A Technical Seminar Report

On
Paper battery

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

C.Rahul kumar reddy

168P1A0471

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ADITYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE &Affiliated to J.N.T.U.A, Anantapuramu)
PUNGANUR ROAD, MADANAPALLE-517 325
2019- 2020

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

 ADITYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE &Affiliated to J.N.T.U.A, Anantapuramu)
PUNGANUR ROAD, MADANAPALLE-517 325

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Technical Seminar report entitled “Paper Battery” that
is being submitted by Mr. /Ms C.RAHUL KUMAR REDDY- 168P1A0471 in partial
fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Anantapur, Anantapuramu is a record of bonafide work carried out for the academic year
2019-20.

Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

1.
 DECLARATION

I, Mr. C.RAHUL KUMAR REDDY hereby declare that the Technical Seminar entitled

“ PAPER BATTERY” is a bonafide work submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Aditya College of Engineering, Madanapalle affiliated to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Anantapuramu during the

academic year 2019-20.

The results embodied in this Seminar report have not been submitted to any other

University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Date: C.RAHUL KUMAR REDDY

Place: 168P1A0497
 CONTENTS
Title Page No
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Terminologies 2
1.2 Principle of operation of cell 4
1.3 Types of battery 4
1.4 Recent developments 6
1.5 Life of battery 6
1.6 Hazards 6
CHAPTER 2 PAPER BATTERY 9

CHAPTER 3 CARBON NANOTUBES 10

3.1 Manufacturing of carbon Nanotubes 11
3.2 Development 13

CHAPTER 4 STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY 16

CHAPTER 5 FABRICATION OF PAPER BATTERY 17

CHAPTER 6 WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY 21

CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY 22

CHAPTER 8 LIMITATIONS OF PAPER BATTERY 23

CHAPTER 9 APPLICATIONS OF PAPER BATTERY 24

CONCLUSION 25
REFERENCES 26

ABSTRACT

The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical electrochemical
batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries based on the charging
ability are classified into primary and secondary cells. Secondary cells are widely used because of
their rechargeable nature.

Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space and contributes to a large part of the
device's weight. There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to
meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. New research suggests that carbon
nanotubes may eventually provide the best hope of implementing the flexible batteries which can
shrink our gadgets even more.

The paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation gadgets. A paper
battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon
nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-
energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that are separate in traditional
electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production
and bursts of energy. Nontoxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next
generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and
medical technologies.

The various types of batteries followed by the operation principle, manufacturing and
working of paper batteries are discussed in detail.

Keywords: paper batteries, flexible, carbon nanotubes

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Title of the figure Page No

1a Symbolic view of battery 1

1b Conventional battery 1

1.2 Principle operation of battery 4

1.3a Primary cell 5

1.3b Secondary cell Figure 5

1.4 USB cell 6

1.5 Life of Battery 6

1.6 Electronic Waste 8

2 Paper Battery 9

3. Carbon nanotubes 10

3.1 CNT in paper battery 11

3.2 Development of paper battery 14

4 paper battery structure 16

5 Fabrication Process 17

5.1 Spreading of CINIT ink 18

5.2 Drying of CNT by Microwave Oven 19

5.3 LED glown using paper battery 20

6 Working of paper battery 21

 PAPER BATTERY

CHAPTER 1

INTODUCTION TO BATTERIES

An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical
energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta,
batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.

Batteries are represented symbolically as

Fig. 1a Symbolic view Fig. 1b conventional battery

Electrons flow from the negative terminal towards the positive terminal.

Based on the rechargeable nature batteries are classified as

a. Non rechargeable or primary cells

b. Rechargeable or secondary cells

Based on the size they are classified as

a. Miniature batteries

b. Industrial batteries

Based on nature of electrolyte

a. Dry cell

b. Wet cell

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1.1 Terminologies
1.1.1 Accumulator- A rechargeable battery or cell

1.1.2 Ampere-Hour Capacity - The number of ampere-hours which can be delivered by

a battery on a single discharge.

