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Multipath PDF
Multipath PDF
Wireless Communication
Dr. Hari V S
Associate Professor
College of Engg., Chengannur
4 RAKE Receiver
g j2πfc t ]
s(t) = Re[s(t)e (1)
h(τ, t) = Re[e
h(τ, t)ej2πfc t ] (2)
e
h(τ, t) is called the input delay spread function
the output of the channel is the convolution between
the input delay spread and the input signal.
The envelope |e h(τ, t)| is Rayleigh distributed.
The autocorrelation is
The autocorrelation is
e 1 , t1 )H
RHe (f1 , t1 ; f2 , t2 ) = E[H(f f∗ (f2 , t2 )] (6)
Bc
Flat-flat Frequency-flat
τc Time
Fig. : The four classes of multipath channels
Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 11/ 26
Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
The pdf of r is
r −r22
fR (r) = e 2σ U (r) (10)
σ2
u=0 2π r=0 σ
Z ∞
1 −u2 −u2
= √ e 2 [1 − e 2ασ2 ] du
u=0 2π
Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 15/ 26
Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Z
1 1 ∞
−u2
(1+ 1 2 )
Pe = − √ e 2 ασ du (13)
2 2π 0
1 ασ 2
Let γ 2 = 1+ 1 = 1+ασ 2
ασ 2
Diversity Techniques I
These techniques are used to improve the reception on
fading.
Here multiple copies of the signal are given to the
receiver to counteract daing
The methods are
1 Frequency Diversity – The same information is
transmitted over different carrier frequencies, causing
multiple copis of the same signal.
2 Time Diversity – Here the copies of the same signal
are transmitted in different time slots, with the
spacing between successive time slots being the smae
or greater than the coherence time of the channel.
Dr. Hari V S Faculty Development Programme 18/ 26
Statistical Characterization of Multipath Channels
Classification of Multipath Channels
The Conditional Probability of Error
Binary Signaling over a Rayleigh Fading Channel
The Probabillity of Error
RAKE Receiver
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Diversity Techniques II
3 Space (antenna) diversity – Multiple transmitting
and/or receiving antennas are physiaclly placed apart
so that the fading events are independent.
If there are L independent fading channels, one can use
a linear diversity comining structure with L
independent receivers. The structure is shown below.
RAKE Receiver
x(t) τC τC τC
g(t)
PN PN PN
1 1 1
h0 h1 hL
b(n)
RAKE Receiver
RAKE Receiver
RAKE Receiver