FST-1

JAN-2013

Q.1(A)

The broad areas of scientific activity in a society are decided by its socioeconomic
conditions and the prevailing ideological atmosphere. For instance, if, in a society, it is
more important to provide for the basic needs of the people, science will be used to first
satisfy these needs. But, if a society thrives on market economy, it will promote scientific
activity in areas which increase the profits. Such as making weapons or consumer
products like fancy electronic gadgets etc.
Science, in the present-day society, can be seen as a social institution having its own
methods and tradition, and an ever growing body of knowledge. Theory and practice are
intimately linked in the growth of science;
The specific areas such as trade, health, resource mapping and management, agriculture,
industry, transport, communication, military activity etc. set the specific goals for science
to achieve.
The growth of science not only increases production but also leads to an improvement in
the methods of production. And when methods of production evolve and develop to a
new stage, societies transform. For example, when agriculture was the prime means of
production, human habitations were scattered over large rural areas with their own
lifestyles. But, when factory-based production became common, industrial towns grew
up, because a large number of people were working in one place, with a life very
different from the rural life.

In this process of change, societies may even break up. Social classes come into conflict
in this process and create new social organizations. In Europe, at a certain stage of
development, the big landlords who jealously guarded their territries and the merchants
and tradesmen who wanted free passage through such territories, as also common laws
for large geographical areas, came into conflict. A few centuries ago, science and
industry developed together so that the growth of science and the improvement in the
methods of production were intimately related. In the present stage. Science has grown to
such a point that it leads to the development of industry.

Q.1 (B)

The grains of Bronze Age period were use of metals, transport, quantitative science etc.
Scientific and Technical Achievements of Bronze Age:
The major technical advance that accompanied the rise of cities was the discovery and
use of metals, particularly copper and its alloy bronze. Simultaneously, trade between
societies flourished and gives rise to better forms of transport. The wide marks range of
services involved in the operations of a city gave rise to a qualitative change which marks
the beginning of conscious science this was possible, because this initial phase of
development required that the practitioners of techniques and the priests who did only
mental works solved problems together. Recording or numbers of quantities of goods,
stand arising their measures, counting and calculating, making of calendars etc. from the

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basis of quantitative science in the Bronze Age. We shall now study each of these
features, in brief.
Decline of the Bronze-age civilization
I) The Use of Metals: Human beings were attracted by shiny gold and copper which are
found free in nature and used them originally as ornaments. Bits of metal have been
found in necklaces and other ornaments of Stone Age. However, copper nuggets beaten
to different shapes were too soft. With the development of fire kilns needed for making
pottery, copper ores which could be easily reduced were used to produce copper metal.

II) Transport: At sine early date, the sail was invented making the first use of inanimate
power for locomotion. When river transport was extended to the sea, it posed new
problems of boat construction and navigation. Stronger fabrics for making a sail, and
construction of heavy frames and structure to hold them. Woodwork had to be very
strong and durable, too. The river went in a know direction, it was like a road, but one
could easily lose one’s way on the high seas. New ways of finding location and direction
had to be searched.

III) Quantitative Science: With the availability of surplus I agriculture and the
production of non-agricultural goods by craftsmen, exchange and trade became a part of
life. With the passing of time, exchange dealt with increasingly different types of
commodities as well as increasingly large quantities of these commodities. There fore
what should be exchanged, with what, and in what quantity, could no longer be simply
memorized. Some standards, such as numbers and measure of amounts of grains etc. and
weights, became necessary so that proper quantities of could be set apart or marked off
for collection and exchange.

Q.2 A
The beginning of the Iron Age in Europe and adjacent areas is characterized by certain
forms of implements, weapons, personal ornaments, and pottery, and also by systems of
decorative design, which are altogether different from those of the preceding age of
bronze. The work of blacksmiths developing implements and weapons is hammered into
shape, and, as a consequence, gradually departed from the stereotyped forms of their
predecessors in bronze, which were cast, and the system of decoration, which in the
Bronze Age consisted chiefly of a repetition of rectilinear patterns, gave way to a system
of curvilinear and flowing designs. The term "Iron Age" has low chronological value,
because it didn't begin simultaneously across the entire world. The dates and context vary
depending on the region, and the sequence of ages is not necessarily true for every part of
the earth's surface. There are areas, such as the islands of the South Pacific, the interior of
Africa, and parts of North and South America, where peoples have passed directly from
the use of stone to the use of iron without the intervention of an age of bronze.
The Iron Age is the third of the three-age system of archaeology, which divides human
technological prehistory into three periods:

