Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In-Line Detonation
Flame Arresters
Manufactured by
Westech
Flow Control
E xplosions due to flame arrester failures are destructive, expensive and
potentially deadly. Prior to 1989, no arrester provided protection against all types of
flame propagation. In fact, no practical technology existed for testing detonation
flame arresters used in piping systems. Existing flame arrester standards were
clearly inadequate for in-line applications. Improper arrester selection and
application lead to storage tank and processing unit explosions. Without an arrester
designed and
tested to meet Flame Profile Curve
Pressure Waves
the levels of protection required, the potential for a
major disaster is high.
With the existing and future guidelines for
emissions control comes a new challenge for safe
facility operations. Installation of marine vapor 2000
[140]
recovery and destruction systems creates a high
Contents
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Series 55 - Groups C and D . . . 7 - 8
Definitions
End-of-Line Flame Arrester - This type of flame arrester is used Overdriven Detonation - Also referred to as unstable detonation.
where the potential ignition source is located outside the vessel or The condition that exists during the transition of a combustion
flow system that is being protected (unconfined); the flame travel process from a deflagration into a stable detonation. This transition
length is no greater than that used for flame arrester testing usually has the characteristic of producing extremely high
(typically 5 feet/1.25 m), and there are no restrictions in the explosion pressures in a relatively short time frame.
protected side piping. Stable Detonation - A detonation which has speed and pressure
In-Line (Detonation) Flame Arrester - An arrester which has been characteristics which do not vary significantly as the detonation
designed and tested to arrest flame fronts of varying pressures and progresses through a confined system, hence the term “stable”.
speeds with both restricted and unrestricted protected side piping Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) - The maximum gap
as well as long run stable and overdriven detonations. between equatorial flanges in a spherical volume that will just
Deflagration - A flame front that propagates by the transfer of heat prevent flame transmission from the vessel to the flammable gas
and mass to the unburned gas ahead of the flame front. Flame mixture surrounding it.
speeds can range from less than 1 m/s to greater than 350 m/s Momentum Impulse - A phenomenon associated with increasing
(supersonic) for very high pressure, turbulent flames. lengths of stable detonation travel. As the detonation travels down
Overpressures can range from a very small fraction to as much as the line, the duration of temperature and pressure effects
twenty times the initial pressure. associated with the detonation increases up to a run-up distance of
Detonations (Gaseous) - A flame front that propagates by shock 300 pipe diameters.
wave compression ignition in a flammable gas mixture. Flame
speeds are super-sonic with Mach numbers ranging from 5 to 15.
The pressure of stable detonation usually ranges from about 20 to
30 times the initial pressure but an overdriven detonation can
achieve compression ratios in excess of 300 at the moment of
transition from deflagration to detonation.
2
Arrester Function
3
Unrivaled Research and Design
4
Considerations for Arrester Application and Selection
Selection of the correct arrester requires a detailed look at the application and must be based on the following:
Testing and Certification Vapor Composition
Acceptance testing which proves the capability of an arrester is the For the purposes of arrester selection, a gas classification used by
only guarantee of arrester performance. With the growing need for the USCG and others is Maximum Experimental Safe Gap
flame arresting devices, many companies are producing arresters. (MESG). There is no guarantee of performance if the arrester is
Unfortunately, only some of these devices are tested to minimum used in an application where the vapor has a lower MESG value
performance standards and some are not tested at all. than that for which the arrester has been tested.
5
Series 40 In-Line Deflagration Flame Arrestor
Sizes Mechanical Design
• Sizes 2” thru 18” IIA (NEC Group D, Standard construction is carbon steel
M.E.S.G. [0.9] housing fabricated in accordance with
ASME/ANSI with 150 RF line flanges.
• Sizes 2”, 3” and 4” IIB (NEC Group C,
Element is 316 stainless steel.
