Department of Collegiate and Technical Education

Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS

Session 1 : Introduction

HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS -15ME41T

IV Semester – Mechanical Engineering
 RECAP

 Introduction
 Classification of Fluid
 Newton’s law of Viscosity

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 Introduction

 In the industry we use three methods for transmitting power

from one point to another.

 Mechanical Transmission is through

shafts,gears,chains,belts,etc.

 Electrical Transmission is through wires, transformers,etc.

 Fluid power is through liquids or gas in a confined space.

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 Fluid Power and Its Scope
 Fluid Power is the technology that deals with genration,control and transmission of Forces and
movement of mechanical element or systems with the use pressurized fluids in a confined
system.Both liquids and gases are considered fluids.Fluid power system includes a hydraulic system
and a pneumatic system.Oil hydraulic employs pressurized liquid petroleum oils and synthetic oils,
and pneumatic employs compressed air that is released to the atmosphere after performing the work.

 The term “fluid” we refer to air or oil,for it has been shown that water has certain drawbacks in the
transmission of hydraulic power in machine operation and control.

 The application of fluid power is limited only by the ingenuity of the designer,production engineer or
plant engineer.

 If the application pertains to lifting,pushing,pulling,clamping,tilting,forcing,pressing or any other

straight line motions,it is possible that fluid power will meet the requirement.

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 What Is Fluid ????

 Fluid is a substance that is capable of flowing.It has no definite shape of its own.It

has no definite shape of its own.It assumes the shape of its container.

 Both liquids and gases are fluids.

 Examples of fluids are :

I. Water
II. Milk
III. Kerosene
IV. Petrol
V. Emulsions etc.

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 Classification of Fluid

Types of Fluids
Fluids can be classified into five basic types.They are :
1. Ideal Fluid
2. Real Fluid
3. Pseudo-plastic Fluid
4. Newtonian Fluid
5. Non-Newtonian Fluid

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 Ideal Fluid

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 Real Fluid

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 Pseudo-Plastic Fluid

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 Newtonian Fluid

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 Non-Newtonian Fluid

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 Viscosity

Viscosity is a property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to

motion.
• Ethanol
• Water
• Honey
• Sludge
• Slurry
• Pastes

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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity

Velocity gradient

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 Newton’s Law of Viscosity

It states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of
shear strain.The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of
viscosity.Mathematically,it is expressed as given by equation

τ α
τ = µ
µ = Viscosity of the fluid,units of µ is kg/ms,Poise,Pa.s
1poise = 1g/cm.s

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 Properties of fluid

Properties of fluids determine how fluids can be used in engineering and

technology.They also determine the behaviour
Of fluids in fluid mechanics.They are :
 Density
 Specific Weight
 Specific Gravity
 Specific Volume

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