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Induced sheath voltage in power cables :A review

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DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.032

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 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Induced sheath voltage in power cables: A review

M. Shaban a,n, M.A. Salam a, S.P. Ang a, William Voon b
a
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei (UTB), Brunei Darussalam
b
Berakas Power Management Company, Brunei

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a review on analytical techniques used to calculate induced sheath voltage in
Received 22 October 2014 metallic sheaths of underground cables and overhead lines. The main purpose of this paper is to re-
Received in revised form examine the existing research with the prospect of identifying possible gaps and differences that exist in
28 March 2016
the different approaches used to calculate induced sheath voltage. The different aspects of research
Accepted 3 May 2016
conducted on induced sheath voltage in cables and lines due to lightning or mutual effects have been
examined. The findings indicate that when two parallel cables are fairly close together then the elec-
Keywords: tromagnetic coupling effect between the adjacent cables is difficult to calculate. Therefore, this review
Induced sheath voltage not only describes the influence of the different arrangements of the cables but it also examines the
Transposition
distance between the cables to calculate their effect on the magnitude of induced sheath voltage.
Bonding
Comparative results of different arrangements of cables and bonding are also provided to show their
Underground cables
effectiveness in a given scenario.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236

2. Simulation of induced sheath voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238
3. Cable installation and induced sheath voltage . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1238
4. Induced voltage calculation formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
5. Induced voltage general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
6. Voltage gradients induced in cable sheath. . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
7. Trefoil formation single circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1241
8. Flat formation single circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242
9. Induced sheath voltage due to lightning strike . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242
10. Frequency domain and time domain method (FDTD) for the calculation of induced voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243
11. An overview of approaches and models. . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244
12. Limitations of the literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248
13. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249

1. Introduction that support different theories proposed in past. The importance of

this paper lies in the fact that it re-examines the past research
This article reviews the existing literature and attempts to conducted by the relevant authorities in the field with the objec-
demonstrate different induced sheath voltage calculation methods tive of identifying the problems in the findings of the past
research. It also highlights the possible areas where further
n
research is required.
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 673 8684357.
For more than a century, overhead lines have been the most
E-mail addresses: m_shaban_khan@yahoo.com (M. Shaban),
abdus.salam@itb.edu.bn (M.A. Salam), ang.swee.peng@itb.edu.bn (S.P. Ang), commonly used technology for transmitting electrical energy at all
william.voon@bpmc-brunei.com (W. Voon). voltage levels. Cables are widely used for underground alternating

