AS A

Physics Olympiad Notes .

9th physics
Adapted from
-

Sunray Arendt
-

f
① Dot Product :
scalar product
k↳
(a) I. b- =
Iallbl WSO =

§!) ¥;)
. =

a. bit azbztazbs

( it ) Lik ) (Tito
:&
?
-

(b)
-
-
-

(c) ( in .in/=ff.I)--fk.T.)-- I 10 g ,

② cross product :
vector
product
↳ otxb
oixb -
-

(b) III =
tall -blsinO Tf a-
n

(c) a i lixtttjxjtlk -

KHO
Ij×a
(d) T×nT= (Vnitvyjtvzklxfwnitwyjtwzts )

Vywz Vzwy
-

=
kinematics

① For constant acceleration .

- -

Tot soit
' '

ca) T = To t t

② For . . -

To -

-
V cos OF TVs in Oji a- = -

gj ; RT -

O so
y µ

"

in
'
as i -

(III.Yo get .
e.
am - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.
- -

y U #
o

Igt
'

To find h
landing
Col Vts in O O
=
-
. . -

)
tcvsino
Igt O
-
-
-

(d)
V3in20
Range of projectile motion → p =

g
( Range for 00 and 190-010 are the same )
(e)
v2 sin 0
vertical
Maximum
height → -

g
Uniform circular Motion ( constant speed ) :

↳ There is an acceleration because direction

of motion is
constantly
The acceleration is towards the
changing direction of always
-

the radius
centre
of
.

÷FIT 4'
ma

ca ,
I
lay . =

'

r T

!oa]F
'
'

tuna

?Lga
? :L!!
is
anti"

EsDhDB⑦B8 ⑦hD⑤tDDB8
displacement s
displacement O trad ) S -
-

or

cracks ) ¥O=w
velocity V
velocity w

acceleration A acceleration a. Cradle) d¥w=a

circular motion acceleration

In
uniform , angular
because speed and
angular
' '
d is
always zero

velocity are
uniform .

movement of
✓ angular velocity is

axis -

of -

rotation, not tangential

f-
=
Ft w 2¥ =

velocity Expanded
? an inch .
I
D

l
' '
T is the
period for one

rotation the
complete angle covers

in 21T
 Non -

Uniform circular Motion :

acceleration
Tangential is
tangent to the

a.IT#jiry./Iar
and direction
circular path along the same as

decrease
velocity It results the increase
-
in or

in speed
of circular motion .

component of resultant force towards center of radius

t

Centripetal Force : Resultant a circular

force of force
(a) Fc =
m .
VI =
mug = 41721
'
T
 Relative and Acceleration
Velocity
INERTIA FRAME OF REFERENCE -
Frame of reference is at a

constant
velocity
-
NON INERTIA FRAME OF REFERENCE
-

one
frame of reference is
accelerating with respect
to another .

For . . -

of reference A
Frame is
moving
at Vr with respect
to
frame of reference B -

Ca) Va VB Vr VB Vat Vr
-
= - -

for both
* Acceleration

(b) UTA =
TPB t UBI frames is the same

)
Point of
✓ Point
of
reference A reference B
Non -
Inertial Frame of Reference
Fictitious Force F -
-

ma where '
a
'
is the acceleration

of the frame of reference

.

↳g-f The direction of the fictitious force is

opposite from
the acceleration .

F
⇐ . . . . . . .
↳
Lmg
'
'
In circular cases : Coriolis Force

centrifugal force Fictitious force ;

=

therefore away from center when

observed in accelerated frame

Centipital force is towards the centre

LT .
 Resistive Force
the Presence
of
-

Motion in
-

① Resistive proportional to ( slow )

force velocity moving objects
is -

: .

is a T
IT =
BT '
because it's
where b
proportionality negative
-
'

is ,

the direction
resisting in
opposite
.

In the case
of a
falling object
- - -

Resistive)
.

i
Tv B ( Result #
Fr
weight
-
= =
a
-
-

bat
v =
TI -

( Tt -

Vo) e-

And in the case where object starts from rest . . .

bat bat
)
-

V =
Vt ( t -

e ) =
Ft ( I -
e-

②
proportional velocity squared
Resistive to
force is .

i.
R =
I Dp AV '

In the case
of falling object
-

a
-
.

I Dp AV
'
i Fr
mg
=
-
.

a =

g
-

DfImv2 VE V Eff
Buttes
Representing
C
A line mute
y
a
-
-

\
B
. T = at t II
A I the line
known
position
:

any
.
on

b- :
directional vector

4- - -
→
X :

parameter each X
to
single point
a
-
will correspond

#
of =
OF t RAPT

attraction between
For gravitational forces of 2
point masses
:

I. If =

1%11 G :

gravitational constant -

M&M : masses
of objects
r :
distance between 2 masses .

