República de Chile

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Facultad de Química Y Biología
Doctorado en Biotecnología

Student: Luisauris Jaimes

Outline

Chapter: Human cloning

Topic sentence 1: Human cloning provides high expectations for the cure of
diseases.

Explanation: To start, human cloning could help cure diseases of one's

being, being very favorable in therapeutical terms, since it is a tool that
allows to create embryonic stem cells almost identical to those obtained
from a naturally-born embryo, which have the ability to Become any other
type of tissue. This way one could carry out the cloning process to save
people with different diseases.

Example: For example, the cloning would allow to produce complete

tissues and organs compatible with the person who needs them. The
current statistics indicate that there is a high mortality rate in Chile due to a
lack of organ transplantation. In addition, waiting lists for organ
transplantation are very long contributing to this rate; Recent statistics show
that Chileans refuse to donate their organs

Conclusion: Being brief, with this tool would lower the statistics of samples for
lack of an organ transplant and put an end to the waiting lists in the health
system giving a life opportunity to people who need an organ transplant

Noviembre, 2016
Topic sentence 2: Is the cloning effort worth it?

Explanation:

The first and perhaps greatest disadvantage is that the technology is not as
advanced as it should be to clone a human being. For example, with the
sheep Dolly everything seemed to be a success, but died young because
of a disease that is not common in the sheep of his age. In addition, she
was a success but before thousands failed, dying or having horrible
deformations.

Example:

To illustrate, imagine the possibility of humans being deformed by poor

cloning, children dying from genetic problems caused by the breaking up
of aging stem cells. Is it really worth cloning humans without having clear
what can happen? Even if the first cloned babies do well, we will not know
the real issues until, at least, twenty years later.

Conclusion:

Briefly, scientists are still not sure of the genetic mutations that can occur
when cloned, so anything could happen at the time of cloning a human.

Noviembre, 2016
Topic sentence 3: Cloning provides good reason for cloning

Explanation:

The majority of people concede to having children of their own, and given
the serious psychological problems that sufferers of infertility can suffer,
attempts to solve this problem will always be well received. Cloning can
give hope to those who want to be parents.

Example:

For example, this new technology can assist people who lack viable
gametes. The number of people with reproductive problems varies
significantly depending on what definition of infertility is used. Using one of
the most accepted definitions - impossibility to conceive after twelve
months of unprotected intercourse - infertility affects between 7 and 12% of
couples with women of childbearing age. Obviously, the greater the
number of couples who need cloning as the only possibility of owning
children, the greater the likelihood that this technology will be accepted.
Not only could he help heterosexual couples with fertility problems but also
fulfill the desire of homosexual couples who wish to be parents of their own
children.

Conclusión:

In short, if there are other means of solving reproductive problems, and if it is

unlikely that human cloning will be used by a considerable number of
people as a way of solving such problems, then it is difficult to accept the
force of an argument that it uses Infertility as one of the main reasons to
defend cloning

Noviembre, 2016
 Chapter: Ethanasia

Topic sentence 1: Who decides about my body: the Pope, the state or
myself?

Explanation:

This idea implies the principle of autonomy of people, this part of the right of
the individual over his own body, and admits that the fate of a rational
person is an act that corresponds only to itself, which also means choosing,
The circumstances of his death, and also the moment, the way of doing so
and the physical instrument that provokes him, therefore, is autonomous.
John Stuart Mill, presents and argues faithfully this principle: "The only part of
the conduct of each for which he is responsible to society is that which
refers to others; In the part that concerns him alone... over himself, over his
own body and spirit, the individual is sovereign. "

Example:

As an illustration, if killing a person who has not chosen to die does not
respect their autonomy, neither does the one who does not comply with
the request to assist someone to his death.

Conclusión:

In short, respect for the freedom of the individual requires that we allow
ranional people to carry out their lives according to their decisions, free of
coercion or interference, even if this is to die.