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.032
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251
current electricity distribution and progressively over longer dis-
tances. Cables have been studied for a long time, first for the
transmission of signals and then for energy at industrial fre-
quencies. Therefore, many analytical formulations have existed for
almost a century though some effects like the proximity of cables
have received secondary attention.
The use of underground cables has a great impact on the
quality of power and has become one of the most popular topics of
discussion among power engineers and researchers. Of particular
relevance are the high frequency current, induced sheath voltage
and voltage transients resulting from switching operations. The
problems depend on several factors including: configuration of the
underground cables, the characteristics of circuit breaker (CB),
general network topology, as well as other external factors. To
some extent, induced sheath voltage can be worse in the case of
switching at the transition point of overhead to underground
transmission. It is, therefore, crucial to address the impact of this
switching on design requirements, not only for extra high voltage
(EHV) systems but also in the case of medium transmission vol-
tage, such as the 132 kV systems [1]. The systems just described
are known to be dominant in many urban areas [2].
There are a number of dedicated models in EMTP-type suites
that can be used for cable and transmission lines. The modeling
choices vary from a simple PI model approach to more complex
ones. Some of the models are based on theories developed by early
researchers, which were established over 30 years ago [3–7].
These models are the frequency-dependent (FD) type that take
into account the distributed nature and frequency-dependent
characteristics of the cable (or transmission lines) parameters. In
other words, they have been formulated to model transient ana-
lysis. However, these models are not general and in some situa-
tions may not be suitable for certain network configurations.
Efforts have been made in validating cable models by a detailed
comparison for several cases in ATP/EMTP [8,9]. However, the
approach used in [8] only gives examples of single phase energi-
zation of cables. Recently, Nichols et al. [9] carried out a practical
comparison examining several frequency-dependent models such
as Hermann [10] and Semlyen [3] approaches for the case of three
phase energization. However these models are a bit inconsistent in
their explanation of transient magnitudes because the findings are
numerically unstable. Consequently, suggestions arise from pre-
viously studied models which demand further research to discover
innovative cable models. Such models are currently incorporated
in PSCAD/EMTDC, for instance, one of them is the Universal Line
Model (ULM) [7].
The energization of an underground cable results in high fre-
quency voltage and current. The behavior of these transients are
determined by many factors. For example the transient peak
magnitudes are influenced by the closing span of CB contacts and
the closing angle (point-on-wave) on power frequency voltage
[11]. To ensure precise and reliable results from simulation, a
carefully designed model of the power system network, with the
inclusion of precise frequency-dependent cable model, is indis-
pensable. The available research shows that these assessments are
predominately carried out for EHV transmission systems using the
ATP/EMTP programs [12,13].
Switching transients in three phase systems can be very complex
[14,15]. The research in [16] is a study on the applicability and validity
of other models, namely the frequency-dependent mode (FD-Mode)
and frequency-dependent phase (FD-Phase) models previously
described in [17]. Still an extensive study of underground cables
should be carried out with a view to provide useful information on
switching overvoltage distributions based on the statistical method, as
suggested by the IEC standards [18,19]. The modeling work to analyze
the transient studies for underground cables can be carried out on
ATP/EMTP-RV platform [20].
1237
The fundamental theory of the voltage induced from an over-
head power line was first given by Wagner in 1908 [21]. According
to this theory, the charged thunderstorm cloud induced by an
overhead line is at ground potential and that when the cloud is
rapidly discharged by lightning, bound charge is released and this
increases the roaming waves of the voltage and current. After
initial development by Wagner, Adendorff (1911) presents an
insightful description of the various problems created by lightning.
He noted that overhead static wires solidly grounded at the poles
would significantly reduce the effects due to a straight strike on
the line and presented his view at that time that: “If the discharge
is very heavy, usually is the case, the probabilities are that a por-
tion of the section struck will totally disappear” [22].
A research by Wagner and McCann (1940s) explains that the
induced overvoltage occurs because most of the components of
the lightning discharge process, including the effects of the return
stroke [23]. In response for this research, Szpor tried to calculate
the induced sheath voltage on the line caused by a nearby light-
ning strike but he witnessed that the quasi-static nature of his
solution limited the application of his results to lightning within
about 100 m of the line [24].
Golde has compared frequencies of occurrence of surges caused
by direct lightning strike with the frequencies generated due to
induced effects for various types of overhead lines [25]. The theory
in [26] has presented a model in which charge was exponentially
distributed by the leader, charge neutralization by the return
stroke did not take place immediately caused by the charge stored
on the corona sheath; and return stroke velocity was expected to
decrease exponentially with height. Lundholm [27] has estab-
lished categorical expressions for induced voltage based on the
model described in [23]. He derived expressions for the vector
potential in terms of the assumed channel current and scalar
potential in terms of the charge on the channel. However, his final
results for these potentials do not satisfy the Lorentz condition.
A surprising result was discovered in [28] stating that the
induced voltage on any one conductor was not influenced by the
presence of other conductors in parallel or vicinity. Chowdhuri
[29] disagreeing with [28] argued that the presence of other
conductors influences the induced voltage on a conductor of a
multi-conductor line. Chowdhuri and Gross [30] have reported
that in the presence of other conductors induced voltage was
greater and could be measured by considering their mutual cou-
pling. In 1971, a theory was presented in [31] on induced voltage in
overhead lines in which author agreed with [28] argued that the
presence of other insulated conductors of multi conductor lines
will not affect the voltage on any other conductor which chal-
lenged the research presented in [29,30]. The South African group
Eriksson et al. [32,33] in the early 1980s contained duplications of
typical measured overvoltage and showed comparisons with
theoretically calculated wave shapes.
Hamelin et al. [34] in France derived the electric and magnetic
fields produced by a vertical dipole and described line coupling
sufficiently. But, they used a very basic return stroke model cur-
rent with a double exponential wave shape. After this theory, Koga
et al. [35] give another theory to explicate Japanese data on
induced voltage. Their derivation of the horizontal electric field
due to finite earth conductivity appear to be perfect. For this
reason, insufficient research on lightning fields and induced vol-
tages associated with the ground strike point, barred them from
making any evaluations between theory and measurement. Hor-
izontal field was again considered by Smith [36] and Vance [37] in
which, they discussed formulations of the transmission line
equations involving a horizontal electric field. Numerous groups
with knowledge of coupling of incident electromagnetic fields to
overhead conductors studied the effects of the Nuclear Electro-
magnetic Pulse (NEMP) on overhead conductors.
1238 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251
Beyond horizontal electric field, vertical excitation was also
considered by Agrawal et al. [38] who presented a complete design
of the general problem in the time domain in the occurrence of
simultaneous horizontal and vertical excitation. Hill analysis [39]
shows that the direction of sections of lightning channels were
randomly distributed for the total channel lengths examined
between 1 km and 4.3 km and for the segment lengths examined
between 5 m and 70 m, the mean absolute value of the channel
direction azimuth change being 16°.
2. Simulation of induced sheath voltage
In 1979, Yokoyama [40] investigated surge arrester behavior of
lightning induced voltage exactly using computer program which
could signify the operations of many arresters. But, it could not
handle multi-conductor systems. In 1984, same author [41] con-
tinued his previous work and developed a computer program for
analysis of lightning induced voltage on overhead multi-conductor
systems. Continuing the same study Shigeru [42] analyzed light-
ning induced voltage on a multi-conductor system using a calcu-
lation program, surge suppressing effects of distribution surge
arresters were analyzed for overvoltage due to indirect lightning
strikes.
New program named EMTP-RV (Electromagnetic Transients
Program restructured version) was launched specially for tran-
sients and then was used by Paulino et al. [43] who described the
application of the Rusck's theory of lightning induced voltage on
transmission lines in EMTP. Authors presented different phases of
implementation such as interfacing problems between Rusck's
model and the EMTP. Xudong et al. [44] have used the same
software to analyze the induced sheath voltage and current among
transmission lines. Results provide instructions in selecting and
designing power transmission equipment.
After the EMTP usage, software results were tested and com-
pared with experiments by some authors. Goto et al. [45] have
presented experimental explanations of surge dissemination
characteristics on numerous cables like underground, overhead,
on a building floor, on the earth surface and in water. The mea-
sured results showed that a coaxial mode of surge propagation
does not depend on the cable outer medium, either overhead or
underground but an earth return mode is heavily dependent on
the outer medium. EMTP simulation results show a reasonable
precision in comparison with the experimental results. Afterwards
a series of experiments were done by Mata et al. [46] who studied
the reactions of a two conductor overhead power line to a direct
lightning strike using triggered-lightning experiment and EMTP
modeling of the experiment.
EMTP was used as a design tester by Ametani and Kawamura
[47]. They analyzed switching and lightning overvoltage to design
power stations and substations from the lookout of insulation
coordination using EMTP. The same software was tested again by
Mellit et al. [48]. They calculated induced voltage in metallic line
side cables using solution of transmission line equations. Devel-
oped software was tested to access induced voltage in North Island
New Zealand.
3. Cable installation and induced sheath voltage
Wedmore et al. [49] have prepared guide to state methods of
selection of three separate unarmored single conductor cables. In
this guide, the investigation consists of comparison of relative
merits of cables laid in trefoil and flat formation. Investigation
shows that if sheaths are bonded at one point only then the sheath
eddy current losses are small but induced voltage is produced by
conductor currents. In Table 1, numerical values are given for
Mercier's cable pretending a conductor current of 300 A, for dif-
ferent configurations and axial separations.
The arcs in Fig. 1 display that the magnitude of the induced e.m.
f. rises quickly with the increase in axial separation of the cables,
as expected since the e.m.f. is essentially due to the flux between
them. The analytical treatment with some experimental test was
done in [50] in order to clear the basic concept of the phenomenon
of the induce voltage during cable installation. Rhodes and Wright
have discussed induced voltage in sheaths of cross bonded AC
cables. Vector diagram in Fig. 2 shows the differences in the phases
of the induced sheath voltage are not the same for both positive
and negative – sequence conditions. The reasons for the differ-
ences can be understood by a vector diagram for negative-
sequence conditions [51].
Bates and Hawley [52] have presented a model to determine
transient current and voltage in long coaxial cable and concluded
that induced voltage can be enhanced for near grazing wave
incidence but less in buried cables as compared to overhead cables
and they have given only computer based conclusions not
experimental results. Figs. 3 and 4 show the calculated outer
conductor current for the case of aerial cable 8 m above the earth
for numerous values of θi (Incident angle). The current pulse A in
Fig. 3, which corresponds to the broadside case (θi¼ 0°), increases
quickly till t ¼0.05 μs. So, the field returned from the earth is
incident on the cable causing the slope of the current pulse to
decline. At t¼ 0.1 μs, the incident field turn out to be zero and the
current begins to decrease. At 0.15 μs, the mutual effect of the
reflected pulse was observed. As θi was improved, the peak cur-
rent was increased by a factor of about 40 at θi¼ 89°. When θi was
improved more to 89.9°, the peak current decreased, showing the
fact that the finite conductivity of the outer conductor prevents
the induced current from increasing for an indefinite period.
In Fig. 4, the outer conductor current has been presented for a
cable buried at a depth of 1 m for three angles of incidence 0, 76°,
and 89°. In this case, the transmission of the incident wave into the
earth is such that the outer conductor current decreases with the
increase in angle of incidence. Fig. 5 offers the voltage across
impedance of 105 Ω for a semi-infinite aerial cable. One obvious
characteristic of these voltage pulses is that the time distinction is
much slower than that of the outer conductor current pulses in
Fig. 5. The performance of the induced sheath voltage for a buried
cable (Fig. 6) has been interesting where the outer conductor
current is a maximum when θi¼0°.
Yokoyama et al. have developed an analog simulation method
to study phenomenon of lightening induced voltage using 1:200
scale model [53]. Following the simulation in [53], Jeewantha De
Silva et al. proposed an algorithm to impose passivity on the time-
domain simulation model for a multi-conductor cable or trans-
mission line [54]. The concept of algorithm is explained precisely
in [55] stating that when a step voltage is applied to only one
Table 1
E.M.F.'s induced in the sheaths of Mercier's cable by core currents of 300 A per
phase in a three-phase system of unarmored single-conductor cables [49].
Distance Induced e.m.f.’s to neutral
(cm)
Triangular spa- Flat spacing with Flat spacing not
cing (V) transposition (V) transposed
Outer (V) Middle (V)
5.5 26 33 41 26
14.7 56 63 69 56
24.5 71 78 84 71
49.1 92 100 104 92
 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251 1239

