SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY & CHEMISTRY

LECTURER NAME: ROBERT THOMAS BACHMANN, PROFESSOR DR

LAB REPORT: PRECIPITATION

NAME: ALEXANDER DEMONG

ID NO: 55214218039

DATE SUBMISSIOM: 12 MAY 2020

 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGES

PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

RESEARCH QUESTION 3

HYPOTHESIS 3

OBJECTIVES 3

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION 4

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1. Introduction

1.1. Problem statement

 What is the amount of Ca[OH]2 required to neutralize the wastewater and the species
that would precipitate during the process.

1.2. Research questions

 What is the amount of Ca[OH]2 required to neutralize the wastewater and the species
that would precipitate during the process.

1.3. Hypothesis

 Physico-chemical wastewater treatment plant uses lime (Ca[OH]2) to neutralize the

wastewater and form precipitate.

1.4. Objective

 Determine the pH and species distribution in the wastewater before addition of lime.
 Titrating 1 L of wastewater with 1M Ca[OH]2.
 Determine the volume of 1M Ca[OH]2 required to neutralize 1L of the wastewater.
 Determine the species that have precipitated.

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2. Result and discussion

14 0

12 0

Total Diss. Pb conc. [mol/L]

0
10
0
8
pH[/]

0
6
0
4
0
2 0

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
V (3M NaOH)[L]

pH Pb+2 Total dissolved

Figure 1: Volume of Ca[OH]2 vs pH and total dissolved Cd(II)

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 Before addition of
3M NaOH
pH 1.095
0.019 PbH2PO4+

10.421 H2PO4-
89.56 H3PO4
45.319 Pb+2
54.679 PbH2PO4+

Table 1: Before addition of 3M NaOH

After addition of 0.6L of 3M

NaOH
pH 6.989
PbHPO4(s) 4.83E- mol/L
03
M.W. 303.18 g/mol
Mass conc. 1.46 g/L
1.463 kg/m3

Table 2: After addition of 0.6L of 3M NaOH

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 The objective of this experiment is to determine the pH and species
distribution in the wastewater before addition of lime, Titrating 1 L of wastewater
with 1M Ca[OH]2, determine the volume of 1M Ca[OH]2 required to neutralize 1L of
the wastewater and determine the species that have precipitated. Precipitation refers to
a chemical reaction that occurs in aqueous solution when two ions bond together to
form an insoluble salt, which is known as the precipitate. A precipitation reaction can
occur when two solutions containing different salts are mixed, and a cation/anion pair
in the resulting combined solution forms an insoluble salt; this salt then precipitates
out of solution.
Based on the result, it is determined that the pH and species distribution in the
wastewater before addition of lime is shown in table 1, the volume of 1M Ca[OH]2
required to neutralize 1L of the wastewater is 1.8 mol/L, the species that have
precipitated would be lead (II) hydrogen phosphate and the mass of heavy metal
sludge produced per m3 of wastewater 1.463 kilogram.

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3. Conclusion and recommendation

As a result, it is determined that the pH and species distribution in the

wastewater before addition of lime is shown in table 1, the volume of 1M Ca[OH]2
required to neutralize 1L of the wastewater is 1.8 mol/L, the species that have
precipitated would be lead (II) hydrogen phosphate and the mass of heavy metal
sludge produced per m3 of wastewater 1.463 kilogram. As a recommendation, it is
much easier to do visual minteq simulation while watching the tutorial at the same
time so that you won’t be forgetting the step. This can be done by using another
screen or another computer or a smartphone.