Noviembre, 2016
Topic sentence 2: Euthanasia attacks the sanctity of life

Explanation:

The doctrine of the will of life has a religious origin (only God can decide on
life and death), this principle allows us to admit that no one has the right to
choose the place and time of his death, and no authority can Legitimately
impose it be it a fetus or embryo, child or adult or elderly person, incurable
or dying sick. No one can decide that a life is less full. All life deserves to be
lived.

Example:

To illustrate, We know that physical death is inevitable (Psalm 89:48,

Hebrews 9:27). However, only God is sovereign over when and how a
person's death occurs. Job testifies in Job 30:23, "For I know that thou
leadest me to death, and the house determined to every living thing." In
Psalm 68:20, we read, "God our God will save us, And the Lord is the
deliverer from death. "Ecclesiastes 8: 8a states," There is no man that hath
power over the spirit to retain the spirit, nor power over the day of death: ...
"God has the last word About death (see also 1 Corinthians 15:26, 54-56,
Hebrews 2: 9, 14-15, Revelation 21: 4). Euthanasia is the way man tries to
usurp that authority of God.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, human life is an inherent value, it is a superior good that must

be respected in all circumstances, and therefore nothing is authorized to
dispose of it, nor the owner himself.

Noviembre, 2016
Topic sentence 3: Is it ethical to keep someone brain-dead connected?

Explanation:

Advances in medicine nowadays allow preserving the cardiovascular and

respiratory functions of a person who has ceased irreversibly in his brain
activity to absurd extremes. While it is true that technology has managed to
lengthen life, there are cases in which the physical or intellectual decline
makes it worthless to live longer, losing the quality and dignity of life.

Example:

For example, a doctor who, given the moral certainty that his knowledge
gives him that cures or remedies of any nature no longer provide benefit to
the patient and only serve to prolong his agony futilely, he persists in
continuing the treatment and does not let nature Follow your course. This
attitude is a consequence of an excess of ill-founded zeal, derived from the
desire of doctors and health professionals in general to try to avoid death at
all costs, without giving up any means, ordinary or extraordinary, provided
or not That makes the situation of the dying person more difficult.

Conclusion:

In any case, the therapeutic obstinacy is seriously immoral, because it

instrumentalizes the person subordinating his dignity to other purposes.

Noviembre, 2016
 Chapter: Transplat Surgery 1

Topic sentence 1: Organ donation is a hope for many

Explanation:

First, it is a surgical procedure to implant a healthy organ or tissue to a

patient to replace their diseased organ or tissue that does not work and is
indispensable for their quality of life and in many cases even vital. There are
two types of donation of organs to save a life in diseases called terminal
insufficiencies of different organs such as kidney, liver, heart, among others
and the type to improve the quality of life with tissue transplants such as
corneas, bones and others.

Example:

it is an act of generosity, an act of love of neighbor, of solidarity. We can be

us or a relative who needs it at any time. Donating organs is giving hope,
happiness, life. Thousands of people who would die can continue to live
thanks to the transplant.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, donating, you eliminate the great pain of the family or the
person who will no longer die for not receiving an organ, or you will relieve
their illness

Noviembre, 2016
Topic sentence 2: The role of informed consent

Explanation:

First, informed consent is understood as the need to give the patient

complete information about his illness, the possible development of the
disease, the therapeutic plan, possible alternatives, risks and benefits, etc.
So that the patient can be able to exercise his autonomy and make the
decisions that correspond to him. In Chile, Law 20,584 that regulates the
rights and duties that people have in relation to actions related to their
health care, regulated the informed consent.

Example:

As an illustration, the right to grant or deny your will to undergo any

procedure or treatment linked to your health care is an important factor in
cases where the donor is alive, for example, this applies in the case of
kidney donations, Where the donor can be a permanent relative and when
informed about the risks involved in their decision.

Conclusión:

In summary, it is expressly excluded from the law any practice that goes
against the will of the patient, this fact is supported here includes the
consent that must give the patient for the donation of an organ, also,
should be informed to About the risks that could be associated with your
donation.