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Q.2 B

While there is no doubt that great advances were made in astronomy during the Gupta
period, it is difficult to assign exact chronological order to discoveries and theories, or to
assess the influence of earlier works of Indian and Greek origin in this field. The source
of most information is commentaries by later astronomers, who very often attributed their
own work to earlier sages in order to gain acceptability by the contemporary Brahmin law
makers.
Aryabhatta, born in 476 A.D., was the greatest astronomer of the Gupta period. It was his
firm belief that the earth was rotating, and the heavens resting. He also gave a scientific
explanation for the occurrence of eclipses as opposed to the prevailing ideas that Rahu
and Ketu caused eclipses.
Another great achievement to Aryabhatta's credit was the construction of trigonometric
tables. He computed trigonometric tables geometrically and used the values of 'sine' and
'Cosine' in his astronomical calculations. Besides these, he developed formulas for the
sum of arithmetic and geometric series, and worked out the sum of series such as Z n2
and n3.
The compromises between science and non-science, which the Indian astronomers after
Aryabhatta increasingly practiced, took the real scientific challenge out of Indian
astronomy. Astronomy gave way more and more to astrology, and what was, indeed, one
of the most promising schools of science in the world, became a victim of the pressures
of politics and dogma. This is best exemplified when one considers the fate of one of the
most brilliant suggestions of Aryabhatta that the earth rotated while the heavens stood
still. Atharvaveda invoked ritual metaphysics to maintain that the earth was motionless.

In this way Gupta period enhance the study of astronomy.

Q.3 A

During the medieval times in India, the greatest Indian contribution was in the use of decimal
system. The Indians also tried to calculate latitudes of some places which were based on the
timings of the eclipse at different places.
Achievements in scientific areas like astronomy and medicine continued from the Delhi
Sultans as well as from Mughal Emperors and their nobility.
Besides using astronomy in making calendars, it was also used for casting horoscopes. The
kings of the Mughal period made many astronomical observations which in turn led to the
construction of large sized observational instruments for fixing time and determining latitudes.
In the field of geography advancement was made in the form of World Atlas in which maps of
different countries were prepared.
In chemistry, zinc was isolated; brass which is an alloy of copper and zinc was developed.
Copper vessels were developed. Soldering and tin-coating of copper and brass were other
important features in the area of chemistry.
In medicine Unani (Greek) system of medicine became popular. Hakims and vaids worked for
the emperor. Surgery and orthopedics were regularly practiced.
From the study above we learnt that science in medieval India was at a slows pace as the
learning was restricted only to a small elite group. Technical Innovations and Inventions

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Because of the complexity in the Indian society, European science became popular and the
British were able to subjugate the country and make it their colony on the basis of science,
technology and industry which, had developed. Religion, poverty and hunger were all the
reasons for deprivation. Lack of printing techniques and education were two major factors for
deprivation of growth of science in India. Due to all these factors there was no major revolution
in science.

Technology*was very advanced during the medieval period. Some technical devices like
gearing, belt-drive, weaving, paper manufacturing, distillation, architecture, military technology,
metal screws, shipbuilding and in some areas of agriculture were invented or improved in the
medieval India.

Q.3 B

The urban civilization which flourished on the banks of rivers and on the river beds started
decling owing to certain factors. During the Bronze Age, a lot of progress has been made in
the field of science and technology cannot, in no way be compared with that of
achievements during the Iron Age. The introduction of iron gave a very good metal in the hands
of man to make tools and instruments. All the streams of knowledge made rich developments.
Mathematics, astronomy, astrology, medicine, geometry, zoology, physiology etc. every field
of science made tremendous progress in India as well as in Greece and other European
countries.

Chemistry: A high level of progress was seen in the field of chemistry. Methods of
fermentation techniques for dyeing clothes, use and preparation of chemicals and colour
pigments were also known. The tools were made by smelting the iron. These people had
achieved perfection in smelting.
Agricultural Techniques: Now agriculture became very advanced knowledge of botany
and plant physiology was a result of rear archives made in this field. The progress made in
the botany and plant physiology made agriculture production increase.