1.1.3 Anode - During discharge, the negative electrode of the cell is the anode. During
charge, that reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode. The anode gives up
electrons to the load circuit and dissolves into the electrolyte.

1.1.4 Battery Capacity - The electric output of a cell or battery on a service test
delivered before the cell reaches a specified final electrical condition and may be expressed
in ampere-hours, watt- hours, or similar units. The capacity in watthours is equal to the
capacity in ampere-hours multiplied by the battery voltage.

1.1.5 Cutoff Voltage final - The prescribed lower-limit voltage at which battery discharge
is considered complete. The cutoff or final voltage is usually chosen so that the maximum
useful capacity of the battery is realized.

1.1.6 C - Used to signify a charge or discharge rate equal to the capacity of a battery divided
by 1 hour. Thus C for a 1600 mAh battery would be 1.6 A, C/5 for the same battery would be
320 mA and C/10 would be 160 mA.

1.1.7 Capacity - The capacity of a battery is a measure of the amount of energy that it
can deliver in a single discharge. Battery capacity is normally listed as amphours (or milli
amp-hours) or as watt-hours.

1.1.8 Cathode - Is an electrode that, in effect, oxidizes the anode or absorbs the electrons.
During discharge, the positive electrode of a voltaic cell is the cathode.
When charging, that reverses and the negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.

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1.1.9 Cycle - One sequence of charge and discharge.

1.1.10 Cycle Life - For rechargeable batteries, the total number of charge/discharge cycles
the cell can sustain before its capacity is significantly reduced. End of life is usually
considered to be reached when the cell or battery delivers only 80% of rated ampere- hour
capacity.

1.1.11 Electrochemical Couple - The system of active materials within a cell that
provides electrical energy storage through an electrochemical reaction.

1.1.12 Electrode - An electrical conductor through which an electric current enters or

leaves a conducting medium

1.1.13 Electrolyte - A chemical compound which, when fused or dissolved in certain

solvents, usually water, will conduct an electric current.

1.1.14 Internal Resistance - The resistance to the flow of an electric current within the
cell or battery.

1.1.15 Open-Circuit Voltage - The difference in potential between the terminals of a cell
when the circuit is open (i.e., a no-load condition).

1.1.16 Voltage, cutoff - Voltage at the end of useful discharge. (See Voltage, end-point.)

1.1.17 Voltage, end-point - Cell voltage below which the connected equipment will
not operate or below which operation is not recommended.

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1.2 Principal of Operation of cell

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of
a number of voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a
conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the
electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the anode or negative electrode.
The other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions)
migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction that powers the battery, cations
are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed)
at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the
electrolyte. Some cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. A separator between half cells
allows ions to flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes.

Fig. 1.2 principle operation

Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric
current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The voltage developed across a cell's terminals
depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline
and carbon-zinc cells have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts.
Likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2
volts. On the other hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium
compounds give lithium cells emf of 3 volts or more.

1.3 Types of batteries

Batteries are classified into two broad categories. Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits
of practicality) transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is
exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means. Secondary batteries
can be recharged. That is, they can have their chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical
energy to the cell, restoring their original composition.

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Primary batteries: This can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries
are intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devices that
have low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative
power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only
intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical
reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery
manufacturers recommend against attempting recharging primary cells.
Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and alkaline batteries.

Secondary batteries: These batteries must be charged before use. They are usually
assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells
can be recharged by applying electric current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur
during its use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.

Fig. 1.3a Primary cell Fig. 1.3b Secondary cell

1.4 Recent developments

Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as USBCELL, with a
built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format, enabling the battery to be charged by
plugging into a USB port without a charger USB Cell is the brand of NiMH rechargeable battery
produced by a company called Moixa Energy. The batteries include a USB connector to allow
recharging using a powered USB port. The product range currently available is limited to a 1300
mAh.

