Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CO CO2 CH4 Others N2O NO NO2 SO2 SO3 Particles Smoke
Poison Aerosols Soot
Poison GHG GHG Carcinogens GHG P C Smog P C Smog Visibility Acid Rain Acid Rain
P C Smog OD GHG Acid Rain
Visibility
Irritation
S.I. ENGINE EMISSIONS
EVAPORATIVE CRANKCASE EXHAUST
UBHC UBHC
A: Major contributor
B: Secondary influence
EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS
Major Sources:
Dirunal Emissions
Gasoline vapours are expelled from the tank (or float bowl)
when the car is driven and the fuel tank becomes hot.
1. CO
1. NO
1. HC
CO Formation
• Primarily dependent on the equivalence ratio.
• Levels of CO observed are lower than the maximum values
measured within the combustion chamber
of flame.
• Mixture that burns early is compressed to higher temperatures after
combustion, as the cylinder pressure continues to rise.
• Mixture that burns later is compressed primarily as unburned mixture
and ends up after combustion at a lower burned gas temperature.
O + N2 NO + N
N + O2 NO + O
N + OH NO + H
• Assuming equilibrium concentrations for O, O2, N2, OH and H
corresponding to the equivalence ratio and burned gas fraction of the mixture
we obtain the rate-limited concentration profile. The NO concentration
corresponding to chemical equilibrium can also be obtained.
• The rate-controlled concentrations arise from the residual gas NO concentration,
lagging the equilibrium levels, then cross the equilibrium levels and
“freeze” well above the equilibrium values corresponding to exhaust conditions.
• Depending on details of engine operating conditions, the rate limited
concentrations may or may not come close to equilibrium levels at
peak cylinder pressure and gas temperature.
• The amount of decomposition from peak NO levels, which occurs
during expansion depends on engine conditions as well as whether
the mixture element burned early or late.
• The earlier burning fractions of the charge contribute much more to
the exhausted NO than do later burning fractions of the charge.
• Frozen NO concentrations in these early-burning elements can be
an order of magnitude higher than concentrations in late burning elements.
• In the absence of vigorous bulk gas motion, the highest NO
concentrations occur nearest the spark plug.
• These descriptions of NO formation in the SI engine have been confirmed
by experimental observations.
Among the major engine variables that affect NO emissions are
1. Equivalence Ratio
2. Burned gas fraction (Residual gas plus EGR if any)
3. Excess air
4. Spark Timing
HC Formation:
The sequence of processes involved in the engine out HC emissions is:
1. Storage
2. In-cylinder post-flame oxidation
3. Residual gas retention
4. Exhaust oxidation
HC Sources
1. Quench Layers
• These are narrow volumes present around the surface of the combustion
chamber, having high surface-to-volume ratio into which flame will not
propagate.
• They are present between the piston crown and cylinder liner, along the
gasket joints between cylinder head and block, along the seats of the intake
and exhaust valves, space around the plug center electrode and between spark
plug threads.
• During compression and combustion, these crevice volumes are filled with
unburned charge. During expansion, a part of the UBHC-air mixture leaves
the crevices and is oxidized by the hot burned gas mixture.
• The exhaust HC was primarily unreacted fuel and not oil or oil-derived compounds.
• It has been proposed that fuel vapor absorption into and desorption from
oil layers on the walls of the combustion chamber could explain
the presence of HC in the exhaust.
4. Deposits
• Deposit buildup on the combustion chamber walls (which occurs in vehicles
over several thousand kilometers) is known to increase UBHC emissions.
Flame extinction in the bulk gas before the flame front reaches the wall is a
source of HC emissions under certain engine operating conditions.
Exhaust Emission Control:
Currently, the most important after-treatment device is the Three-way catalyst (TWC),
which was first installed in the US in 1975.
Three-way catalyst consists of:
• Rhodium – the principal metal used to remove NO
• Platinum – the principal metal used to remove HC and CO
NO reacts with CO, HC and H2 via reduction reactions on the surface of the catalyst.
Remaining CO and HC are removed through an oxidation reaction
forming CO2 and H2O in the products.
• Catalytic reactors must have low thermal inertia, that is, it must be constructed
of material, which have low specific heat but high thermal conductivity. Hence
warm up time to operating temperature will be less.