Human Physiology, Animal Domestication: By this period a good amount of knowledge

was achieved in the field of medicine. We will not be wrong to say that the knowledge of
surgery and medicines which was achieved during that in the basis of today's knowledge.
Cure for diseases was done by diagnosing the symptoms of the diseases.

Q.4 A

By the early twentieth century, the Indian society had started witnessing the first
stirrings for freedom from colonial rule. While their political aspirations led to a
demand for self-rule, the frustration resulting from economic stranglehold found
expression in their insistence on using only goods made in India. Swadeshi
Movement provided further impetus for promotion of education along national
lines and under national control with special reference to science and technology,
industrialization of the country. In 1904, an Association for the Advancement of
Scientific and Industrial Education of Indians was formed. The object was to

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send qualified students to Europe, America and Japan for studying science-based
industries.

As mentioned earlier, in colonial India the environment was not conducive to

higher studies, much less to research. Indians were allowed only subordinate
posts and even those who had distinguished themselves abroad were given less
salary than the Europeans of the same grade and rank. This 'apartheid' in science
made the Indians reacts strongly. J.C. Bose, the first noted Indian physicist,
refused to accept this reduced salary for three years. Not only this, till the Royal
Society recognized Bose, the college authorities refused him any research facility
and considered his work as purely private. J.C. Bose was unorthodox in one
more sense. He was one of the first among the modem scientists to take to
interdisciplinary research. He started as a physicist but his interest in electrical
responses took him to plant physiology." Whether it is education, agriculture or
mining, the Congress touched several problems under its wide sweep.

Q.4 B

Neutron Stars: neutron star, extremely small, extremely dense star, with as much as
double the sun's mass but only a few miles in radius, in the final stage of stellar evolution.
Astronomers Bade and Zwicky predicted the existence of neutron stars in 1933. The
central core of a neutron star is composed of neutrons or possibly quark-gluon plasma
(see elementary particles); there are no stable atoms or nuclei because these cannot
survive the extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. Surrounding the core is a
fluid composed primarily of neutrons squeezed in close contact. The fluid is encased in a
rigid crystalline crust a mile or two thick. The outer gaseous atmosphere is probably only
a few feet thick. The neutron star resembles a single giant nucleus because the density
everywhere except in the outer shell is as high as the density in the nuclei of ordinary
matter. There is observational evidence of the existence of several classes of neutron
stars: pulsars are periodic sources of radio frequency, X ray, or gamma ray radiation that
fluctuate in intensity and are considered to be rotating neutron stars. A neutron star may
also be the smaller of the two components in X-ray binary stars of the interior of a
neutron star consists of matter which is almost entirely composed of neutrons. In the bulk
of the star, this matter is in a super fluid state, where circulation currents can flow without
resistance. This material is under pressure, since it must be able to support the
tremendous weight of the overlying layers at each point in the neutron star. This pressure,
called degeneracy pressure, is caused by the close packing of the neutrons rather than by
the motion of the particles. As a result, neutron stars can be stable no matter what the
internal temperature is, because the pressure that supports the star is independent of
temperature.

Q.5 (A)

While Darwin’s theory of Evolution is a relatively young archetype, the evolutionary

worldview itself is an old as antiquity. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Anaximander

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postulated the development of life from non-life and the evolutionary descent of man
from animal. Charles Darwin simply brought something new to the old philosophy – a
plausible mechanism called “natural selection”. Natural selection acts to preserve and
accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations. Suppose a member of a species
developed a functional advantage (it grew wings and learned to fly). Its offspring would
inherit that advantage and pass it on to their offspring. The inferior members of the same
species would gradually die out, leaving only the superior members of the species.
Natural selection is preservation of a functional advantage that enables a species to
compete better in the wild. Natural selection is the naturalistic equivalent to domestic
breeding. Over the centuries, human breeders have produced dramatic changes in
domestic animal populations by selection individuals to breed. Breeders eliminate
undesirable traits gradually over time. Similarly, natural selection eliminates inferior
species gradually over time.

