Most Important topic for all Competitive Examination (Automobile) Video_01

Contents

Lec_01 (Vehicle Emissions and their causes)

Problems due to emissions

Emission its types & Reason of emission

Methods of controlling Emissions

MCQ on ESE, GATE, RTO & Others State Engineering exams

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Vehicle Emissions: The major causes of these emissions are non-stoichiometric

combustion, dissociation of nitrogen, and impurities in the fuel and air.

The emissions exhausted into the surroundings pollute the atmosphere and causes
the following problems

 Global warming

 Acid rain

 Smog

 Odours

 Respiratory and other health hazards

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Engine Emissions:

1. Exhaust emissions 2. Non-exhaust emissions

 Exhaust Emissions

 Unburnt hydrocarbons, (HC)

 Oxides of carbon, (CO and CO2),

 Oxides of nitrogen, (NO and NO2)

 Oxides of sulphur, (SO2 and SO3)

 Particulates, soot and smoke.

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Non-exhaust emissions: Apart from exhaust emissions there are three other sources in
an automobile which emit emissions. They are

(i) Fuel tank: The fuel tank emits fuel vapours into the atmosphere.

(ii) Carburetor: The carburettor also gives out fuel vapours.

(iii) Crankcase: It emits blow-by gases and fuel vapours into the atmosphere.

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Oxides of nitrogen (NOx): Oxides of nitrogen are formed when combustion

temperatures rise above 1800 K.

Hydrocarbons (HC): Unburnt hydrocarbons arise from:

 Unburnt fuel remaining near the cylinder walls after incomplete combustion being removed
during the exhaust stroke;

 Incomplete combustion due to incorrect mixture strength.

Carbon monoxide (CO): This is produced by incomplete combustion arising from lack of
oxygen.

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Sulphur dioxide (SO2): Some diesel fuels contain small amounts of sulphur,
which combines with oxygen during combustion. This leads to the production of
sulphur dioxide that can, under certain conditions, combine with steam to produce
H2SO3, which is a corrosive substance.

Particulate matter (PM): The bulk of particulate matter is soot, which

arises from incomplete combustion of carbon. Other particulates arise from
lubricating oil on cylinder walls and metallic substances from engine wear.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2): Whilst CO2 is not treated as a harmful emission, it is

thought to be a major contributor to the greenhouse effect and efforts are constantly
being made to reduce the amount of CO2 that is produced.

Methods of controlling exhaust emissions: Two approaches to dealing

with exhaust emissions suggest themselves

1. Design measures to prevent the harmful emissions being produced.

2. Post combustion exhaust emission control

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Design measures to prevent the harmful emissions being

produced: In diesel engines, such measures include improved fuel quality, fuel
injection in a number of electronically controlled stages, better atomization of fuel
as occurs at higher injection pressures such as those used in common rail fuel
injection systems, and exhaust gas recirculation.

In petrol engines the approach is somewhat similar; lean burn engines employing
direct petrol injection are a development that has become reasonably well
established. Exhaust gas recirculation is widely used, as is variable valve timing to
overcome the combustion problems caused by valve overlap at idling speeds.
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Post combustion e exhaust emission control: In diesel engines this

consists of catalytic convertors to oxidize CO and HC, reduction catalysts to reduce
NOx, and particulate filters to remove particulate matter.

Petrol engines utilize three-way catalysts and computer-controlled fuelling systems.

Other technologies such as evaporative emissions control to eliminate HC emissions
escaping from the fuel system are also used.

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1. The NOx level in exhaust gas can be reduced by the following method: (OPSC
AEE 2019 PAPER - II)

A. Thermal reactor B. After burner

C. Advance spark timing D. Exhaust gas recirculation

2. Which of the following is not a byproduct of the ideal combustion in IC

engine.

A. Co2 B. Co

C. Water D. oxides od Sulphur

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3. Which of the following is not a significant cause for HC emission in 4- stroke

IC engine

A. Flame quenching B. Valve Overlapping

C. Leakage past exhaust valve D. Incomplete combustion of lubricant oil

4. Which of the following is typically not lowered in engine exhaust by catalytic

converter

A. CO B. Particulates

C. NOx D. HC

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5. Which of the following statement is incorrect about Selective catalytic reduction

A. Increases Nox content in engine exhaust

B. The reluctance is typically automotive grade urea

C. Vanadia & Zeolite based catalyst are used

D. The reduction need to be periodically replenished

6. Which of the following is one of the major exhaust emissions from CI engines
compared to SI engines?

A. Oxides of nitrogen B. Particulates

C. Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide D. Unburnt hydrocarbon

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7. Which of the following particles is called the particulate pollutants?

A. Ozone B. Radon

C. Fly Ash D. Ethylene

8. Why lead compounds added in petrol?

A. Increase power output B. Reduce knocking

C. Reduce exhaust temperature D. Reduce HC emission

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9. Consider he following emissions of an IC engine:[UPPSC, CGPSC-2014]

1. CO 2. Smoke Emissions 3. Nox

4. Particulate Matter 5. HC

Which of these emissions cause photochemical smog?

A. 1 and 2 B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 2, 3 and 4

D. 2, 3 and 5 E. 3 and 5

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10. Which of the following actions will help to reduce the black smoke emission
of a diesel engine? [ESE-2018]

1. Run at lower load, i.e., derating

2. Have regular maintenance of the diesel engine, particularly of injection

system

3. Use diesel oil of higher Cetane number

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 only

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11. What is the major difference between BS-IV and BS-VI norms.?

A. BS-IV fuels contain 80 ppm sulphur and BS-VI fuels contain 60 ppm
sulphur

B. BS-IV fuels contain 100 ppm sulphur and BS-VI fuels contain 90 ppm
sulphur

C. BS-IV fuels contain 50 ppm sulphur and BS-VI fuels contain 10 ppm
sulphur

D. BS-IV fuels contain 150 ppm sulphur and BS-VI fuels contain 110 ppm
sulphur

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12. Reducing the compression ratio of an engine reduces the combustion

temperature, and this

A. reduces the amount of NOx formed

B. increases the amount of NOx formed

C. reduces the amount of HC formed

D. increases the amount of H2O formed

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Answer of Practice questions

1-D, 2-B, 3-D, 4-B, 5-A, 6-B, 7-C, 8-B, 9-E, 10-D, 11-
C, 12-A

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