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Fig. 1.4 USB cell

1.5 Life of battery

Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary") batteries can lose 8
to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature of about 20°–30°C. [54] This is
known as the "self-discharge" rate and is

due to non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions, which

occur within the cell even if no load is applied to it . The rate of the side

reactions is reduced if the batteries are stored at low temperature ,

Fig 1.5 Life cycle

although some batteries can be damaged by freezing. High or low temperatures may reduce battery

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performance. This will affect the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery this initial
voltage is approximately normally distributed around 1.6 volts.

Rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly than disposable alkaline batteries, especially
nickel-based batteries a freshly charged NiCd loses 10% of its charge in the first 24 hours, and
thereafter discharges at a rate of about 10% a month. Most nickel-

based batteries are partially discharged when purchased, and must be charged before first use.

1.6 Hazards related to batteries

1.6.1 Explosion

A battery explosion is caused by the misuse or malfunction of a battery, such as attempting to

recharge a primary (non-rechargeable) battery, or short circuiting a battery.

1.6.2 Corrosion

Many battery chemicals are corrosive, poisonous, or both. If leakage occurs, either spontaneously or
through accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous

1.6.3 Environmental pollution

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The widespread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal
pollution. Battery manufacture consumes resources and often involves hazardous chemicals. Used
batteries also contribute to electronic waste.

Americans purchase nearly three billion batteries annually, and about 179,000 tons of those end up
in landfills across the country.

1.6.4 Ingestion

Small button/disk batteries can be swallowed by young children. While in the digestive tract the
battery's electrical discharge can burn the tissues and can be serious enough to lead to death.

Fig 1.6 Electronic waste

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CHAPTER 2

PAPER BATTERY

Energy has always been spotlighted. In the past few years a lot of inventions have been
made in this particular field. The tiny nuclear batteries that can provide energy for 10 years, but they
use radioactive elements and are quite expensive. Few years back some researchers from Stanford
University started experiments concerning the ways in which a copier paper could be used as a
battery source. After a long way of struggle they, recently, concluded that the idea was right. The
batteries made from a plain copier paper could make for the future energy storage that is truly thin.

The anatomy of paper battery is based on the use of Carbon Nanotubes tiny cylinders to
collect electric charge. The paper is dipped in lithium containing solution. The nanotubes will act as
electrodes allowing storage device to conduct electricity. It’s astounding to know that all the
components of a conventional battery are integrated in a single paper structure; hence the complete
mechanism for a battery is minimized to a size of paper.

One of the many reasons behind choosing the paper as a medium for battery is the
well-designed structure of millions of interconnected fibers in it. These fibers can hold on carbon
nanotubes easily. Also a paper has the capability to bent or curl.

You can fold it in different shapes and forms plus it as light as feather. Output voltage is
modest but it could be increased if we use a stack of papers. Hence the voltage issues can be easily
controlled without difficulty. Usage of paper as a battery will ultimately lead to weight diminution of
batteries many times as compared to traditional batteries.

It is said that the paper battery also has the capability of releasing the energy quickly. That
makes it best utilization for devices that needs burst of energy, mostly electric vehicles. Further,
the medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not contain any toxic materials.

Fig.2 paper battery

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CHAPTER 3
CARBON NANOTUBES
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly
larger than any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties, making
them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields
of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields.

They may also have applications in the construction of body armor. They exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors.

Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a
few nanometers (approximately 1/50,000th of the width of a human hair), while they can be up to
18 centimeters in length (as of 2010). Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes
(SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).

In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electric current density of 4 × 109 A/cm2 which is
more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as copper, where for copper interconnects current
densities are limited by electro migration.

In paper batteries the nanotubes act as electrodes, allowing the storage devices to conduct
electricity. The battery, which functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor, can
provide a long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a super
capacitor’s quick burst of high energy and while a conventional battery contains a number of
separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single
structure, making it more energy efficient.

Carbon nanotubes have been implemented in Nano electromechnical systems, including

mechanical memory elements(NRAM being developed by Nantero Inc.)

