SUMMER HOLIDAY

HOMEWORK
Name: Ansh Batra
Class: 10th C
Roll no.: 22
Shift: First
Q. 1) (a) A 5 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to
the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 20
cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 30 cm.
Find the position, nature and size of the image formed.
Answer:
Q.2) (a) Draw a diagram of human female reproductive
system and label the parts :
(i) which produce an egg.
(ii) where fertilization takes place.
(b) List two bacterial diseases which are transmitted
sexually.
(c) What are contraceptive devices ? Give two reasons
for adopting contraceptive devices in humans.

Answer:
HIV, Chlamydia
Contraception is an artificial method or other methods
mainly used to prevent or avoid pregnancy as a
consequence of sexual intercourse. When a sperm
reaches the ova in women, she may become pregnant.
Contraceptive devices are used for contraception.
The reasons for using contraceptive devices are:
 Avoiding frequent and unwanted pregnancies.
 For controlling the size of family to improve one's
standard of living.
 Financial insecurity
 Immaturity in women.
 Preventing sexually-transmitted diseases
Q. 3) (a) A student is unable to see clearly the words
written on the black board placed at a distance of
approximately 3 m from him. Name the defect of vision
the boy is suffering from. State the possible causes of
this defect and explain the method of correcting it. 
 (b) Why do stars twinkle ? Explain. 
(c) Write the function of each of the following parts of
human eye : 
 (i) Cornea (ii) Iris (iii) Crystalline lens (iv) Ciliary
muscles 
 (d) Why does the sun appear reddish early in the
morning ? Will this phenomenon be observed by an
astronaut on the Moon ? Give reason to justify your
answer.

Answer: (a) The boy who can't see written on the

board is suffering from Myopia.
The causes which cause Myopia are
• Due to the high converging power of the eye lens.
• Due to Being Eye ball to long .
It can be corrected by using a concave lens .
Because concave lens reduces the high converfing
power of lens because it is a diverging lens .
By using the concave lens the image is form on the
Retina .
(b) the twinkling of the stars is due to the atmospheric
refraction. Light emitted by the stars passes through
the different layers of the atmosphere before reaching
our eyes. the layer which is near to the sun and stars is
rarer and the layer which is nearer to the earth surface
is denser. So as the light passes through the upper
most layer it bends towards the normal as it enters the
next layer. This continuous process gives rise to the
apparent position of the star which changes
continuously and thus leads to the twinkling of the star
(c) Cornea: It is the bulging out part of eye where
maximum refraction of light takes place.
Iris: It is responsible for regulating the amount of light
entering the eyes by changing the size of the pupil
during day or night.
Crystalline Eye Lens: It is responsible for refracting light
so that a clear and sharp image of the objects is
formed at the retina.
Ciliary Muscles: These muscles hold the eye lens and
contract or relax to change the focal length of the eye
lens while looking at objects at various lengths. In
other words, they are responsible for accommodation
of the eye.
Q. 4) (a) Define excretion. 
 (b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the
kidney. 
 (c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label
the following organs of 
excretory system which perform following functions : 
 (i) form urine. 
 (ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney. 
 (iii) store urine until it is passed out.
Answer: excretion is the process in which waste,
undigested and unuseful substances of our body are
removed from our body.
The basic filtration unit present in the kidney is
nephron

Q.5) Distinguish between esterification and

saponification reactions with the help of the chemical
equations for each. State one use of each (i) esters, and
(ii) saponification process.
Answer: Esterification is the process by which esters are
formed when an alcohol reacts with an acid in presence
of conc. Sulphuric acid. R'OH + RCOOH +RCOOR' +
H2O CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH + CH3COOC2H5 +
H20 Saponification reaction is when ester reacts with
NaOH, to form sodium salt of acid and alcohol.
RCOOR' + NaOH +RCOONa+R'OH CH3COOC2H5 +
NaOH + CH3COONa+ C2H5OH Esters are used in
making perfumes, artificial flavouring agents, ice-
creams, cold drinks. Saponification process is used in
making soaps.
Q. 6) State the cause of dispersion of white light by a
glass prism. How did Newton, using two identical glass
prisms, show that white light is made of seven colours?
Draw a ray diagram to show the path of a narrow
beam of white light, through a combination of two
identical prisms arranged together in inverted position
with respect to each other, when it is allowed to fall
obliquely on one of the faces of the first prism of
the combination.
Answer: Newton's experiment with two identical
prisms: . When a beam of white light is passed through
a glass prism, a band of seven colors is formed on a
white screen. ... Newton showed that the seven colored
lights of the spectrum can be recombined to give back
white light

