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CMVA Vibration Math PDF
CMVA Vibration Math PDF
This formula sheet will be provided with the CMVA exam for Cat 2
and 3 but there is no guarantee that the exam will have related
questions. Instead, make sure you master the stated performance
objectives for the category you are writing, as well as for the
lower categories.
English units.
General Note: All the math formulae are written in acceleration: inches per second per second, written
the standard mathematical way which is ins/sec/sec or ins/sec2.
independent of units as long as consistency is velocity: inches per second, written ins/sec or IPS.
maintained. All amplitudes are therefore zero to displacement: inches, written ins.
peak, including displacement. When applying these
formulae with English units, use inches for length, Metric units.
pounds-force (lbf) for force and seconds (sec) for acceleration: millimetres per second per second,
time, with “g” in ins/sec/sec. (ins/sec2). written mm/s/s or mm/s2.
For metric units, although S.I. strictly applied uses velocity: millimetres per second, written mm/s.
metres (m) for length, for this subject millimetres displacement: millimetres, written mm.
(mm) are the convention and are used here in most
places. Newtons (N) are the metric units for force, Acceleration from Displacement:
A = [ 2π f ] D
2
kilograms (kg) for mass and seconds (s) for time
with “g” in mm/s/s (mm/s2). where D is peak displacement .
Mils, feet, microns (µm), and peak to peak unit English units for displacement: inches (ins) .
conventions all have to be converted to the standard Metric units for displacement: millimetres (mm).
units and conventions before doing any parameter
conversions (e.g. displacement to velocity) and the Convert acceleration from standard units to
reverse is true when you want your answer in these multiples of the acceleration due to gravity (g-s):
units. See Page 3.
A in dimensional units
Frequency of vibration, f (Hz). A(units of g) =
g
1
f= Hz English units:
T A is in ins/sec2,
where T = period of vibration in seconds. g = 386.1 ins/sec2 .
Hz = Hertz = cycles per second = CPS = cps. Metric units:
A is in mm/s2,
Motion - Basic conversion formulae g = 9810 mm/s2.
Velocity from Displacement:
Conversion of displacement, velocity and
V = 2π f D acceleration by manipulating formulae
where V is peak velocity,
D is peak displacement, V
f is frequency in Hz. V = 2π f D D=
2π f
Acceleration from Velocity:
A
A = 2π f V V=
A = 2π f V 2π f
where A is peak acceleration ,
V is peak velocity and A
A = [ 2π f ] D
2
D=
f is frequency in Hz. [ 2π f ]
2
Page 1 of 4 CMVA_Formula_Page_Ver_15.4.doc Prepared by Tony Taylor and Brian Howes, with input by Ron Eshleman, Bob Rogers and Bill Eckert. July 4th,
2005.
Spring Force
Fx = K x x Lowest Resolvable Frequency LRF (also called
where Fx is the force in a spring in the x direction Band Width but not recommended).
produced by deflection x (from undeformed
condition) and Kx is the stiffness of the spring in the Fmax
LRF =
x direction. N
English units Note the term Band-Width has been widely adopted
Force: pounds force (lbf). by other disciplines with a quite different meaning.
Spring stiffness: pounds force / in (lbf / in).
Resolution
Metric units In order to resolve two adjacent frequency
Force: Newtons (N). components in most instances with Hanning,
Spring stiffness: Newtons / mm (N/mm) or uniform (rectangular) or flat-top windows, the
Newtons / m (N/m). following formula will give the measurement
resolution for most situations:
Damping Force
Fd = C v r Fmax
Effective Resolution (Hz)= 2 × × WF
C = Damping coefficient (force per unit velocity): N
vr = relative velocity.
English units. where WF = Window Factor.
Force: pounds force (lbf). WF = 1.5 for the Hanning window, 3.8 for the flat
C is in pounds force - seconds per inch (lbf sec/in). top window and 1.0 for the Uniform (rectangular)
vr is in ins/sec. window (Refs. 1, 2).
Metric units.
Force: Newtons (N). Amplitude in deciBels (dB).
C is in Newton - seconds per millimetre (Ns/mm) .
vr is in mm/s. V
Amp (dB) = 20 Log
Data Acquisition Time T for a single continuous Vr
sample (secs).
V = voltage (or other measure)
N V r = reference value of voltage or other measure
T= having same units as numerator.
Fmax
Relative Amplitude in deciBels V2 , V1.
where N is number of spectral lines and Fmax = V V V
frequency span in Hz. 20 Log 2 − 20 Log 1 = 20 Log 2 dB
Vr Vr V1
Total Data Acquisition Time Ttotal for multiple
sample average with overlap. Dynamic Range
Dynamic range is the difference between the
N P% highest (VH) and lowest (VL) level signals
Ttotal =
Fmax 1+ ( n s -1) × 1- 100 measurable in terms of the voltage ratio, usually
expressed in deciBels (dB).
where ns = number of samples in average,
V
P% is percentage overlap. Dynamic Range = 20 Log H dB
VL
Page 2 of 4 CMVA_Formula_Page_Ver_15.4.doc Prepared by Tony Taylor and Brian Howes, with input by Ron Eshleman, Bob Rogers and Bill Eckert. July 4th,
2005.
Undamped Natural Frequency
n RPM Bcos Φ
BPFO = 1 −
2 60 P
Page 3 of 4 CMVA_Formula_Page_Ver_15.4.doc Prepared by Tony Taylor and Brian Howes, with input by Ron Eshleman, Bob Rogers and Bill Eckert. July 4th,
2005.
Force due to Unbalance
The rotating force F due to unbalance is given by:
F = Meω 2
where:
2π N
ω = angular velocity (omega) = rads/sec
60
In English units:
M = rotor mass = W/g.
W = weight of rotor in lbf.
e = rotor eccentricity in inches.
g = gravitational constant, 386.1 in/sec2.
N = machine speed in rpm.
F is unbalance force in pounds force (lbf).
In Metric units:
M is rotor mass in kg.
e = rotor eccentricity in metres.
N = machine speed in rpm.
F is unbalance force in Newtons.
Conversions
To convert mm into inches divide mm by 25.4.
References:
1. J. Frarey An Examination of Signal Resolution
in an FFT Analyzer, Vibrations Vol. 13 Number
2 June 1997.
2. CMVA Note by Tony Taylor Effective
Resolution vs Lowest Resolvable Frequency.
Page 4 of 4 CMVA_Formula_Page_Ver_15.4.doc Prepared by Tony Taylor and Brian Howes, with input by Ron Eshleman, Bob Rogers and Bill Eckert. July 4th,
2005.