31.2 6.6 9.2 85.3 32.3
Apr 76 166 109 4.6 12.3 4.8 6.8 21.8 12.5
May 23 102 55 4.4 5.3 4.0 2.2 77.0 12.1
Jun 14 119 40 4.9 18.0 4.1 3.7 40.9 17.8
Jul 11 57 30 4.8 15.6 4.1 4.6 27.9 14.5
Aug 13 144 37 4.0 21.8 4.9 4.3 7.6 11.9
Sept 13 61 27 4.1 13.5 5.9 2.2 22.4 11.3
Oct 16 184 75 4.0 30.4 6.1 6.5 97.9 65.9
Nov 54 224 94 4.2 26.4 8.1 16.5 103.2 47.6
Dec 67 180 111 4.4 85.5 14.1 6.7 142.3 54.5
Limit 100 80 80
Annual 11 340 85.3 4.5 85.5 6.4 2.2 142.3 30.4
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 RECOMMENDATIONS
 Making the public transport system efficient.
 Younger generation must be motivated for use of bicycles.
 Measures like construction of flyovers, making congested heavy traffic areas as one-way etc.
can be taken for smooth flow of traffic.
 Use of environmentally acceptable fuels like CNG, LPG and propane helps to reduce
pollutant levels.
 Unleaded petrol with low benzene( less than1%) is also environmentally acceptable, if it is
used with catalytic converter for treatment of exhaust gases.
 Ultra low sulphur diesel with 10ppm sulphur and low polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content
will be significantly less polluting.
Table:8 Emissions from CNG bus compared with Euro norms
Year of Particulate Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Carbon
Implementation Matter Oxides monoxide
Euro I 1993 0.4 1.23 9.0 4.9
Euro II 1996 0.15 1.1 7.0 4.0
Euro III 2000 0.10 0.66 5.0 2.1
Euro IV 2005 0.02 0.46 3.5 1.50
Emissions from CNG bus 0.014 0.04(non-methane hydrocarbon) 3.24 3.12
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 RECOMMENDATIONS
 The Indian 2/3 wheelers manufacturers have the different options to meet the emission norms like: -
Engine design improvements; Change from carbureted to fuel injection system; Change over to four stroke
technology; Fitment of exhaust emission control gadgets like catalytic converters.
 For passenger cars technological advancement are as Electronic fuel injection; Electronic ignition and
engine management; Three-way catalytic converters; Fitment of canisters and multipoint fuel injection.
 Pollution Under Control (PUC) is the existing system of periodic I&M in India which is a mandatory
requirement for all categories of on-road vehicles including two wheelers.
 Under this system a PUC certificate is issued for a vehicle upon conformity to emissions based on idle
test for Gasoline vehicles and free acceleration smoke test for diesel vehicles).

Table:9 Emission Limits for in-use vehicles in some countries

Country Gasoline Diesel 2/3 Wheelers
CO HC CO CO HC
India 3% - 65 HSU 4.5% -
Thailand 4.5% 600 4.5% 4.5% 10000
1.5% 200 With Cat. Conv.
Denmark 4.5% - 3.8BSU - -
0.5% - With 3-way Cat.
Austria 3.5% - Soot Bacharach No <4.5
0.3% - With 3-way Cat.
China 4.5% 900
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LET US MAKE EARTH A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE IN
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THANK YOU

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