The cause of dispersion is the change in speed of light

with wavelength .when white light enters the first
surface of a Prism ,light of different colours due to their
different speeds in glasses gets deviated towards the
base of the prism through different angles that is the
Dispersion of white light into its constituent colours
takes place at the first surface of prism.
Newton's experiment -
Newton allowed white light from the sun to enter a dark
room with through a small aperture in a window and
placed a glass prism in the path of white light .the light
coming out of the prism was received on a white
screen .on the screen a coloured patch like a rainbow
was found which was termed as spectrum .starting from
the side of the base of the prism the colours of the
spectrum on the screen in the following order violet
Indigo blue green yellow orange and red the order of
colouring.
.
Q. 7) a ) 2 mL of sodium hydroxide solution is added to
a few pieces of granulated zinc metal 
taken in a test tube. When the contents are warmed, a
gas evolves which is bubbled 
through a soap solution before testing. Write the
equation of the chemical reaction 
involved and the test to detect the gas. Name the gas
which will be evolved when the 
same metal reacts with dilute solution of a strong acid. 
b)  The pH of a salt used to make tasty and crispy
pakoras is 14. Identify the salt and 
write a chemical equation for its formation. List its two
uses.

Answer: When zinc is added in sodium solution sodium

zincate (Na2ZnO2) is formed along with hydrogen gas.

2NaOH+Zn→Na2ZnO2+H2 

When burning splint is held near the evolved it

continues burning with pop sound indicating evolution
of Hydrogen gas.

Same metal i.e Zn reacts with strong acid H2SO4 to

give ZnSO4
Zn+H2SO4→ZnSO4+H2↑

(b) The salt used to make tasty and crispy pakoras are
sodium hydrogen bicarbonate. The chemical formula is
NaHCO3. Two of its uses are: (1) It is used as an antacid
in medicine to remove acidity of the stomach.
Q. 8) Decomposition reactions require energy either in
the form of heat or light or electricity 
for breaking down the reactants. Write one equation
each for decomposition reactions 
where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light and
electricity.
Answer: 1.) Decomposition on heating 

Calcium carbonate when heated gives quicklime (CaO)

and carbon dioxide 

CaCO3→CaO+CO2 

(2.) Decomposition by light 

Silver chloride decomposes to silver and chlorine in

presence of sunlight 

2AgCl→2Ag+Cl2 

(3). Decomposition by electricity 
Water on electrolysis gives hydrogen and oxygen 

2H2O→2H2+O2 
Q. 9) a) Mention any two components of blood. 
 (b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the
body. 
 (c) Write the function of valves present in between
atria and ventricles. 
 (d) Write one structural difference between the
composition of artery and veins.
Answer: Answer: 1) Red blood cells , white blood
vessels , and platelets are the two components of blood

2) The oxygenated blood that leaves the lungs through

pulmonary veins which return it to left heart ,
completing the pulmonary vein

3) The heart consists of 4 chambers two atria (upper

chamber) . There is a valve through which blood passes
before leaving each chamber of the heart . The valves
present the backward flow of blood . Aortic valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta

4) The chief difference between arteries and veins is the

job that they do . Arteries carry oxygen - poor blood
back from the body to heart . Our body contains other
smaller blood vessels
Q. 10)  i) You might have noted that when copper
powder is heated in a china dish, 
the reddish brown surface of copper powder becomes
coated with a black 
substance. 
(a) Why has this black substance formed ?
(b) What is this black substance ?
(c) Write the chemical equation of the reaction that
takes place.
(d) How can the black coating on the surface be turned
reddish
brown ?
Ii) 2 g of ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry
boiling tube. 
(a) List any two observations.
(b) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
(c) Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction
and name the
products formed.
Iii) In an industrial process used for the manufacture of
sodium hydroxide, a
gas ‘A’ is formed as a by-product. The gas ‘A’ reacts
with lime water to
give a compound ‘B’ which is used as a bleaching agent
in the chemical
industry. Identify ‘A’ and ‘B’. Also give the chemical
equations of the
reactions involved.
Answer: 1)  The black coloured substance is formed
due to the reaction of Cu with air. 
2) Copper reacts with oxygen present in air to form
copper oxide, which is black in colour. The black
substance is the copper oxide.
3) 2Cu+O2→2CuO
)The two observations on heating ferrous sulphate are

•The colour of the compound changes to light green to

white which on further heating changes to dark brown.

•A gas is emitted of a characteristic smell of sulphur

2)It is an example of decomposition reaction.

