Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This guide is meant to provide basic examples of the APA citation style. As this guide does not include
every example possible, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th edition) for a more extensive understanding of APA citation. If you have any questions,
or you do not see the information you need, contact the Library (library@usa.edu).
Reference Examples
Book—Single Author
Format:
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Title. City, State of Publication:
Publisher.
Example:
Jones, A. A. (1993). The lumbar spine, the cervical spine and the knee: Testing and rehabilitation. Ocala,
FL: MedX Corporation.
Book—Multiple Authors
Format:
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of
Publication). Title. City, State of Publication: Publisher.
Example:
Furst, G. F., Gerber, L. H., & Smith, C. C. (1985). Rehabilitation through learning. Bethesda, MD: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services.
Book—Editor(s) as Author(s)
Format:
Editor Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title. City, State of Publication:
Publisher.
Example:
Williams, P. L., Bannister, L. H., Warwick, R., Dyson, M., & Gray, H. (Eds.). (1989). Gray’s anatomy. New
York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, Inc.
Example:
Wilder, R. L. (1993). Rheumatoid arthritis. In H. R. Schumacher (Ed.), Primer on the rheumatic diseases
(pp. 86-89). Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation.
Example:
Snell, R. S. (2012). Clinical anatomy by regions (9th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Example:
Gajdosik, C. G. (1991). Issues of parent compliance: What the clinician and researcher should know.
Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 11, 73-87.
Example:
Maluf, K. S., Sahrmann, S. A., & Van Dillen, L. R. (2000). Use of a classification system to guide
nonsurgical management of a patient with chronic low back pain. Physical Therapy, 80, 1097-
1111.
Example:
Dabholkar, A., Gala, M., & Yardi, S. (2014). Correlation of foot posture, foot function with balance and
gait in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational
Therapy, 8(2), 23-28. doi:10.5958/j.0973-5674.8.2.053
Article—Epub ahead of Print (Follow either with- or without DOI model above)
Format:
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Title of Journal.
Advance online publication. doi:#
Example:
Pratt, M., Norris, J., Lobelo, F., Roux, L., & Wang, G. (2012). The cost of physical inactivity: Moving into
the 21st century. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Advance online publication. doi:
10.1136/bjsports-2012-091810
*Note on Issue Numbers: For journal articles, issue numbers are only given if the journal is
paginated by issue. If the journal is paginated by volume, then give only the volume number.
Web Page
Format:
Author Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from
http://Web Address
Example:
American Physical Therapy Association. (2007). Professionalism. Retrieved from
http://apta.org/Professionalism/
Video Recording
Format:
Producer Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Producer). (Year of publication). Title [DVD]. Available
from http://xxxx
Example:
Peterson, T. (Producer). (2011). Hope restored: Functional neurology serves humanity [DVD]. Available
from http://www.myhoperestored.com/
Example: Smith, A. (2015). Citation 101 [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://xxxxx
In-Text Citations
Example:
Pratt (2012) found that physical inactivity…
Example: The survey showed that students preferred eBooks to print books (Smith, 2015).
Example:
Walking thirty minutes or more per day improves…(Thompson et al., 2000).
For more examples of how to cite sources with multiple authors, see the “Multiple Authors” chart by
Rasmussen College: http://guides.rasmussen.edu/apa/intext
Direct Quotations
When citing a direct quote you will need to include the page number or if page numbers are unavailable,
use the paragraph number. If neither page numbers nor paragraph numbers are available and the work
includes headings, use the heading and the number of the paragraph following it. Please see pgs. 171-
172 of the APA manual for further clarification and examples of these rules.