Q.5 (B)

Ans: Remote sensing is a method of collecting information about ground objects like soil,
water, vegetation and minerals from a remote place such as an aircraft of a satellite. This
technique not only enables us to locate various resources but also helps us to known
about their quantity and quality. The method is used to collect information about an
object, without physical contact with the object. The orbit of a sun-synchronous satellite
is such that it always posses over a particular place on the earth at almost the same local
time. It means whenever the satellite passes over a certain place on the earth, the position
of the sun relative to that place is always the same. Thus the cameras of that satellite are
enabling to get photographs of that place always with nearly the same illumination every
time it passes over that place.

Remote sensing of water resources

Radio waves of the shortest known wavelengths are called 'gamma rays'. These are given
off by atoms of several elements. As a result, the ground soil sends out gamma rays
which can be picked up by detectors in the aero planes or satellites. This emission is
affected by the presence of moisture or water in the soil and hence, it can be easily
detected whether or not the soil holds water. Moreover, in the pictures taken from space,
the wet soil will have altogether different appearance compared to dry or waterless soil.
Due to the presence of moisture, the water rich soil will not only show day time (diurnal)
variation in temperature on its surface, but will also have a cover of vegetation. Analysis
of the type, density and pattern of the vegetation growing on the wet soil helps us in
locating the areas of potential ground water. Similarly. The belts of hot springs may be
identified and will show up in thermal or infra-red detectors.

Survey of the vegetation cover

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Forests of deciduous trees which shed leaves in a certain season can be easily identified
with the help of pictures taken from the spacecraft especially during autumn when the
deciduous trees shed leaves and there is no snowfall as yet to conceal the vegetation.
Vegetation cover can be surveyed by measuring and analyzing infra-red reflection, or
with the help of photographs. The density of vegetation, shape and size of the plants and
even size, orientation and health of the leaves can be studied from afar. The pattern of
seasonal growth of deciduous trees is different from that of the coniferous trees like pine
and deodar and thus the difference can be detected in the photos taken by the spacecraft.
Plants absorb solar energy to make carbohydrates. A part of the absorbed energy is given
out and therefore the leaf temperature remains 10- 15°C higher than the surrounding air
temperature during sunniest part of the day, and about 5OC below the air temperature at
the coolest hour of the night. So by measuring ground temperature from a distance, the
presence or absence of vegetation can be detected.

Search for mineral deposits

Aerial photos and satellite pictures show very clearly if there is a break in the continuity
of layer of rock other unusual features on the surface of the earth. The distinctive linear
features are found to be very common centres where mineral deposits and ground water
are accumulated. Radio waves and magnetic measurements also provide information
about minerals and oil under the surface

Q.6 A

With the help of science and technology, the agricultural productivity in our country has
increased.

This has all been possible because of genetic manipulations.

Cereals and Millets

Rice is the main cereal of our country. The crops grown during monsoon i.e. from July to
October are called Kharif crops like rice, maize, jawar, bajra. Small millets, etc. and those
grown post-monsoon i.e. between October and March are known as Rabi crops like wheat,
barley, oat, etc.

Pulses and Soyabean

Pulses which are rich in protein are the major source of diet of our country especially of
vegetarians. . Some commonly pulses are arhar. masoor, chana, etc. Soyabean which is rich in
protein is cultivated more on the hilly regions.

AGROTECHNIQUES

Some agricultural techniques are being used these days as discussed below:

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Cropping Systems

Multiple cropping techniques i.e. growing two or more crops in the same piece of land is one
way to meet the growing food needs. Such intereroppir.-systems have a high production
potential.

Input of Fertilizers

Adequate input of fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium provide major
nutrients to the plants. Deficiency or excessive presence of these fertilizers should be avoided.
With the proper input of these fertilizers, cereals and pulses can be grown to the maximum
amount.

Crop Protection

Crop protection is required from getting damaged both in the fields and in the storage. Pest
management should be done to avoid the damage caused by pests, insects, birds, etc.

Livestock

Livestocks include cattle, sheep, goats and pigs which provide us with milk, eggs, wool, skin
and other by products. Livestocks provide us with the power for agriculture operations and
transport. Let us study about these livestocks.