Fig 3.1 Carbon nanotubes

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2.1. Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotubes

One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and MIT,
begins with growing the nano tubes on a silicon substrate and then impregnating the gaps in the
matrix with cellulose. Once the matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the substrate,
exposing one end of the carbon nano tubes to act as an electrode.

Figure 3.2 CNT in paper battery

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When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super capacitor is formed
that can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This liquid acts as an electrolyte and may
include salt-laden solutions like human blood, sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%)
and lack of toxic chemicals in paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and
environmentally friendly, especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in
many present-day electronic devices and laptops.

Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number of devices implanted in
humans and animals, including REID tags, cosmetics, drug-delivery systems and pacemakers. A
capacitor introduced into an organism could be implanted fully dry and then be gradually exposed to
bodily fluids over time to generate voltage. Paper batteries are also biodegradable, a need only
partially addressed by current e-cycling and other electronics disposal methods increasingly advocated
for by the green computing movement.

3.2 Development
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The creation of this unique nano composite paper drew from a diverse pool of disciplines, requiring
expertise in materials science, energy storage, and chemistry. The researchers used ionic liquid,
essentially a liquid salt, as the battery's electrolyte. The use of ionic liquid, which contains no water,
means there's nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allows the paper
energy storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures. It gives the battery the ability to function
in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to MO below zero. The use of ionic liquid
also makes the battery extremely biocompatible; the team printed paper batteries without adding any
electrolytes, and demonstrated that naturally occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine
can be used to activate the battery device.

The creation of this unique nano composite paper drew from a diverse pool of disciplines, requiring
expertise in materials science, energy storage, and chemistry. The researchers used ionic liquid,
essentially a liquid salt, as the battery's electrolyte. The use of ionic liquid, which contains no water,
means there's nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allows the paper
energy storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures. It gives the battery the ability to function
in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to MO below zero. The use of ionic liquid
also makes the battery extremely biocompatible; the team printed paper batteries without adding any
electrolytes, and demonstrated that naturally occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine
can be used to activate the battery device.

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Figure 3.3 Development of paper Battery

With the present work, we expect to contribute to the first step of an incoming disruptive concept
related to the production of self-sustained paper electronic systems where the power supply is
integrated in electronic circuits to fabricate fully self sustained disposable, flexible, low cost and low
electrical consumption systems such as tags, games or displays.

In achieving such goal we have fabricated batteries using commercial paper as electrolyte and
physical support of thin film electrodes. A thin film layer of a metal or metal oxide is deposited in one

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side of a commercial paper sheet while in the opposite face a metal or metal oxide with opposite
electrochemical potential is also deposited. The simplest structure produced Ls Cu/paper/Al but other
structures such as Al paper WO TCO were also tested, leading to batteries with open circuit voltages
varying between 0.50 and 1.10 V.

On the other hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the relative humidity (RH), whose
presence is important to recharge the battery. The set of batteries characterized show stable
performance after being tested by more than 115 hours, under standard atmospheric conditions [room
temperature, RT (22 C)
60% air humidity, RH]. In this work we also present as a proof of concept a paper transistor in which
the gate ON/OFF state is controlled by a non-encapsulated 3 V integrated paper battery.

CHAPTER 4

STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY

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3.1. Structure
 Cathode: Carbon Nanotube
 Anode: Lithium metal (Li+)
 Electrolyte: bio electrolytes like urine, blood and sweat. (All electrolytes can be used)
 Separator: Cellulose

Figure 4 paper Battery structure

CHAPTER 5

FABRICATION OF PAPER BATTERY

The materials required for the preparation of paper battery are

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a. Copier paper

b. Carbon nano ink

c. Oven

The steps involved in the preparation of the paper battery are as follows

Step 1: The copier paper is taken.

Step 2: carbon Nano ink which is black in color is taken. Carbon nano ink is a solution of nano rods,
surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on one side of the paper.

Step 3: the paper is kept inside the oven at 150C temperature. This evaporates the water content on
the paper. The paper and the nano rods get attached to each other.

Step 4: place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and we can see voltage drop is generated.