Fig. 3. Induced current in aerial cable outer conductor [52].

Fig. 1. Calculated values of voltage induced in- the insulated lead sheaths of a
three-phase system of unarmored single-conductor cables [49].
Fig. 4. Current induced in buried cable outer conductor [52].
C
eath
2/3u
Cab le Sh

1/3u
ω
1/3u

Cable Sheath B Ia (ref)

0.u
2/3u

2/3u

1/3u Cable
Shea
th A

Fig. 2. Vector diagram for the induced EMF in the sheaths of a set of cables in a flat-
spaced configuration [51].

phase, the transient overvoltage observed at the first joint of a

cross bonded system may be calculated by equivalent circuits
which were established in terms of the surge impedance of the
cable in the coaxial mode, the sheath-sheath and the sheath-earth
surge impedances.
Brockbank and Webb [56] have considered the precise practical
determination of inductive losses in an AC system of single core
lead-covered cables in detail, and test results which are correlated
with calculations were mentioned. Using the similar method,
Petrache [57] presented experimental results achieved at the Fig. 5. Voltage across termination of aerial cable for various angles of
International Center for Lightning Research & Testing (ICLRT), incidence [52].
1240 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251
Fig. 6. Voltage across termination of buried coaxial cable for various angles of
incidence [52].
a A b B c C
D
Fig. 7. Crossed horizontal arrangement [59].
Camp Blanding, Florida, where currents induced by triggered and
natural lightning events were calculated at one end of a shielded
buried cable, both in the cable shield and in the inner conductor.
Gouramanis et al. [58] investigated the operation of single core
underground medium voltage cables associated in parallel. The
cable arrangement comprises of nine single core cables connected
in parallel to form a triple three phase system. Induced voltage and
current in metallic sheaths of cable were calculated under steady
state and short circuit conditions. In advancement of [58],
Xiangping et al. [59] stated that parallel cables originate various
problems to its operation safety and management because of the
obvious electromagnetic coupling effect. The influence of phase
distance and arrangement of cables on induced voltage in metal
shield of cables was also showed. The operating characteristics of
distance protection were considered in a particular project.
Different arrangements of parallel cables are shown in
Figs. 7–11.
Table 2 gives the induced voltage values in different arrange-
ments that are shown in above Fig. 7 till 11.
Vangala et al. [60] have reported on a field study conducted in
Florida in which a high-speed data logger was used to display the
voltage at the terminals of two photovoltaic arrays. Authors con-
cluded that the field dimensions seem reliable with laboratory
measurements and suggested that DC-side protection for PV
power electronics is important. Montano et al. [61] have proposed
a simple circuit method for effective application of the Agrawal
et al. model using any circuit simulation software having built-in
transmission line models.
Research in [62] presented a numerical investigation of light-
ning induced magnetic fields reduction and voltage inside double-
layer grid-like spatial shields. To evaluate the additional reduction
of the latter shield, the results of the single-layer shield were
compared to those of the double-layer one. Du et al. [63] have
presented an experimental study for induced voltage and cable
resistances related with the installation of cables within the
buildings and also have provided recommendations for the
installation of single-conductor armored cables in buildings.
Fig. 12 shows the cable formation for four wire distributions.
When the cables are placed on the GI (Galvanized Iron) tray, the
induced armor voltage regarding the tray was measured as the
a b c A B C
Fig. 8. Independent horizontal arrangement [59].
a b c
D
D1
A B C
Fig. 9. Vertical arrangement [59].
D
a A
b c B C
Fig. 10. Equilateral triangle horizontal arrangement [59].
a
b c
A D1
B C
Fig. 11. Equilateral triangle vertical arrangement [59].
tray was used as the protective conductor. The induced voltage on
the cable armor is mainly determined by flux linkage in the armor
loop formed by the cable armor and the tray. As the armor loop is
perpendicular to the source current loop made by cable con-
ductors, the mutual inductance is usually small, and the analogous
induced armor voltage would be low. Table 3 shows the voltage
gradient induced on the cable armor at 50 Hz.
Fig. 13 shows the relationship between the ratio of induced
voltage gradient and the harmonic order for all three formations of
four wire distribution explained above.
Demetrios [64] have discussed the types of underground
cables, their bonding and grounding methods, fundamental dif-
ferences between overhead transmission lines and cable electrical
characteristics and short circuit protection for high voltage ac
cables. After his work, a method was proposed by Xiang-ping [65]
for calculating induced voltage in the shield of single-core cable
using basics of electromagnetic field theory and suggested proper
phase distance and arrangement of cables should be chosen to
reduce the induced voltage in metal shield.
 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251 1241

Table 2
The induced voltage in metal shield when cables arranged in different modes with same phase distance [59].

