1) bridge class

differentiation

DIFFERENTIATION IS :-
Instantaneous Rate of change of a function with respect to x.
df ( x) f ( xf ) - f ( x i )
= Lim
dx xf ® x i xf - x i

= Lim ( f ) ( i )
dx 3 f x -f x x 3f - x 3i
Ex. = Lim
dx x f ® x i x f - xi xf ® xi x f - xi

( x f - xi ) ( x f2 + x i2 + x3 x i )
= Lim
xf ® xi x f - xi

= Lim
x f ® xi (x 2 2
f +xi +xf xi )
Applying limit i.e xf = xi = x (say)

dx 3
= x 2 + x 2 + x 2 = 3x2
dx
Similarly it can be proved that

dx 2
* = 2x
dx
dx 4
* = 4x 3
dx
 if can be seen that

dx n
= nx n - 1 ; nÎ R
dx
SOME BASIC FORMULAE
dx n
= nx n - 1
dx
dsin x
= cos x
dx
dcos x
= - sin x
dx
d log x 1
=
dx x
de x
= ex ; e is an irrational number like 
dn
dc
=0 ; where c is a constant
dx
dc dc
is obviously always zero since a constant does not change with respect to x and gives no rate of change with respect to x
dx dx
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
Adduct Rule :
df ( x) ± g ( x) df ( x) dg ( x)
= ±
dx dx dx

eg;– (1)
(
d sin x + x 2
) = d sin x + dx 2

dx dx dx

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2) bridge class
differentiation

= cos x + 2x2–1 = cos x + 2x

Product Rule :
d f ( x) .g ( x) dg ( x) df ( x)
= f ( x) +g ( x)
dx dx dx
dx 3 sin x 3 d sin x dx 3
eg :– (2) =x +sin x
dx dx dx
= x3. cos x + sin x . 3x3–1
= x2 (x.cos x + 3 sin x)
Inference :

= c ( ) + f ( x)
dc.f (x) df x dc
dx dx dx
df ( x)
= c
dx
Where c is a constant
d59log x d log x
eg:–(3) = 59
dx dx
1
= 59´
x
59
=
x
Quotient Rule :
If a function consists of two differentiable functions in the Numerator & Denominator
Then
æN ö dN dD
d çç ÷÷ d -N
D
è ø = dx dx
dx D2
eg;– (4)
æ ex ö
dç ÷ de x x d log x
ç log x ÷ log x -e
è ø= dx dx
dx 2
log x ( )
1
log x e x - e x ´
= x
2
( log x)
ex æ 1ö
= çç log x - ÷
2 x÷
( log x) è ø
sin
d
d tan x cos x
eg :– (5) =
dx dn
d sin x d cos x
cos x - sin x
= dx dx
2
cos x
cos 2 +sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x

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3) bridge class
differentiation

1
= = sec 2 x
cos 2 x
d tan x
= sec2 x
dx
It is advisable that you learn the above formula and other trigonometric formulae that follow, Similarly
cos x
d
d cot x sin x
= =- cosec 2 x
dx dx
1
d
d sec x cos x
=
dx dx
(Taking 1 as Numerator and applying quotient Rule)
d1 d cos x
cos x -1
= dx dx
2
cos x

= (
0 - - sin x)
cos2 x
dsec x
= sec x.tan x
dx
Similarly
dcosec x
=- cosec x.cot x
dx
SOME EXEMPLAR QUESTIONS
1
1. x +
x
æ 1 ö
d çç x +
è
÷
÷ 1/2
x ø d x +x
=
(
- 1/2
)
dx dx
dx1/2 dx - 1/2
= +
dx dx
1 æ 1 ö - 3/2
= x - 1/2 +çç - ÷
÷x
2 è 2ø
1 1
= -
2 x 2 x3
1
2.
5
x2
1
d
5 - 2/5
x 2 = dx
dx dx
2 - 7/5
= - x
5
-2
=
5
5 x7
2
3. sin x

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4) bridge class
differentiation

d sin 2 x d ( sin x.sin x)

=
dx dx
d sin x dsin x
= sin x. +sin x.
dx dx
= sin x. cos x + sin x cos x
= 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x
4. 13 sin2 x + 16 cos2 x

=
d
dx (
13sin 2 x +13cos 2 x +3cos 2 x
)
=
d
dx (
13 +3cos 2
)
d13 d cos x.cos x
= +3
dx dx
é d cos x d cos x ù
= 0 +3 êcos x + cos x ú
ëê dx dx û ú
= 3[ - 2sin x cos x]
= – 3 sin 2x

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