Figure 5 Fabrication process

After drying the paper becomes flexible, light weight in nature. The paper is scratched and rolled to
protect the nano rods on paper.

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Figure 5.1 spreading of CINIT ink

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Figure 5.2 Drying of CNT by Microwave Oven

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Figure LED glown using paper Battery

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CHAPTER 6

WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY

The battery produces electricity in the same way as the conventional lithium-ion batteries
that power so many of today's gadgets, but all the components have been incorporated into a
lightweight, flexible sheet of paper.

The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon
nanotubes. The carbon is what gives the batteries their black color.

These tiny filaments act like the electrodes found in a traditional battery, conducting
electricity when the paper comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution.

Ionic liquids contain no water, which means that there is nothing to freeze or evaporate in
extreme environmental conditions. As a result, paper batteries can function between -75 and 1500C.

The paper is made conducting material by dipping in ink. The paper works as a conductive
layer. Two sheets of paper kept facing inward act like parallel plates (high energy electrodes). It can
store energy like a super capacitor and it can discharge bursts of energy because of large surface
area of nano tubes.

Fig.5 working of a paper battery

Chlorine ions flow from the positive electrode to the negative one, while electrons travel
through the external circuit, providing current. The paper electrode stores charge while recharging in
tens of seconds because ions flow through the thin electrode quickly.
In contrast, lithium batteries take 20 minutes to recharge.

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CHAPTER 7

ADVANTAGES

• The flexible shape allows the paper battery to be used small or irregularly-shaped
electronics:

One of the unique features of the paper battery is that it can be bent to any such shape or design
that the user might have in mind. The battery can easily squeeze into tight crevasses and can be cut
multiple times without ruining the battery's life. For example if a battery is cut in half, each piece will
function, however, each piece will only contain 1/2 the amount of original power. Conversely,
placing two sheets of paper battery on top of one-another will double the power.

• The paper battery may replace conventional batteries completely:

By layering sheets of this paper, the battery's voltage and current can be increased that many
times. Since the main components of the paper battery are carbon nanotubes and cellulose, the
body structure of the battery is very thin, "paper-thin". Thus to maximize even more power, the
sheets of battery paper can be stacked on top of one another to give off tremendous power. This can
allow the battery to have a much higher amount of power for the same size of storage as a current
battery and also be environmentally friendly at the same time.

• Supply power to an implanted pacemaker in the human body by using the electrolytes in
human blood:

An improvement in the techniques used in the health field can be aided by the paper battery.
Experiments have taken place showing that batteries can be energized by the electrolyte emitted
from one's own blood or body sweat. This can conserve the usage of battery acid and rely on an
environmental friendly mechanism of fueling battery cells with the help from our bodies.

• The paper battery can be molded to take the shape of large objects, like a car door:

As stated earlier, the key characteristics that make the paper battery very appealing are that it can
be transformed into any shape or size, it can be cut multiple times without damaging it, and it can be
fueled through various ways besides the typical harmful battery acid that is used in the current day
battery.

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CHAPTER 8

LIMITATIONS

• Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and they have to be scaled up to sheets
of newspaper size to make it commercially viable.

• Carbon nanotubes are very expensive, and batteries with large enough power are unlikely to
be cost effective.

• Cutting of trees leading to destroying of the nature.

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CHAPTER 9

APPLICATIONS

 Pace makers in heart (uses blood as electrolyte)

 Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets

 Powered smart cards RF id tags

 Smart toys, children sound books

 E-cards, greetings, talking posters

 Girls/boys’ apparel

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CONCLUSION

We have discussed the various terminologies, principle of operation of a battery and recent
developments related to it. The life of a battery is an important parameter which decides the area of
application of the battery. Increased use of batteries gives rise to E-waste which poses great damage
to our environment.

In the year 2007 paper battery was manufactured. The technology is capable of replacing old
bulky batteries. The paper batteries can further reduce the weight of the electronic gadgets.

The adaptations to the paper battery technique in the future could allow for simply painting
the nanotube ink and active materials onto surfaces such as walls. These surfaces can produce
energy.

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