Noviembre, 2016
 Chapter: Transplat Surgery 2

Topic sentence 1: Could Xenotransplants be the solution?

Explanation:

First, xenotransplants are transplants of organs and tissues from a donor

animal (usually primates and pigs) to a recipient human. This biomedical
technique is used as an important source of organs (hearts, lungs, kidneys,
livers) and tissue for the patients that year after year, they die in the waiting
of a transplant that promises to extend its life. However, a number of
medical and ethical issues rethink the situation of xenotransplants in
biomedicine

Example:

For example, in the 1960s, biomedicine and surgery began a systematic

path of learning in the field of transplantation. In this decade, chimpanzee
hearts and baboon kidneys were transplanted to 18 patients, who survived
the operation and then died between the first and ninth month after
transplantation. This trend has been maintained to this day, and of all
people who have received transplants of animal organs, although survival
has been systematically increased (according to the RDS -Research
Defense Society- 90% of liver transplants survive a Year, and three-quarters
of them 5 years with their new organ), none of these patients has survived
to die for a cause not associated with the transplanted organ.

Conclusión:

To sum up, there are several obstacles to xenotransplantation, but the main
ones are economic, medical and ethical. First, economically
xenotransplants are expensive because the cost of producing-keeping
donor animals is higher than the real benefits.

Noviembre, 2016
Topic sentence 3: Face transplants are a new alternative

Explanation:

First, a face transplant is a skin graft that involves replacing some part of a
patient's face with the face of a deceased donor. There are two types of
transplants that could be performed. In one, the patient would only receive
the donor's skin, lips, fat, nerves, veins, and arteries. This mode would allow
the patient to retain most of his features. In the second type, however, the
transplant would be complete, as it would include the donor's bones and
facial muscles. With this last intervention, the person could look quite like the
face giver.

Example:

For example, Christine Pif a woman who has a facial cancer, which spread
all over her face, until she loses her jaw, an eye and part of the nose. Piff,
therefore, founded the non-profit "Let's Face It". Using microsurgery, face
transplants are technically possible today. Facial injuries caused by severe
burns, oncological surgeries or accidental injuries can lead to deformations
whose physical and psychological sequelae are catastrophic. In these
cases, when the skin, muscles and occasionally the bones of the face are
severely damaged, not even the most brilliant surgeon can recover the
facial expressions of each individual.

Conclusión:

Summarizing, the bioethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-

maleficence and justice do not seem to be affected by the performance
of these transplants. On the contrary, if they were prohibited, they would
violate constitutionally recognized existential rights. Likewise, the arguments
against these transplants are not sufficient to, based on those, to bar the
right to health of those who may benefit from these techniques

Noviembre, 2016
Topic sentence 2: Are they a good option for face transplants?

Explanation:

The procedure consists of a series of operations that require teams of

specialists to alternate. Taking into account the type of tissue, age, sex and
skin color, the patient's face (including underlying fat, nerves and blood
vessels, but no muscle) is removed and replaced. After the procedure it is
necessary to take medications for the rest of life to suppress the patient's
own immune system and to prevent rejection. Long-term
immunosuppression increases the risk of developing dangerous infections,
kidney pain, and cancer. Surgery can lead to complications such as
infections that would make the face turn black and require a second
transplant or reconstruction with skin grafts. The psychological effects of the
procedure may include remorse, disappointment or grief or guilt toward the
donor.

Example:

Isabelle Dinoire, the French woman who was subjected to the first partial
transplantation of the face in the world in 2005, died last April 22 at 49 years
of age, the university hospital in Amiens, where she was operated, pointed
out. Because of, the treatments that had to follow to avoid the rejection
caused to him the appearance of a cáncer.

Conclusión:

Finally, the episodes of rejection are significant in this type of transplant, so it

should be investigated further in the matter, and provide greater security in
this technique

Noviembre, 2016
Noviembre, 2016