Q.6. B

Malnutrition is a condition where there is insufficient or inadequate of basic nutrients

required by the body which leads to the manifestation of various diseases and disorders.
List of diseases by malnutrition

ANEMIA
Iron deficiency anemia is extremely common in children, as iron is needed to
support growth. A lack of dietary iron can cause delays in brain development,
sometimes irreversible

GOITER
Goiter is a condition in which the thyroid gland swells in the neck, forming a large mass.
It is a result of iodine deficiency, a mineral found in seafood, sea vegetables such as kelp
and iodized table salt.

KWASHIORKOR AND MARASMUS

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Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are conditions most commonly seen in starving children of
underdeveloped countries. Kwashiorkor occurs when an individual receives enough
calories but not enough protein. This causes fluid retention, often causing a distended
abdomen. Marasmus is a deficiency in both calories and protein and is characterized by
an extremely frail, thin appearance. Malnourished children typically have a multitude of
nutrient deficiencies and developmental impairments.

CHILDHOOD OBESITY
Malnutrition is bad nutrition, which does not always indicate a shortage of food. It can
mean an excess of calories as well.

List of diseases by deficiency of vitamins

1. Beriberi------------- Due to lack of Vitamin B1

2. Pellagra------------Due to lack of Vitamin B3
3. Scurvy------------ Due to lack of Vitamin C
4. Rickets----------- Due to lack of Vitamin D
5. Night Blindness------------ Due to lack of Vitamin A

In general, the following precautions should be taken while cooking, so as to retain

maximum amounts of vitamins in the food.

i) Use as little water as possible for washing and cooking,

ii) Do not throw the water used for soaking or cooking rice, pulses vegetables, etc. It
must either be used for cooking or consumed in some other way.
iii) Vegetables should be washed before cutting; otherwise the vitamins will leak out
from the cut vegetables into water and get washed away.
iv) Vegetables should be cooked soon after cutting.
v) Cook for the shortest possible period and serve it immediately.
vi) Do not use baking soda because it destroys vitamin C.

Q.7.A

An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease resulting from the presence of

pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, fungi,
protozoa, multicultural parasites, and aberrant proteins known as priors. These pathogens
are able to cause disease in animals and/or plant

A non-infectious disease is a disease that may be caused by the environment (e.g. skin
cancer from radiation from the Sun) or from what we eat (e.g. food poisoning) or
malnutrition, lack of food (e.g. Scurvy from lack of Vitamin C). Non-Infectious diseases
can also be caused by genetic disorders.

Direct contact
An easy way to catch most infectious diseases is by coming in contact with a person or

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 animal who has the infection. Three ways infectious diseases can be spread through direct
contact are:

 Person to person. The most common way for infectious diseases to spread is through the
direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This can
occur when an individual with the bacterium or virus touches, coughs on or kisses
someone who isn't infected.

 Animal to person. Pets can carry many germs. Being bitten or scratched by an infected
animal can make you sick and, in extreme circumstances, can be fatal. Handling animal
waste can be hazardous, too. For example, you can acquire a toxoplasmosis infection by
scooping your cat's litter box.

 Mother to unborn child. A pregnant woman may pass germs that cause infectious
diseases to her unborn baby. Some germs can pass through the placenta. Germs in the
vagina can be transmitted to the baby during birth.

Indirect contact
Disease-causing organisms also can be passed by indirect contact. Many germs can linger
on an inanimate object, such as a tabletop, doorknob or faucet handle. When you touch a
doorknob handled by someone ill with the flu or a cold, for example, you can pick up the
germs he or she left behind. If you then touch your eyes, mouth or nose before washing
your hands, you may become infected.

Insect bites
Some germs rely on insect carriers — such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice or ticks — to move
from host to host. These carriers are known as vectors.

Q.7 B

Unpleasant situations often lead to aggressive behaviour. In a study involving two

groups, one group was made to work in a stuffy and hot room while the other was maie to
work in a cooler and pleasant room. A person was made to behave aggressively with each
group. The reaction of the group working in uncomfortable circumstances was
significantly more aggressive to this person than the group that was' working under
comfortable conditions Children, too, learn to respond aggressively by imitation of

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elders. In some studies, children who watched an adult behave aggressively learned to
imitate him and thus behaved in a more aggressive fashion like, hitting each other or
pushing one another around. While another groups of children who hadn't been exposed
to such adult behaviour showed no increase in their aggressive attitude.