Sodium chloride is used for manufacture of sodium

hydroxide which is called chloralkali process. In this
process chlorine and hydrogen gas are formed as
byproducts along with sodium hydroxide. Chlorine gas
gives bleaching power when reacts with lime water and
used as bleaching agent in chemical industries.
2NaCl(aq)+2H2O(l)→2NaOH(aq)+Cl2(g)+H2(g)
X→Cl2 (Chlorine gas)
Ca(OH)2+Cl2⟶CaOCl2+H2O
Therefore,
 The gas X is chlorine.
 Compound Y is calcium oxychloride which is
commonly known as bleaching powder and used as
bleaching agent in chemical industries.
Q. 11) Draw the following Diagram with labelling:
A) Human Heart
B) Human Reproductive System male and female both.
C) Human excretory System
D)  Digestive System
E) Human Brain
F) Human Eye

Answer
Q. 12) Describe all the defect related to vision. What
was their reasons and how will be they corrected?
Explain with labelled diagram
Hypermetropia or long sightedness : It is the defect of
human eye in which a person can see clearly objects at
large distances from it. but cannot see nearby objects
clearly.
Correction : It is corrected by using spectacles having
convex lens, which converges and shifts the image to
retina from beyond.

Q. 13) Write the chemical formula, preparation and

uses of the following:
A) Bleaching powder
B) washing powder
C) Baking powder
D) plaster of paris
E) gypsum
Answer: Plaster of Paris is a chemical compound
consisting of fine white powder, which hardens when
exposed to moisture and allowed to dry. Its chemical
formula of Plaster of Paris is CaSO4.1/2H2O and is
better known as calcium sulfate hemihydrate.
 Plaster of Paris is used for doctors to fix bones in a
fracture.
 It is used for making toys and decorative materials.
 It is also used for increasing smoothness of
surfaces.
Washing soda is a whitish, odourless powder. Its
chemical formula is Na2CO3 and is better known as
sodium carbonate. It is hygroscopic in nature that is,
it absorbs moisture from the air. It is highly soluble in
water and forms strongly alkaline water solution.
Washing soda is used for removing burnt-on grease
from kitchen utensils.
 It is prominently used in soap, glass and paper
industries.
 It also helps in the removal of permanent hardness
of the water.
 It acts as a raw material in the manufacturing of
various sodium compounds, for example, borax.
Baking soda is a white crystalline compound with a
slightly salty taste. Its chemical formula is NaHCO3
and is generally known as sodium bicarbonate.
  It is used in making soft and fluffy bread and cakes
due to the production of carbon dioxide when it is
heated or mixed in water.
NaHCO3 + H+   → CO2 + H2O + sodium salt of acid
 It is used for making soda-acid fire extinguisher.
 It is used as an ingredient in the manufacturing of
antacids.
Gypsum is used to manufacture dry wall, plaster, etc.
Q. 14) Describe 
power of accommodation of eye and 
Dispersion of light.

Answer : The ability of the human eye to adjust itself

such that it can see objects which are nearby and
faraway is called Accommodation. It primarily involves
the lens and ciliary muscles. The ciliary muscles are
capable of modifying the curvature of the lens and
thereby affecting the focal length of the lens
Q. 15) Describe all with the help of diagram images
formed by Convex Mirror.
Answer: If the other cut part of the hollow sphere is
painted from inside, then its outer surface becomes the
reflecting surface. This kind of mirror is known as
convex mirror. A convex mirror is also known as a
diverging mirror as this mirror diverges light when they
strike on its reflecting surface. Virtual, erect and
diminished images are always formed with convex
mirrors, irrespective of the distance between the object
and the mirror. Apart from other applications, the
convex mirror is mostly used as a rearview mirror in
vehicles.
Spherical mirrors are the mirrors having curved
surfaces which are painted on one of the sides.
Spherical mirrors in which inward surfaces are painted
are known as convex mirrors while the spherical
mirrors in which outward surfaces are painted are
known as concave mirrors. Concave mirrors are also
known as a converging mirror since the rays converge
after falling on the concave mirror while the convex
mirrors are known as diverging mirrors as the rays
diverge after falling on the convex mirror. In this
article, we will learn about image formation by concave
and convex mirrors.
Q. 16)  Describe different types of chemical reactions
with the help of examples.
Answer:
Two or more
compounds
Combination reaction A + B → AB
combine to form
one compound.
The opposite of
a combination
reaction – a
Decomposition reaction complex AB → A + B
molecule breaks
down to make
simpler ones.
Two solutions
of soluble salts
A + Soluble
are mixed
salt B  →
Precipitation reaction resulting in an
Precipitate +
insoluble solid
soluble salt C
(precipitate)
forming.
 An acid and a
base react with
each other. Acid +
Neutralization reaction Generally, the Base → Salt +
product of this Water
reaction is a salt
and water.
Oxygen
combines with a
compound to
form carbon
dioxide and A + O2 →
Combustion reaction
water. These H2O + CO2
reactions are
exothermic,
meaning they
give off heat.
One element
takes place with
A + BC → AC
Displacement reaction another element
+B
in the
compound.