Arrangements Overall induced voltage (V) Maximum of induced voltage along shield (V)

Double circuits of crossed horizontal arrangement 64.29 154.07

Double circuits of independent horizontal arrangement 64.29 86.02
Double circuits of vertical arrangement 25.92 97.85
Double circuits of equilateral triangle horizontal arrangement 0 21.77
Double circuits of equilateral triangle vertical arrangement 0 21.77
Single circuit of horizontal arrangement 21.77 93.06

D 4. Induced voltage calculation formulae

In, 1988, [69] IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi-

A B C N neers) have presented a guide for sheath bonding methods for
single-conductor cables and the calculation of induced voltage and
currents in cable sheaths. Although the guide was written on
D D D induced voltage and currents in the metal sheaths, the principles
apply correspondingly to concentric neutrals and cable shields as
well. In this standard, authors have given the guidance about
A B C N bonding methods and also the rules and regulations of the
bonding and how to calculate induced voltage and current of the
bonding system. Then the advantages and disadvantages were
D discussed thoroughly.
B

A C N
5. Induced voltage general
Fig. 12. Cable formation for three-phase four-wire distribution system. (a) FT (b) FS
(c) TF [63]. Any conductor Ep lying in parallel with three conductors car-
rying balanced three- phase currents will have voltage induced Ep
Table 3 along its length that can be expressed as in Eq. (1) given in [69].
Largest induced armor voltage on the cables
"
 pffiffiffi
#
fitted in tray [63].
7 1 2Sap Scp 3 2Scp
Ep ¼ jωI b ð2:10 Þ log e þj log e V=m ð1Þ
Cable formation Measurement (mV/A/m) 2 dSbp 2 Sap

Flat & spaced 0.187

Flat & touching 0.147
Trefoil 0.091
6. Voltage gradients induced in cable sheath

It's a special case because parallel conductor is a sheath at

Ratio of Induced Voltage

1.2
spacing from conductor equal to the mean radius of sheath. When
1
no other current carrying conductor is there, three induced sheath
Gradient

0.8 FS Configuration
voltage gradients for group of cables in any formation carrying
0.6 FT Configuration
balanced three phase conductor currents are shown in Eqs. (2)–(4)
0.4 TF Configuration stated in [69].
0.2 " ! pffiffiffi
#
0 1 2Sab 2 3 2Sac
1 3 5 7 9 11 Ea ¼ jωI b ð2:10  7 Þ  log e þ j log e V=m ð2Þ
2 dSac 2 d
Harmonic Order(h)
"
 pffiffiffi
#
Fig. 13. Induced armor voltage for cables on GI tray [63]. 1 4Sab Sbc 3 Sbc
Eb ¼ jωI b ð2:10  7 Þ log e 2
þ j log e V=m ð3Þ
2 d 2 Sab
Conti et al. [66] have investigated the impact of considering
actual insulation volt-time curves both in the calculation of " ! pffiffiffi
#
1 2Sbc 2 3 2Sac
lightning-induced voltage and in the approximation of the number Ec ¼ jωI b ð2:10  7 Þ  log e  j log e V=m ð4Þ
2 dSac 2 d
of flashovers an overhead wire per year due to lightning strokes.
Andrea [67] has emphasized on the calculation of induced voltage
on internal and external conductors for both interference and
people and equipment safety. This research focused on the CCITT 7. Trefoil formation single circuit
(The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Com-
mittee) method for the assessment of induced voltages in electric In trefoil: Sab ¼Sbc ¼Sac
traction systems, as well as power transmission and distribution Then Eqs. (2)–(4) can be reduced to Eqs. (5)–(7) as per [69].
systems. Xiande and Zhou [68] have discussed China's first UHV   pffiffiffi!

1 3 2S
(Ultra High Voltage) single-circuit transmission line project that Ea ¼ jωI b 2:10 7
 þj log e V =m ð5Þ
2 2 d
was completed and put into operation successfully.
1242 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251

 

2S from the Eq. (12) stated in [71].
Eb ¼ jωI b 2:10  7 log e V=m ð6Þ

d S
X 1 ¼ 2:893  10  3 f :log 10 Ω=φ=km ð12Þ
pffiffiffi! GMR
 

1 3 2S
Ec ¼ jωI b 2:10  7  þj log e V=m ð7Þ
2 2 d
(3) Negative sequence impedance of the cable
The negative sequence impedance of the cable is equal to the
positive sequence impedance as shown in Eq. (13) from [71].
Z 2 ¼ Z 1 ¼ R1 þ jX 1 Ω=φ=km ð13Þ
8. Flat formation single circuit
Lattarulo [72] has used the concept of surface impedance to
demonstrate the calculation of Electric field peripheral to the
In flat formation, the axial spacing of adjacent cables is
plane of lossy ground. Rubinstein [73] has presented formula to
equivalent to S. Then, induced sheath voltage gradients are
calculate horizontal electric field from lightning applicable for all
expressed in Eqs. (8)–(10) as stated in [69].
distances and heights.
pffiffiffi !
  1 S 3 4S
Ea ¼ jωI b 2:10  7  log e þ j log e V=m ð8Þ
2 d 2 d
9. Induced sheath voltage due to lightning strike

