1.

0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Our design provides open drainage system and grassed swales. These facilities, along with
stormwater inlets, are components of the minor drainage system designed to collect minor flood
flows from 15-hectare low density housing scheme in perils and convey them to the major drainage
system.

The final design will help to preventing water flood because the water that causes floods can go
easily to minor drainage.

2.0 DESIGN PROCEDURE

 The preliminary sizing estimation procedure for minor drain is given below:
1. Design discharge estimated by Qminor based on ARI design
2. Estimated manning's of the lining material
3. Choose the design cross section to determine the depth and minimum base width of the
proposed system to determine the proposed drain capacity using the manning equation
speed of V = QA and to verify that it is within the open drain maximum and minimum
speed criteria
4. Calculate the average flow velocity from V = QA and check that it is within the maximum
and minimum velocity criteria for the open drain
5. Determine the flow depth, y and check whether y falls within the required open drain type
limit
6. Add the Freeboard needed
7. Calculate the drainage reserve broadness
 The following design steps are recommended when designing grassed swales
1. Design discharge estimated by Qminor based on ARI design
2. Adopted a cross section of the trial swale. Calculation of the trapezoidal swale geometry
3. Determine the coefficient of roughness (n), longitudinal slop (s) and Qminor for the manning
4. Calculate a peak flow (Q) and evaluate the trail swale flow width, velocity and flow rate
using the manning equation
5. Comparing Q and Qminor to iterations by steps 2 to 4 by increasing the flow size, D to Q >
Qminor
6. Check minimum length of swallows (L)
1
 7. Checking the flow velocity if the flow width is greater than 2 m/s or the flow depth is
reduced
8. Assess the water quality parameters
9. Evaluating swallow geometry for storm designing water quality
10. Check flow velocity does not exceed 0.5m/s

3.0 DESIGN FINAL

Specification of open drain

Padang Katong, Kanger 0.5 10/60 52.1510 0.3573 0.1584 0.7858

(6401002)

 Manning’s roughness coefficient of concrete= 0.015

 Side slope=0
 longitudinal slope = 0.2%
 Runoff coefficient=0.65
 Width B =0.85m

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SPECIFICATION OF SWALE DESIGN

Padang Katong, Kanger 10 10/60 57.645 0.179 0.254 0.826

(6401002)

 Swale cross section= trapezoidal

 Manning’s roughness coefficient=0.050 (tall grass cover)
 Swale longitudinal slope = 0.2%
 Side slope=3
 Bottom width=0.7
 Minimum freeboard=50mm
 Runoff coefficient=0.4

Water Quality up to 3 moth ARI

Padang Katong, Kanger 0.25 10/60 52.1510 0.3573 0.1584 0.7858

(6401002)

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
4.0 DESIGN PROCESS

1.Calculate the rainfall intensity

2. Calculate the design flow

3. Determine the sizing for swales

4. Provide A minimum freeboard

5. Water quality storm design

6. Calculate flow depth and

velocity for water quality flow

17
 1. Calculate the rainfall intensity

Calculate i for design ARI and duration d equal to the time of concentration from IDF data for area
of Padang Katong, Kanger
𝜆×𝑇 𝑘
𝑖= equation 2.2
(𝑑+𝜃)𝜂

2. Calculate design flow

To correctly size the stormwater drainage system we will need to calculate the design flow of the
storm water in M cubic per second (M3/s). we will use the design flow rate to determine the correct
drainage size that will maintain the appropriate water velocity.

The design flow is determined by considering the total catchment in square metres (m2) from the
site given the run off coefficient for each type of surface.

𝐶𝐼𝐴
𝑄= equation 2.3
360

3. Determine the sizing

The dimension of open drains has been limited in the interests of public safety and to facilitate
ease of maintenance. the depth reinforced concrete drain shall be provided for open drain that
exceed 0.9m in depth. The width of open drains may very between a minimum width of 0.5m and
a maximum of 1.2m. The side slope recommended maximum side slopes for open drain is drain
lining for example concrete, brickwork and blockwork maximum slope is 0, stone pitching
maximum side slop is 1.5(H):1(V) and Grassed/ vegetated, rock riprap maximum side slope is
2(H):1(V)

The dimension of swale is depending the shapes. The depth shall not exceed 1.2m A ‘vee’ or
triangular shaped section will generally be sufficient for most application; however, a trapezoidal
or parabolic swale shape may be used for additional capacity or to limit the depth of the swale is
best for erosion control. For a trapezoidal shape, the bottom 0.5m and 3.0m minimum bottom

18
width allows for construction. Side slope shall not be steeper than 2(H):1(V) while side slope
4(H):1(V) or flatter is recommended for safety reason. However, side slope of 2(H):1(V) in
residential areas are strongly discouraged. Slope of swale should normally be between 0.1% and
no greater than 0.5%

4. Provide A minimum freeboard

The depth of a swale and open drainage shall include a minimum freeboard of 50mm above the
design storm water level (based on maximum design flows) in the swale and open drainage to
allow for blockages
5. Water quality storm design
The sizing calculation for water quality treatment design should check flow velocity, depth and
residence times during water quality design storm (3month ARI). To effective, the depth of the
stormwater during treatment must not exceed the height of the grass. A grass height is more than
150.
6. Calculate flow depth and velocity for water quality flow
The flow velocity should not exceed 0.5m/s along a swale of 60m length during the water quality
density storm swales are recommended to have a minimum length of 60m, which can be achieved
by specifying a wide radius curved path where the available land is not adequate for a linear swale

19
 5.0 CONCLUSION

To sum up, an open-drain is mostly used to collect wastewater that is not sewage. While Swales
are shallow, broad and vegetated channels designed to store and/or convey runoff and remove
pollutants. They may be used as conveyance structures to pass the runoff to the next stage of the
treatment train and can be designed to promote infiltration where soil and groundwater conditions
allow. Therefore, designing the components of these open drains and swales needs in depth
engineering knowledge, and critical analysis as well as logical reasoning.

However, based on the task give an open drainage with a width of 1.15m and width of 1.2m has
been designed, furthermore, as an engineer there are criteria for designing of engineering
components, as in the case of designing the drainage, there were some limitations and criteria to
be met in order to be the designed component reasonable. One of the limitations of this component
is that the ARI. (Average Recurrence Interval) should be less than the calculated the flow rate Q
which is obtained by try and error method using different values of Depths. Besides that, among
the criterion is that the open drainage should be less than 0.6 m in depth without cover and 1.2 m
with cover, thus we have chosen to provide an open drainage with cover depth of 1.2 m.

In addition to that, the swale component design has its own criteria and limitations amongst is that
it cannot effectively convey large flows. Thereby following the criteria, the swale designed has
passed an ARI of 10 years with a flow rate of 0.09 m3/s.

In a nutshell, the design of the open drain and swale components shown in the calculations above
have met all the criteria and design requirements provided in the Urban Stormwater Management
System Manual for Malaysia (MASMA 2nd Edition) thereafter it should be suitable and used for
the purpose described in the problem statement.

20