ENGINE EMISSIONS and

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
POWER PLANT-1 Presentation
ENGINE EMISSIONS AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

PRESENTED BY:-

GHULAM NASEER IQBAL (4844)

ZIA UL HAQ (4899)

DAUD JALAL (4845)

RAB NAWAZ (4952)

SHAHID RASOOL (4927)

Outlines

Introduction, Types and Sources of engine emissions

Why do we measure engine emissions
How Emissions are formed in engines (Fundamentals
combustion and Stoichiometric Chemistry)?
Why and how lead content was removed from fuel?
What are legal requirements for engine emissions?
What are the conclusions?
ENGINE EMISSIONS - INTRODUCTION

• Engine emissions refer to the gases and particulate matter released by internal
combustion engines during their operation.
• These emissions can have detrimental effects on the environment and human
health, contributing to air pollution, climate change, and respiratory
problems.
• To address these concerns, various legal requirements have been put in place
worldwide to regulate and control IC engine emissions.

What is emission in IC engine?

• Undesirable emissions include unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM)
Types Of engine Emission

• Particulate Matter (PM):

Consists of tiny particles released during the
combustion process.
PM can have adverse health effects, especially when
inhaled, and contribute to air pollution.
• Hydrocarbons (HC):
Unburned or partially burned fuel compounds
released into the atmosphere.
HC emissions contribute to the formation of ground-
level ozone and smog.
SMOG FORMATION

Smog is created by the action of sunlight

on hydrocarbons(HC) in the atmosphere

and the main source of HC is the exhaust

gases of motor vehicles.

MOBILE SOURCES OF ENGINE EMISSION

Engine emissions primarily come from

transportation vehicles, including cars,
trucks, motorcycles, ships, and airplanes.
Industrial equipment, power plants, and
other machinery with internal combustion
engines also contribute to emissions.
• Ozone (O3) is formed from the precursors, volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
and can aggravate or contribute to respiratory illness or
heart disease, and damage plants and other things.
Why do we measure Engine Emission ?
• Society relies on internal combustion engines (ICEs) for transportation,
commerce and power generation: utility devices.
• ICEs power the 600 million passenger cars and other vehicles on our roads
today. 250 million vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks) were registered in 2008 in
US alone.
• A significant portion of air pollution in urban areas can be
attributed to combustion from transportation sources.
• On road and off-road sources represent 56% and 32% of the NOx emissions in
the Los Angeles Basin – 88% of the total.
• Particulate Matter (PM) emissions – soot and smoke from the exhaust and
particles that form in the air (secondary organic aerosol)
• The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 7 million people died
from air quality in 2012
How Emissions are formed in
engines( Fundamental combustion chemistry)
• Fundamental combustion Chemistry:
• ---combustion of methane
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
• ---burning of naphthalene
C10H8 + 12 O2 → 10 CO2 + 4 H2O
• ---combustion of ethane
2 C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O
• ---combustion of butane (commonly found in lighters)
2C4H10(g) +13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) +10H2O(g)
• ---combustion of methanol (also known as wood alcohol)
2CH3OH(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
• ---combustion of propane (used in gas grills and fireplaces)
2C3H8(g) + 7O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 8H2O(g)
How Emissions are formed in engines
( Stoichiometric combustion chemistry)
• Stoichiometric combustion -
where the amount of fuel
and air is correctly matched
to allow complete
combustion of the fuel
without having excess air
In IC Engine
Graph of stoichiometric combustion
Emission Reduction system of heavy Diesel
Engines
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF)
Engine out emissions
injected into exhaust

Tailpipe emissions
NOx (SCR out)

CO

Engine
PM
NOx

NOx reduced in PM trapped in NOx reduced in

CO reduced in Diesel
Exhaust Gas Diesel Particulate Selective Catalytic
Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
Recirculation (EGR) Filter (DPF) Reduction (SCR)
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