  2S Tesche et al. [74] have examined responses of four different

Eb ¼ jωI b 2:10  7 log e V =m ð9Þ
d types of shielded conduits to direct lightning strike. This paper
introduces the protection elements, frequent grounding of cable
pffiffiffi !
  1 S 3 4S sheaths and use of good junction between sections of conduits.
Ec ¼ jωI b 2:10 7
 log e þ j log e V =m ð10Þ Fig. 15 demonstrates two shielded enclosures connected by a
2 d 2 d
buried cable conduit and excited by a direct lightning strike. Fig. 16
In [70], a revised version of one of the previous standards was illustrates the model of the conduit and internal wire excited by a
direct lightning strike.
presented. This recommended information for the determination
Cooray [75] has developed equations in time domain to
of the appropriate values of fault produced power station GPR and
represent lightning generated electromagnetic fields at different
induction for use in the design of protection systems. In [71],
depths. The equations connect underground EM fields to surface
equations for calculating positive and zero sequence impedances
fields that can be calculated. Several examples were illustrated on
for an overhead line and an underground three core, insulated
how electric and magnetic field vary as a function of depth and
metallic sheath covered cable were presented. conductivity. The electric radiation field at the surface of the earth
In the calculations, it was assumed that the cable sheath was generated by the discharge and the magnetic radiation field by
insulated from the surrounding earth. Fig. 14 shows a cross section (subscript refers to infinite ground conductivity) are given in
of a typical cable. Eqs. (14) and (15) from [75].
Z H  
(1) Positive sequence resistance 1 cos 2 θdI z; t  R=c
Ez;1 ðt; D; 0Þ ¼ dz ð14Þ
For such analysis at power frequency (i.e. 50 Hz), it can be 2πε1 0 c2 R dt
assumed that the positive sequence AC resistance of the con- Z  
ductors is equal to the DC resistance of the conductor as in μ1 H
cos θdI z; t  R=c
Bφ;1 ðt; D; 0Þ ¼ dz ð15Þ
Eq. (11) given in [71]. 2π 0 cR dt
Hyun-Goo and Lee et al. [76] have analyzed induced voltage on
R1 ¼ Rcond ðDCÞ Ω=φ=km ð11Þ
pipelines when put in parallel to power lines using Nodal network
analysis that models the parameters of equivalent circuits and
(2) Positive sequence reactance contributed in analyzing the influence of power line on nearby
The positive sequence reactance of the cable can be calculated pipeline. Ren et al. [77] have proposed method of calculating
induced voltage by integrating lightening channel, the earth and
Conductor line together. Petrache et al. [78] have presented review of theo-
retical methods to compute lightning induced voltage and cur-
rents on buried cables. Paolone et al. [79] have presented experi-
Insulation mental results obtained at Florida and Induced currents at termi-
nation of buried cables, in the cable shield and inner cable con-
ri Sheath ductor were measured.
S Bortels et al. [80] have presented a recently developed simu-
lation software tool for ac predictive and mitigation techniques for
Sheath Insulation pipeline networks affected by high-voltage (HV) power lines. Fla-
vius Dan Surianu et al. [81] have presented correspondence
ro
between the field measurements of electro-magnetic parameters
induced on passive double circuit line of 220 KV in Romania and
data obtained by using specific software. Theethayi and Thottap-
pillil [82] have investigated importance of buried bare earth wire
for lightning protection of buried shielded cables. Fig. 17 displays
2a arrangement of cable and follow-on earth wire to determine the
Fig. 14. Cross section of a typical underground cable. In this picture, the cable worth of follow-on earth wire in decreasing the internal voltage
sheath is shown as electrically insulated from the ground [71]. when lightning transients couple to the cable shields.
 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251
Fig. 15. Illustration of two shielded enclosures connected by a buried cable conduit and excited by a direct lightning strike [74].
Fig. 16. Detailed model of conduit and internal wire excited by a direct lightning
strike [74].
Milesevic et al. [83] have calculated electric and magnetic fields
in the vicinity of 25 kV traction line supplying railway traction
system. Borghetti et al. [84] have presented a 3D FEM model that
calculates the lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) considering
a building in proximity of the LEMP-coupled overhead line.
10. Frequency domain and time domain method (FDTD) for
the calculation of induced voltage
Pereira et al. [85] have carried out a research about the
catenaries of the lines of a three-phase transmission system with
its neutral conductor grounded at two points. Authors obtained
the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations by using the non-
orthogonal finite-difference time-domain method. Diaz et al. [86]
has studied the effect of configuration of underground conductors
and of the relative location of the lightning strike on induced
voltage from lightning has been studied. Akiyoshi and Noda [87]
have proposed a method to integrate the lightning arresters in the
FDTD-based lightning overvoltage calculations.
Halperin and Miller [88] have correlated theories of sheath
losses and induced voltage, and new formulas and curves were
developed. Gillies and Ramberg [89] have stated that increment in
transient strictness in the switchyard, need more sophisticated
1243
control involving components more easily damaged by induced
voltage. When the problem was recognized early enough it can be
solved quite efficiently. Two methods were developed for control
circuit protection one was radial circuits where all conductors
were within one cable, and other one was conductive sheaths of
low resistance connected to the grounding grid at both ends.
Fig. 18 illustrates measured voltage with different configurations.
YU [90] has defined studies of currents and voltage in trans-
mission line earth wires during faults. Numerous computational
methods have been published to solve this problem. Power System
Communications Committee [91] has stated that properly rated
protective devices are compulsory for personnel safety, protection
and continuity of service of wire line telecommunication facilities
entering electrical power stations, or otherwise exposed to the
effect of electrical power circuits. John and Chen [92] have pre-
sented analytical method to model the conductive coupling
mechanisms in the earth and to determine the amount of coupling
between the lightning discharge to ground and an earth-return
transmission line.
Mitani [93] has stated that lightning surges, switching surges,
ground-fault surges and many other factors must be given
importance in the insulation design for low-voltage control cir-
cuits in substations. Author discussed both the magnitude and
frequency of transient voltage induced in low-voltage control cir-
cuits by lightning surges. His approach was statistical, measuring
data from nearly 30 stations. Figs. 19 and 20 show the cumulative
distribution frequency of the induced voltage at the apparatus in
the yard (yard apparatus side) by type of control cable (with or
without metallic shield) and those at the control board (control
board side) on parameters.
Yokoyama et al. [94] have measured voltage surges induced in a
distribution line situated at a distance of 200 m from the lightning
flash position. Measurements revealing the shielding effect of an
overhead ground wire against induced voltage were conducted by
using special distribution line configuration. Maneck and Martin
[95] have explained that nearby lightning return strokes can
induce voltage surges of either positive or negative polarity on an
overhead line depending on the location of the lightning. Shigeru
1244 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251
Fig. 17. Arrangement of cable and follow-on earth wire to determine the worth of follow-on earth wire in decreasing the internal voltage when lightning transients couple to
the cable shields [82].
[96] has measured the waveforms of induced voltage by lightning
strokes to a high load of the power plant facing the Japan Sea and
also measured waveforms of lightning stroke current. The data
was from December 1981 through March 1984.
(1) Positive lightning-induced voltage and negative lightning
stroke current: The return stroke disseminates from the
ground to the cloud and causes negative charge in the cloud
(and/or lightning path) to disappear. Seven out of eleven cases
are from this type as shown in Fig. 21(a).
(2) Negative lightning-induced voltage and positive lightning
stroke current: The return stroke progresses from the ground
to the cloud to smother the positive charge in the cloud (and/
or lightning path). Four out of eleven cases are of this type as
shown in Fig. 21(b).
Relationship between induced-voltage waveform and lightning-
current waveform is shown in Fig. 21.
Yokoyama and Fuki [97] have showed the lightning induced
voltage waveforms and the lightning stroke current waveforms for
period of 4 year from October 1984 through March 1988. The
combination of polarities for waveforms of lightning stroke cur-
rent and lightning induced voltage is indicated below
(1) Positive induced voltage in response to negative lightning
stroke current…..Sixteen cases.
(2) Negative induced voltage in response to positive lightning
stroke current……Two cases.
The calculated results approve better than those of an earlier
analysis method. It has been explained that bipolar induced vol-
tage are not produced by usual lightning stroke currents.
In 1989, Chowdhuri [98] has previously done analysis on
induced voltage and Cornfield and Jakubowski (1974) made
important suggestions to improve their analysis. Chowdhuri fused
Cornfield's correction but refused Jakubowski's suggestion con-
firming that it was incorrect. Carlo Alberto Nucci et al. [99] have
discussed the scope of a modeling procedure that permits calcu-
lation of the lightning induced voltage starting from the channel-
base current then applied it for the analysis of the voltage induced
on an overhead line by a typical succeeding return stroke and
point out the alterations with other methods proposed for the
same solution.
In 1994, Masaru et al. [100] have calculated the induced voltage
waveform at the end of the overhead wire by combining the
equivalent circuit of a transmission line with a method to calculate
the electric field. Vu et al. [101] have proposed a new numerical
method to explain field-to-transmission line coupling equations of
transmission lines (TL). This new technique was established from
the MQ-FDM and named the Radial Basis Function (RBF) - FDTD
method.
Yang et al. [102] have proposed two-step finite-difference time-
domain (FDTD) method to examine the lightning-induced voltage
on transmission lines (TLs). The suggested method has two steps.
The first step is to compute electromagnetic fields that are radi-
ated from a vertical lightning channel and illuminate the nearby
TLs using the 2-D FDTD method. The second step is to determine
the electromagnetic response of the TL that is illuminated by the
incident electromagnetic fields added at the total field–scattered
field connecting the boundary of the 3-D space using the 3-D FDTD
method. Toshiki et al. [103] have calculated lightning-induced
voltage on a 680-m long overhead two-wire line using the finite-
difference time-domain (FDTD) method for solving Maxwell's
equations. The FDTD method uses a three-dimensional non uni-
form grid, which is fine (cell side length is 0.875 m) in the locality
of overhead wires and rough (maximum cell side length is 7 m) in
the rest of the space.
Hiroshi [104] has computed lightning-induced voltage on a
738-m long overhead two-wire line using the 3-D finite-difference
time-domain (3-D FDTD) method for solving Maxwell's equations.
The 3-D FDTD method implemented here uses a sub grid model, in
which spatial discretization is fine (cell side span is 0.9 m) in the
vicinity of overhead wires and stiff (cell side span is 4.5 m) in the
rest of the computational domain.
11. An overview of approaches and models
Chowdhuri [105] has based on the previous studies on long
single-conductor overhead lines; analyzed the effects of other
conductors in a multi conductor overhead line on the voltage
induced on a conductor by a nearby lightning strike. The occur-
rence of other conductors affects the induced voltage of a con-
ductor, mainly for sheer configured lines; though, the amount was
less than original forecast. Ground wires decrease the magnitude
of the induced voltage acting as partial shields and a comparison
of height between the present analysis and Rusck is shown in
Table 4.
P:R: ¼ Protective Ratio
Induced Vol: on the Conductor with ground wires in place
¼
Induced Vol: on the Conductor without ground wires
Ground Wire Height ¼7.5 m, Conductor Cross-Section ¼ 16 mm2,
*Ra ¼0 C. Nucci et al. [106] have discussed and compared the two
 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251 1245

