Unit 3

Emission Standards
Internal Combustion
Engine
B. Tech. VII
Semester, 2020-21

Dr. Ashish Nayyar

Mr. Ankit Agarwal
Mr. Chandan Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, M & G, Jaipur
 Engine Emissions
• Internal combustion engines generate undesirable emissions
during the combustion process.

• This emissions pollute the atmosphere and cause the following

problems:
Global warming
Acid rain
Smog
Odours
Respiratory and other health hazards

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 Cont...

• The major cause of these emissions are non- stoichiometric

combustion, dissociation of nitrogen and impurities in the fuel
and air.

• The major emissions concern are:

Unburnt hydrocarbons (HC)
Oxides of carbon (COx)
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
Oxides of sulphur (SOx)
Particulate matters (PM)

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 Cont...
Hydrocarbons (HC):

• HC formations are the main reason of incomplete combustion and

fuel vapor leakage (from the fuel tank and fuel pump).

• HC pollutants react with NO2 in the presence of sunlight and

produce lower level ozone, which is the initial component of smog.

• Ozone is desirable in the upper atmosphere, but in the lower

atmosphere, this gas causes problems with the respiratory system,
low lung capacity, cough and suffocation.

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 Cont...
Carbon monoxide (CO):

• CO produce due to the incomplete combustion of fuel and is

emitted directly from the engines tailpipes.

• Incomplete combustion is mostly occurs at low air/fuel mixture.

• These conditions are very common in diesel engines where fuel–air

mixture is heterogeneous (especially at the time of vehicle starting
and at higher altitudes where less amount of oxygen is available).

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 Cont...
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx):

• High temperature is the main reason of NOx production.

• At elevated temperature, nitrogen reacts with O2 and forms NO
and NO2.
• These pollutants support the formation of low level ozone and
PM.
• NOx emission is responsible for causing lung irritation and
weakens the body's defenses against respiratory infections such
as pneumonia and influenza.

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 Cont...
Sulfur dioxide (SO2):

• It is commonly produced by motor vehicles and power plants due

to burning of sulfur-containing fuel.

• SO2 can easily mix with atmospheric air and poses the greatest
health risk to young children and patients with asthma.

• Nowadays the amount of sulfur in diesel fuel is very less, which is

responsible to produce negligible amount of SO2 from the engine
tailpipe.

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 Cont...
Particulate matter (PM):

• PM or soot is created by thermal cracking and incomplete

combustion of diesel fuel.
• These particles of soot and metals give the smog its dark color.
• PM is a elementary pollutant, when combined with HC, NOx
and SO2, forms a secondary pollutant.
• Diesel emissions are a major contributor to PM emissions.
• PM fine particles (less than 0.1 μm) can pose the most serious
threat to human health, as they easily penetrate into the lungs.

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 Ways to control emissions
• Capture the vapors and burn them
EGR
Charcoal Canister

• Improve the combustion

Monitor mixture
Less Power
Change engine parameters

• Treat the exhaust

Fewer Emission

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Why stoichiometric ratio

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 Exhaust emissions measurement
Emissions Measuring Measurement Principle
Device

CO, CO2 Gas analyzer NDIR (Non dispersive Infrared)

HC

NOx Gas analyzer Electrochemical

Smoke Smoke meter Light absorption coefficient theory

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 Emission standards
• The amount of pollutants which are released in atmosphere are set
in limits and these limits are set by a set of governing bodies of
different parts of World.

The different governing bodies are following:-

I. USA : Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Of US.
California Air Resource Board(CARB) of California.
II. Europe: European Union.
III. India: Bharat Stage Emission Standard (BS).
IV. Japan: Japanese Government.

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 Cont...

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 Euro standard for passenger car (gm/km)

Diesel Year of Implementation CO HC NOX PM

Euro 1 1992 2.72 0.97 1.13 0.14

Euro 2
1996 1.00 0.70 0.80 0.08

Euro 3
2000 0.64 0.56 0.50 0.05

Euro 4
2005 0.50 0.23 0.18 0.025

Euro 5
2009 0.50 0.17 0.08 0.005

Euro 6
2014 0.50 0.17 0.08 0.005

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 Euro standard for passenger car (gm/km)

Petrol Year of Implementation CO HC NOX PM

Euro 1 1992 2.72 - - -

Euro 2
1996 2.30 - - -

Euro 3
2000 1.00 0.20 0.15 -

Euro 4
2005 1.00 0.10 0.08 -

Euro 5
2009 1.00 0.10 0.06 -

Euro 6
2014 1.00 0.10 0.06 -

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 Bharat stage emission norms (gm/km)

India Year of Implementation CO HC NOX PM

BS 1 2000 4.50 1.10 8.00 0.36

BS 2
2005* 4.0 1.10 7.0 0.15

BS 3
2010* 2.10 0.66 5.00 0.10

BS 4
2010** 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02

*National wide
**NCR, 13 Major cities.

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EURO standard for petrol cars

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EURO standard for diesel cars

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BS-IV v/s BS-VI (Heavy vehicle)

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BS-IV v/s BS-VI (Light vehicle)

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 Thanks......

I.C. Engine Laboratory

Department of Mechanical Engineering,
SKIT, Jaipur.
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