Aggressive behaviour is learned through observation and is often reinforced by its

consequences. For instances, if adolescent who is larger and has more muscle power than
other boys sees that he can get what he wants by threatening or beating smaller boys he
will repeat this act as often as he can.

Sometimes we can't tee out our aggression directly on whoever is the cause of our
frustrations. What happens then is a case of displaced aggression. For example, a boy of
15 or 16 wants to go out with his friends for a weekend and his parents refuse to give him
permission. The boy may not be able to do much about it but may, in anger, break a few
things in the house or bang the door or go and quarrel with the neighbour.

Sometimes, this displaced aggression can lead to much more serious consequences than
what we are suggesting in our example. A group of striking students or workers may go
on a rampage damaging public property, and may hurt even innocent bystanders, just
because of frustration in their attempts to cause ham-to the authority concerned.

Q.8 A

The main role of communication in a social system is receiving and conveying

information to individuals or groups of people through various modes like TV, radio,
newspaper, public meeting etc. It helps to motivate individuals or groups towards a
course of action, provides entertainment; influences public opinion; makes people aware
of their rights and privileges and helps them to improve their economic and social
conditions

The main role of communication in a social system is:

1. Receiving and conveying. Information which may be facts, messages or opinions;

this may take place in discourses, debates or discussions.
2. Motivating a person receiving the message, whether through an individual or
through a medium of mass communication like radio, television,
newspapers/journals, books or films, towards a course of action. This can extend

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 from adopting a method of family planning, changing one's food habits, to
working for a social or political cause.
3. Providing education and culture; from a class-room situation where knowledge
and skills may be imparted, to dissemination of cultural heritage and values as
well as cultivation of artistic interests.
4. Entertaining, whether for personal or collective enjoyment through public music,
drama or sports.
5. Influencing opinion to serve certain economic or political interests.

Q.8 B

One aspect of technology is that the latest scientific methods are used in production. This
in turn, depends on the availability of the-right type of scientific manpower.
Technology in Small Scale Industries
Many people have a misconception that application of science and technology is
important

Only for big industry. Since India consists of more than 600,000 villages, we cannot
ignore the relevance of village and small scale industry for giving employment to a large
number of our population, who are now dependent on primitive methods of agriculture.
Science and technology are equally important in .the handicrafts and small scale Industry.
Agriculture also has been moderni5ed with the help of machines like tractors, power
tillers, mechanized harvesters, etc. But these attempts have not been very successful,
because of educational and financial constraints, size of land holdings and social
structures.

Improved technology results in improved productivity in terms of capital Investment and

human resource requirement. At the same tune it reduces the job opportunities of a larger
number of people. We are faced with a paradox that, whereas on the one hand we need
more jobs for the bulk of our population who are jobless, on the other, modem
mechanized and automated industries would result in utillsing less tradional human skills.
The use of electric power and electronics in small scale and village level industries can
make efficient quality production possible, as has been demonstrated in Japan
Such improvements in production methods as automation and use of robots have been
demonstrated to be very effective in reducing production cost and, improving the quality
of production.

Q.9 A

Imported technology often comes with restrictions or "political strings" attached to it by

the supplier. For example, India used to import enriched uranium from the United States
to use in its fission reactors. A time came when the US Government insisted that we sign
the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, otherwise they would stop the supply. India refused

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to do so and argued that this was not a condition in the original agreement. However,
India's argument was of no use, and the US stopped the supply.

The supplier often unloads obsolete technology on the recipient, sometimes at a very high
cost. Since the receiving country does not have the technology, it may not even know
how outdated the offered technology may be. An example is the automobile industry in
which we continue to be saddled with models that are no more in demand in the
developed countries or in the parent country. Also, since the end of World War 11,'one of
the major areas of industrial development has been that of domestic conveniences, such
as air conditioners, refrigerators and electronic goods like the TV, VCR, etc. Once the
domestic market in Europe & USA was saturated, markets were created in the developing
countries for the finished products, and later, for the sale of related technologies. Since, in
these areas, the technologies are quick change ones, what is transferred to the developing
countries is outdated.