Outer Shield Outer Shield

Inner Shield Inner Shield

32 V 2100 V 22 V
Center Center
2400 V 32 V

2500 V 26 V

One I/O Copper Two I/O Copper

Outer Shield Outer Shield

Inner Shield Inner Shield

10 V
36 V
Center 1050 V
Center 10 V
1050 V

1100 V 10 V

Two I/O Copper

Outer Shield

Inner Shield

25 V
Center
400 V
400 V
500 V

Fig. 18. Measured voltage with different configurations [89].

coupling models used mostly in the power-lightning literature for
the calculation of lightning induced overvoltage, namely the
model by Agrawal, Price and Gurbaxani and the model by
Chowdhuri and Gross. The comparison was not so easy because
first was stated in terms of scattered voltage while the second was
stated in terms of total voltage. So, when talking about the con-
tribution voltage you have to identify the coupling model you are
using. Figs. 22 and 23 show the differential equivalent coupling
circuit rendering to the Agrawal et al. model and Taylor et al.
model for a lossless single-wire overhead line.
Fig. 24 shows the overvoltage at the two terminations of a
500 m matched overhead line according to the Chowdhuri–Gross
(dotted line) and the Agrawal et al. and Taylor et al. (solid line)
models. Striking point along the line prolongation at 50 m from
left-line termination
a. overvoltage at the left termination (close to the striking point),
b. overvoltage at the right line-termination.
Farhad [107] has presented a theoretical analysis on the effect
of a lossy ground on lightning-induced voltage on an overhead
wire. Hoidalen et al. [108] have used Norton's approximation and
the surface impedance approach to analyze the lightning induced
voltage on overhead lines from return strokes and its reliance of a
lossy ground. Norton's method was linked with the exact Som-
merfeld solution, showing a variation less than 10% even for low
conducting grounds and distances from 100 to 1000 m.
Koji et al. [109] have studied the lightning-induced voltage
waveform on an overhead wire having a branch based on
numerical calculations. The induced voltage was calculated by the
method where the tangential component of the electric field to the
overhead wire looked upon as inducing sources. Xemard et al.
1246 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251

Fig. 20. Frequency distribution of induced voltage in low-voltage control circuits

(with metallic sheath) [94].

