Metacognition

Meta-cognition –
Greek origin-

META-higher or
beyond
COGNITIO-
thinking

Thinking higher inking

METACOGNITION IS THE ACT OF
THINKING ABOUT THINKING OR
COGNITION ABOUT COGNITION
OR
KNOWING ABOUT KNOWING
J. H. Flavell
“Meta-cognition is an
individual’s knowledge
of their ability to control
these processes by
organizing , monitoring and
modifying them as a
function of learning”.
Characteristics of Meta-
cognition
-It involves active control
over the cognitive processes
engaged in learning
-It involves awareness and
self regulation of one’s own
learning processes.
-
-It is concerned with self
–reflection , self-responsibility
and initiative as well as
goal setting and time
management
 META-COGNITIVE
STRATEGIES FOR
SUCCESSFUL LEARNING

Three levels
of Meta-
cognitive
strategies
1.AWARENESS:
a . Consciously identify what
you already know
b. Define the learning goal
c. Consider your personal
resources
d. Consider the task
requirements.
 2.PLANNING
a. Estimate the time required to
complete the task
b. Plan study time into your schedule
and set priorities
c. Make a checklist
d. Organize materials
e. Take the necessary steps to learn
by using strategies like outlining ,
mnemonics,
f. Diagramming etc
 3.MONITORING AND
REFLECTION(EVALUATION)
a. Reflect on the learning
process , keeping track of
what works and what
doesn't work for you.
b. Monitor own learning by
questioning and self- testing
c. Provide your own feedback.
d. Keep concentration and
motivation high
TRANSFER OF
LEARNING
Carry over of knowledge , habits and
skills acquired in one situation to
another

OR
Transfer of Learning is the application of
skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were
learned in one situation to another learning
situation
 DEFENITION

According to Eills , transfer of

learning means that experiences
or performance on one task
influences performance on some
subsequent task
Types of transfer
1.Positive transfer

2.Negative transfer

3.Zero transfer
 Positive Transfer
Learning of a particular task facilitates the learning
in another situation , it is called positive transfer

E.g.: learning of Math's help to solve problems

in physics
 Negative transfer
Learning of one task makes the learning
of another task harder , it is called
negative transfer.

E.g: one who is driving Enfield may find difficulty

in driving a Hero Honda due to the position of brake lever
 Zero Transfer

Learning of a particular task has no

effect on the learning of a
subsequent task.

E.g: Art of cooking neither enhances nor hinders

playing football
 Bilateral Transfer
A form of positive transfer .when motor skill
learned by one side of the body is easily
transferred / learned by the other side of the
body (from right hand to left hand through
hemispheral transfers).This is also called
Cross Education.
Theories of Transfer of
learning
 Theory of formal discipline
According to faculty theory ,human mind is
composed of so many independent
faculties like memory , attention ,imagination
,reasoning , judgment etc. These faculties can
be strengthened through exercise or practice.
Such properly strengthened faculties later on
function automatically in all situations and areas
in which they are involved
Theory of Identical Elements
(Thorndike,woodworth)

Transfer from one situation to another is

possible to the extent that there are
common or identical elements in the
situations.
 Theory of
Generalisation(Judd)
Transfer of learning occurs when the
individual apply the generalisations that
derived from a situation or certain
experience to a new situation
 Steps to facilitate transfer
-Maximize similarity between teaching different
school subjects

-Emphasize relationships among different

subjects

-Cite several examples while teaching

-Rote learning should never be encouraged.

-Follow the principles of correlation.

-Give importance to rule / principle and
generalization rather than isolated facts ,
while teaching.

-Use of A.V aids

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