REDUCING LEAD CONTENT IN FUEL

Today LEAD has been removed from gasoline in all the countries in the world. The demand
for reduction of LEAD content was made:-
• To reduce the amount of airborne lead particles in atmosphere
• Lead is inhaled with air in human body in negligible amount
• It can be reduced by:
(1) Lower Knock Rating
(2) Increased cost of FP
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

REDUCING LEAD CONTENT IN FUEL

• Premium Petrol Octane number 98.5 with LEAD conc 0.4 g/L
• To reduce LEAD concentration to 0.15 g/L, it would require:-
1. Increase in Crude Oil consumption 0.5% by mass refinery
2. Accept the octane ratio of 95.5%

The 1st process is expensive while the 2nd process may lead to high thermal efficiency of
engine which ultimately causes more fuel consumption.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

LEGISLATIONS

Each country has its own legislations about the engine emissions. Their aim is to:-
• Reduce emission of HCs
• Reduce the emission of CO
• Reduce the emission of NOx

The aims of different countries are not directly comparable

As there are differences in sampling and measuring techniques.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

In USA in 1970 and Diesel Engines

• The requirement in USA in 1970 was to obtain 90% reduction in emissions from the 1970
stated levels.
• The Diesel Engine is low on HC and CO emissions
• The Diesel Engine is higher on NOx emissions
• The Diesel Engine is higher on particulate emissions
• The Diesel Engine emissions of NOx are 10 times
Compared to Petrol Engine
LEGISLATIONS IN CHINA & PAKISTAN

• IN CHINA: China has been actively working to reduce air pollution,

especially in major cities. The government has set emission
standards for various pollutants. China has implemented strict
vehicle emission standards, known as China VI, which are equivalent
to the Euro 6 standards. These standards regulate the emissions of
pollutants from both gasoline and diesel vehicles.
• IN PAKISTAN: The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act was
enacted on 6th December 1997 to provide for the protection,
conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of environment, for
the prevention and control of pollution, and promotion of
sustainable development.
KEY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

EMISSION LIMITS, COMPLIANCE TESTING

• Regulations establish specific limits for pollutants emitted by engines.

• Emission standards vary based on the type and size of the engine.
• Engines must undergo testing to verify compliance with emission limits.
• Manufacturers are required to obtain certifications for their engines.
• Testing methods and protocols are defined by regulatory bodies.
KEY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

MONITORING AND PENALITIES

• Engine operators must monitor and record emissions data regularly.
• Reporting requirements involve submitting emissions data to regulatory
agencies.
• Compliance with reporting obligations ensures transparency and accountability.
• Regulatory agencies impose penalties for non-compliance with emission
regulations.
• Penalties may include fines, suspension of operations, or legal consequences.
• Repeat offenders may face more severe penalties.
KEY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

Aftermarket Devices and OBD (Onboard

Diagnostics)
• Some regulations allow the use of retrofitting or aftermarket devices to
reduce emissions.
• These devices must be certified and compliant with applicable
standards.
• Proper installation and maintenance of these devices are necessary for
compliance.
• OBD systems are mandatory in many regions.
• They monitor engine performance and alert the operator if emissions
exceed allowable limits.
KEY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

International and Regional Harmonization:

• Global and regional agreements aim to harmonize engine emission
standards.
• Harmonization facilitates international trade and reduces
regulatory complexities.
• Manufacturers should consider both local and international
standards when developing engines for global markets.
CONCLUSIONS

• Environmental Protection: Legal requirements of engine

emissions are designed to protect the environment by
limiting the release of harmful pollutants into the air.
• Health and Safety: Engine emissions, particularly from
vehicles and industrial machinery, can have detrimental
effects on human health. Legal requirements aim to
minimize exposure to pollutants
CONCLUSIONS

• Market Transformation: Legal requirements stimulate

market transformation by promoting the adoption of
cleaner technologies and encouraging the production and
use of low-emission vehicles and machinery.
• Public Awareness and Engagement: Engine emissions
regulations raise public awareness about the
environmental and health impacts of emissions and foster
a sense of responsibility towards sustainable practices.