Fig. 19. Frequency distribution of induced voltage in low-voltage control circuits

(without metallic sheath) [94].

[110] have presented analysis consisting of two parts. The first part
of this analysis was the assessment of the level of exposure to
lightning induced overvoltage. The second one consists in allowing
for a criterion to evaluate the consequences of these electrical
disturbances for a given level of exposure and in a given situation.
Pokharel et al. [111] have investigated the application of NEC-2
by relating calculated results with an experiment over lossy
ground. Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC-2) was used in
lightning-related studies such as lightning surge analyses or
lightning EM pulse calculations over a perfectly conducting
ground. Piantini and Janiszewski [112] have presented certain
comparisons between lightning induced voltage recorded in Japan
with the related stroke currents and those calculated rendering to
some existing theories. Kannu and Thomas [113] have computed
the magnitude and wave shape of the induced voltage on over-
head power distribution lines of both single-circuit and double-
circuit configurations. The induced voltage for a single-conductor
overhead line as well as for single- and double-circuit power
distribution line configurations are compared.
Baba and Rakov [114] have specified conditions under which
the presence of tall strike object can assist to rise or decrease
lightning-induced voltage on a nearby overhead wire. Finite-
Fig. 21. Lightning current and induced voltage comparison [97].
difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to compute
the lightning-induced voltage. He-Ming et al. [115] have calculated
the lightning-generated electromagnetic fields over lossy ground
Andreotti et al. [117] have presented the evaluation of the
formed by lightning strikes either to flat ground or to a tall tower induced voltage in a lossless single transmission line, located at a
using the 2-D finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method. certain height over an infinite conductivity ground plane, and
Ametani et al. [116] have investigated numerical uncertainty issues exited by an external field due to a step current moving along a
in the mutual impedance formula between an overhead conductor vertical channel. Piantini and Janiszewski [118] have tested an
and a buried conductor proposed by Pollaczek with special refer- extension of the Rusck model that allows the lightning-induced
ence to the integrand of Pollaczek's infinite integral. transients calculations considering flashes nearby and realistic line
 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251
Table 4
Protective ratio vs conductor height [105].
Conductor height (meter) Protective ratio
Present analysis
1 0.97
2 0.94
3 0.90
4 0.86
5 0.82
6 0.75
7 0.62
8 0.61
9 0.73
10 0.78
L’dx
Eix(x,h,t)dx
i(x,t) i(x+dx,t)
- +
+ +
-Ui(0,t)
C’dx
- -
Us(x,t) Us(x+dx,t)
Ro
0
x x+dx
Ui(x,t)
Fig. 22. Differential equivalent coupling circuit rendering to the Agrawal et al.
model for a lossless single-wire overhead line [106].
Fig. 23. Differential equivalent coupling circuit rendering to the Taylor et al. model
for a lossless single-wire overhead line [106].
configurations against data obtained from both natural lightning
and scale model experiments.
Vanegas et al. [119] have evaluated lightning radiated electro-
magnetic fields caused by the return stroke with transmission line
engineering models, representing the current through the light-
ning channel and compared the results with other models. Mat-
subara and Sekioka [120] have presented analytical formulas for
lightning induced voltage and current on an infinite length of
overhead line which were derived using the Rusck model, which is
based on a transmission-line approximation of a return stroke.
Yutthagowith et al. [121] have presented the calculation of
lightning induced voltage over lossy ground, produced by a
lightning strike to a flat ground and a tall object. A hybrid elec-
tromagnetic circuit model method adopting Cooray–Rubinstein
expression is used. Silveira et al. [122] have applied the hybrid
electromagnetic model to compute lightning-induced voltage over
a lossy ground. Piantini et al. [123] have described the key meth-
ods for assessing lightning transients on power lines. The basis for
1247
Rusck*
0.77
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.73
0.69
0.59
0.63
0.77
0.83
-Ui(L,t)
RL
L
Fig. 24. Overvoltage at the two terminations of a 500 m matched overhead
line [106].
the utilization of reduced models and the scale factors for the most
important quantities are presented. Zhu et al. [124] reviewed the
most important results gained by well-known experts regarding
the calculation of lightning-induced voltage, and pointed out some
problems to be taken into account from now on.
Zhou et al. [125] have summarized and analyzed the observa-
tion result of induced voltage waveforms caused by nearby natural
lightning on 220-V rated low-voltage overhead distribution lines
in Guangzhou Field Experiment Site for Lightning Research and
Testing (GFESLRT) during summer 2008. Sidik et al. [126] have
presented results of an experimental analysis on voltage induced
on objects under a six phase transmission line due to line
switching incidences.
Rachidi [127] has discussed the transmission line (TL) theory
and its application to the problem of lightning electromagnetic
field coupling to TLs. Under the TL calculation, the general equa-
tions reduce to the Agrawal et al. field-to-TL coupling equations.
Sheshyekani and Akbari [128] have presented inclusive study on
the effect of soil dispersion (i.e. frequency dependency of soil
conductivity and relative permittivity) on the lightning-induced
voltage on single or multi conductor overhead distribution lines.
Stet et al. [129] have determined induced voltage for different
steady state power line operating conditions, using professional
software. To increase results accuracy, soil resistivity dimensions
were completed along the distribution corridor and the suitable
equivalent soil model is recognized.
After the literature review, Tables 5 and 6 were formed
including all the relative information in organized form. Both
1248 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251

Table 5
Bonding methods comparison.

Bonding methods Advantages Disadvantages

One side single point No circulating current. Standing voltage at the un–earthed end.