M.E.S.G. [0.65]
Options
Protection
• Arrester housing fabricated in 316 SS
Quenches deflagration. In-line
installation is limited to 50 pipe • Class 300 ANSI RF or DIN mating
diameters as per test protocol. Can be flange connections
installed at the end of a vent line. • Instrument and drain connections
• Special alloy fabrication and internal
Installation coatings
The Series 40 can be installed in the • Special surface finishes
Groups C and D vertical or horizontal position.
• Special testing and designs
Test Protocol
Passive Operation • Weatherhood
Tested in accordance with the European
Standard EN12874: 2001, 6.3 Flame Completely self-contained with no
Transmission Test, 6.3.2 Deflagration reliance on power supplies, sensors,
Test, 6.3.2.1 End-of-Line Flame Arrester actuators or any external components.
and 6.3.2.2 In-Line Flame Arrester.
A
6
Series 55 In-Line Detonation Flame Arrestor
7
Series 55 Specifications
Flow Chart
100
[250]
10 3 4 6 8 12 16
[25]
10 14
18
1
[2.5]
0.11
[0.25]
1 10 100 1000
[0.472] [4.72] [47.2] [472]
Outside
Diameter
Outside
Diameter
8
Series 57 In-Line Detonation Flame Arrestor
Protection Independent of Location
Can arrest flame fronts anywhere in the
piping system regardless of pipe length
and configuration.
Series 57 Element:
Cylindrical Design
9
Series 57 Specifications
Flow Chart
100
[250]
12 16
10 2 3 4 6 8 10 14
[25]
18
1
[2.5]
0.11
[0.25]
1 10 100 1000
[0.472] [4.72] [47.2] [472]
Outside
Dia.
Overall Length
2 - 18 in [50 - 450 mm]
10
Series 59 In-Line Detonation Flame Arrestor
Sizes Mechanical Design
• Sizes 2” thru 12” NEC Group D vapors Standard construction is carbon steel
(IIA/M.E.S.G. [0.9mm]) housing fabricated in accordance with
ASME/ANSI with 150 RF line flanges.
Protection Independent Location Element is 316 stainless steel.
Bi-directional. Quenches deflagrations,
stable and overdriven detonations Options
regardless of piping configuration. • Arrester housing fabricated in 316 SS
Complete testing through the flame • Class 300 ANSI RF or DIN mating
profile curve. flange connections
• Instrument and drain connections
Installation
The Series 59 can be installed in the • Special alloy fabrication and internal
vertical or horizontal position. coatings
• Special surface finishes
Passive Operation • Special testing and designs
Group D Completely self-contained with no
reliance on power supplies, sensors,
Test Protocol
actuators or any external components.
Tested in accordance with the United
States Coast CFR 154. Multiple Element Design
Elements easily removed, separated
and cleaned in the field.
11
Series 60 In-Line Detonation Flame Arrestor
Sizes Mechanical Design
• Sizes 2” thru 12” - see test protocol Standard construction is carbon steel
above. housing fabricated in accordance with
ASME/ANSI with 150 RF line flanges.
Protection Independent Location Elements are 316 stainless steel.
Bi-directional. Quenches deflagrations,
stable and overdriven detonations Options
regardless of piping configuration. • Arrester housing fabricated in 316 SS
Complete testing through the flame • Class 300 ANSI RF or DIN mating
profile curve. flange connections
• Instrument and drain connections
Installation
The Series 60 can be installed in the • Special alloy fabrication and internal
vertical or horizontal position. coatings
• Special surface finishes
Passive Operation • Special testing and designs
Groups C and D Completely self-contained with no
reliance on power supplies, sensors,
FM Approved
actuators or any external components.
4” thru 12” line sizes accepted by
Factory Mutual for NEC Groups C Multiple Element Design
(IIB/M.E.S.G. [0.65 mm]) and D Elements easily removed, separated
(IIA/M.E.S.G. [0.9 mm]) vapors. and cleaned in the field.
2” thru 12” ATEX 94/9/EC accepted.
12
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