The receiving country may permanently have to depend on the donor country, especially
in crucial areas like defence equipment. The donor may sell a modern defence aircraft,
but with the condition that the receiver always buys the spares and ancillaries from them.
This way the receiving nation will not be allowed to be self-sufficient.

When a country imports technology from more than one country for an industry, then the
spare parts may not fit into various models. As you know, the technology for Maruti, Fiat
and Ambassador Cars was imported from three different countries, namely, Japan. Italy
and Britain; and the spare parts of one don't fit into the others. So the scale of production
of spare parts will vary, thus increasing the cost of production.

A multi-national corporation of a developed nation may give technological know-how to

a developing nation with the restriction that the knowledge is not to be shared with other
developing nations. This ensures their direct hold over different coun

Q.10

I) LASER
Industrial Applications of Laser

Today, laser can be found in a broad range of applications within industry, where it can
be used for such things as pointing and measuring. In the manufacturing industry, laser is
used to measure the ball cylindricity in bearings by observing the dispersion of a laser
beam when reflected on the ball.

Environmental Applications

Laser technologies have also been used within environmental areas. One example is the
ability to determine from a distance the environmental toxins in a column of smoke.

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Other examples are being able to predict and measure the existence of photochemical
smog and ozone, both at ground level where it isn't wanted and in the upper layers of the
atmosphere where it is needed. Laser is also used to supervise wastewater purification.

Communications

Laser works as a light source in all fiber optics in use. It has greater bandwidth
(potentially 100,000 times greater) than an ordinary copper cable.
It is insensitive to interference from external electrical and magnetic fields. Crosstalk
(hearing someone else's phone call) is of rare occurrence.

Fiber optics is used increasingly often in data and telecommunications around the world.

Medicine

Laser is used in medicine to improve precision work like surgery. Brain surgery is an
example of precision surgery that calls for the surgeon to reach the intended area
precisely. To make sure of this, lasers are used both to measure and to point in the area in
question. Birthmarks, warts and discoloring of the skin can easily be removed with an
unfocused laser. The operations are quick and heal quickly and, best of all, they are less
painful than ordinary surgery performed with a scalpel.

II) Fiber optics

Ans: A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber
optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting
messages modulated onto light waves.
Fiber optics has several advantages over traditional metal communications lines:
1. Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that
they can carry more data.
2. Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference.
3. Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires.
3. Data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data) rather than
analogically.
The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are expensive to install. In
addition, they are more fragile than wire and are difficult to splice.

Fiber optics is a particularly popular technology for local-area networks. In addition,

telephone companies are steadily replacing traditional telephone lines with fiber optic
cables. In the future, almost all communications will employ fiber optics.

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III)

Artificial Satellite
1. Scientist use artificial satellites for scientific research and to study the universe.
2. Other satellites record changes in Earth and its atmosphere.
3. Weather satellites help scientists study weather patterns and forecast the weather.
Weather satellites observe the atmospheric conditions over large areas

4. It helps transfer telephone calls over the oceans.

5. Navigation satellites enable operators of aircraft, ships, and land vehicles
anywhere on Earth to determine their locations with great accuracy. Hikers and
other people on foot can also use the satellites for this purpose. The satellites send
out radio signals that are picked up by a computerized receiver carried on a vehicle
or held in the hand.

6. It helps monitor crops and other resources.

7. It helps support military activities.
8. Artificial satellites also have orbited the moon, the sun, asteroids, and the planets
Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. Such satellites mainly gather information about the bodies
they orbit.

IV)

Biotechnology
Ans: Biotechnology is perhaps, best defined as the industrial utilization of biological
systems or processes. The ability to control and manipulate microbes and use them for
various applications has resulted in the current biotechnology. The two main techniques
in biotechnology are:
 Genetic engineering and
 Enzyme immobilization
The most ancient biotechnological art is fermentation. Living micro-organisms have been
used for centuries to make curds, condiments, cheese and vinegar, to prepare dough for
bread and to brew alcohol. But today biotechnology provides much more simple
processes with the help of powerful microscopes and carefully done experiments in the
laboratory, we have came to understand that the thing microbes involved in these
processes are small biochemical factories. And they can be used for a variety of purposes,
related to health, medicine, food, pollution control etc.

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