Bonded system No heating in the cable screen. Requires SVL if standing voltage during fault is excessive.
Economical. Requires additional earth continuity conductor for fault current.
Higher ampacity.
Lower losses. Higher magnetic fields around the cable.
Only for less than 500 m.
Sheath isolation joints required.
Split single point-bonded No circulating current in the screen. Standing voltage at the screen and sectionalizing insulation joint.
system No heating effect in the cable screen.
Economical. Needs SVL to protect the un–earthed end.
Requires separate earth continuity conductor.
Not suitable for cable sections over 1000 m.
Both end solidly bonded Minimum material required. Heating effects in cable screen.
Most economical if heating is not a main issue. Cross bonded cable system with transposed applies to short cable section
Provides path for fault current. of tens of meters long. Circulating current is proportional to the length of
No screen voltage limiter (SVL). the cable and the magnitude of the load current.
Less electromagnetic radiation.
Can lay cables in trefoil formation to reduce screen losses.
Cross-bonded cable No earth continuity conductor. Technically complicated.
system Virtually zero circulating current in the screen. More expensive.
SVL required.
Standing voltage in the screen is controlled. Standing voltage at cross bonding points.
Technically superior than other methods. Need the joints evenly spaced through each triple section.
Suitable for long distance cable network. The switching overvoltage on the core and the sheath are higher.
Multiple-point bonding No sheath isolation joints. Lower ampacity
No voltage on the shield. Higher losses
No periodic testing is needed.
No concerns when testing or looking for faults.
Continuous cross- Useful for more than three sets of joints where the matched No solid grounds except at the terminations.
bonding. sets of three are not attainable.
The induced sheath voltage are approximately the same as for
cross-bonded circuits.
Auxiliary cable bonding. Shields are connected to each other and to a separate neutral A cable fault must still be cleared by having the fault current of that
cable. phase taken to ground at a remote point.
Fault current is transmitted both on the shield as well as the Sufficient amount of shield metal is required to permit the breaker to see
parallel neutral cable. Reduction in the shield materials is the fault.
possible.
Continuous cross-bond- Can keep the induced sheath voltage down to very low value of Hard to find its equipment.
ing, star ground. 12 V. Not too reliable.
No complications of these systems. Take up room in a manhole that is at a premium.
Devices need extra maintenance time to be operational.

tables shown below demonstrate a strong comparison between all
the bonding methods available for cables. It is like a nutshell of the
whole study because of all the main points are presented in the
form of two Tables 5 and 6. The comparison of bonding method
can be seen in Table 5. It shows all the bonding methods, their
advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this table is to
highlight which bonding method is suitable for a certain case. In
Table 6, the cross bonding, single point bonding and double point
bonding characteristics are shown.
12. Limitations of the literature
The literature reviews explains all the aspects of the induced
voltage in the metallic sheaths of underground cables whether it is
generated because of lightening stroke or if it is caused by
approximate effect. The different methods for the computation
and the software used are also discussed in here.
Over the last 30 years, interest has been primarily focused on
the accuracy of transmission line modeling. In other words,
underground cable models have not been as exhaustively exam-
ined and validated as their overhead line counterparts. Further-
more, it is unclear whether more sophisticated models or simpler
methods should be used for a cable, particularly, when considering
modeling and simulation of high frequency behavior of transients
of underground cable system.
There are two common approaches currently in practice to
represent a frequency-dependent cable model. They are either the
formulation in modes (FD-Mode model) or the direct formulation
in phase domain (FD-Phase model). Theoretical aspects of these
models have been presented. Literature review also highlighted
the advantages of phase domain modeling over the traditional
modal domain approach. However, it is crucial to consider
assessment of both approaches particularly when a suitable model
is intended to be used in a specific network, such as the power
system network under study.
The issues stated above are to be investigated by careful
simulation, employing the FD Mode and FD-Phase models to
validate their effectiveness against real-world behavior. Then,
further studies may be performed on the transient behavior of a
cable using the most accurate model.
13. Conclusion
This paper presented a review of literature on the topics of
induced sheath voltage in metallic sheath of cables and transient
measurement simulation techniques. Very few research papers
were found to be relevant to the novelty of electromagnetic
 M. Shaban et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 62 (2016) 1236–1251 1249

Table 6
Characteristics comparison.

Grounding Method Continuous, at 2 points: The metallic At one point: The metallic screen is earthed Cross-bonding: The metallic screens are earthed
screens are earthed at least at both at one end and connected to a voltage directly at each end. The cross-bonding of the
ends of the line. limiter (SVL) at the other. screens cancels the total induced voltage generated
in the screen of each phase. This is achieved by
connecting the metallic screens using joints and
screen separations.

Line characteristics  Line length greater than 200 m. Circuit length under 1 km  Long Circuits
 Cable cross-section under or equal  High capacity, cross-section greater than 630 mm2 Cu
to 630 mm2  Joints
 Number of sections: multiples of 3 of almost equal
lengths
Necessary equipment  Low voltage insulated cable.  Induced sheath voltage limiter.  Joints with screen separations.
 Low voltage insulated Cable.  Coaxial cable.
 Induced sheath voltage limiter at the screen cross-
bonding point.
Advantages  Easy to implement  Optimal use of transmission capacity  Optional equipotential cable along the circuit
 No equipotential cable installed  Earth-cable protection possible  No induced currents in the screens
along the circuit
Drawbacks  Reduced transmission capacity  Equipotential cable along the circuit  Maintenance
 No ground cable protection possible  Use of induced sheath voltage limiters  Cost

transient studies and induced sheath voltage particularly those
relating to underground cable systems. Accordingly, a fairly broad
range of review topics has been included, covering published
papers, standards and guidelines in the aforementioned areas.
This research shows that verification of the suitability of the
models has been predominantly measured for the case of over-
head lines rather than their underground counterparts. The less
rigorous treatment of existing models on cables has raised ques-
tions about their applicability and reliability when applying these
models to underground cable analysis. Such concerns can be
addressed by further analyzing the existing theories and findings
about underground cable models in terms of their accuracy and
suitability, specifically when they are intended to be used under
specific network configurations.
The paper presented an overview of the behavior of induced
sheath voltage in the metallic sheaths of underground cables and
transients due to switching operation on transmission systems.
The development of EMTP-type simulation programs was
reviewed focusing primarily on the cable modeling issues. Of
particular interest is in providing relevant data for the evaluation
of insulation coordination and protective schemes for the network.
The different mitigation techniques like cross bonding and single
point bonding available for the simulation of cable systems were
briefly described, and the advantages and disadvantages of each
model were pointed out. It was concluded that the frequency-
dependent phase models could always be used for transient stu-
dies. Several cable transient phenomena were explained, and the
risks posed by these phenomena to an electricity transmission
system were summarized. The mitigation techniques related to
induced sheath voltage reduction and formulae mentioned in IEEE
guide were also described. It is an interesting work done to help
the young researchers understand different types of analytical
techniques used to compute the induced sheath voltage in the
power lines and also the effects of induced voltage.
References
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