F = -

GRIF The -

unit vector
M
•
Fg
f
m
ooo

-
I GIFT @ ET ) T
i

because
-
- .
= -
-

di
w D=.

JE -
 we
expect w D to be
-

zero because

his
the gravitational forces end
up

it :*
IFS perpendicular to one another .

"

roost

Potential external
agent against the force
Energy → was
by an to

bring the object from Ly to the point .

pointueqef.ee?fe9F5g-
•
→
point of
d
④ Om -
⑤
R -
T
Conservative Force → w D is
-

path independent
electric
e.
g
:
force

Non -
conservative Force → w D is.

path dependent
c- g :
frictional

Eouilibrium → when the rate

of change of an
object is zero .

① Stable Equilibrium Any

:
disturbance to the object will move

it back to
equilibrium
-

③ Unstable small
Equilibrium Any :
disturbances
change to

will
object it
away from eqwli
-

an move
a

③ Neutral
Equilibrium slope of region Object is always
:
is zero
-
.

this

neumeqw.nu?9wtibnum
y in
region
.

-n
 MOMENTUM =

① vector calculation
of conservation
direction direction
of momentum =

of velocity

Emvi =

EMVJ

change in momentum =

impulse
I =

SET It impulse =
take the 't out
'

of Hot
② Center
of mass .

→ point where the external applied

O⑨f→
center
of mass
force is

② position defined relative to a

system .

It is the

average position of
all parts of the
system ,

weighted according to their masses .

137
position
at which the
weighted position vectors

of all parts of the system sum to zero .

weighted position vector

to
=
points from origin an
object
has
magnitude
' '
m

F vector Total momentum

is
position -

MZ
EM Mir MTV2 t

↳q
•
Nem = =
-
-
T M total mass
£ center of mass
m , tmz

• D
M,
=

# Eri mi aterage position

 the
large @ismadeup.of therefore -nTm
Yall
small
objects of mass Sm .

uesqeusaearermaaggeosfgsum?
as ! ski

f;÷÷:÷:÷÷÷÷÷n i se
=
-

'aSr-
ur
dmygedi.EE#eintiodendotosFTt
Esm all amount .
.

NY Assuming uniform density

Sm= SI×µ

¥#
I
#
man

g- L nTm=¥eSni .

Edu
*
'
n mass
't
ILY amount , where 'm
XSu is
lsinlergth
increment .

Tini

CENTER OF MASS OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE

=

Y
^ ban
uniform
density Matt

tails
dm y
ban
-

Area
1
- -

on

. .
a÷⇐ :L
→
OR . . .
DOUBLE INTEGRAL

my wa base on
by
-

area -_
y
-

¥¥lb→
a- Foy
" ⇐ iaoaskoaa.fi/oydn
-
n
a
Rocket Propulsion :

Omo medium of rocket

of exhaust gas
+ tmomentum -0
← p-
← ✓
Dpwdat = DPexhaust
gas
-

M EV
=
Dm -

V exhaust
constant

M .
du =
f- V exhaust]dM
Mf
i .

/!! ' du =

fµ ,
V exhaust 't DM

Vf -
Vi =
V exhaust Ln
Mig
deceased mass
II
g-
Thrust M
Vexhanst DIE of rocket
-
- ' = .
 CH IO :

ANGULAR MOMENTUM :

*
moment of Inertia :
I =
Emir
distance between small mass and

boaydysuetarendaencafetaoah.gg?J
"

A
center
of axis
of rotation
ckgmz)
.

I
-

f r
-
dm

or

µ•m I -
-
mr
-

Rigid objects density

All
.

uniform
'
1- Thinned
'
w/ length L
'

dm = DE -
M where His total mass

¥I¥d
or
" I ton Edu
-
-
.

dm
( EL 's n ) ;
'
-
-

IN L2
-
=

t.IE/n-.Edn.#---...
•
: .

Emi

,
 small area
§ .

it:÷¥a ing
t a
dm
-

÷:÷.÷:÷÷÷w ÷
to

g. Mfaztb )
.
.

from r=O to r
-

-
R

0=0 to 0=218
SPHERE
4--0 to f- TL

dV=rd4 dr rsincldo

for
- .

.
a :i:*:*

i :
de
Ia '
r
reined
h
. .
dm-E.tn .
-

du
it
Fripp
-

r2sih4drdOd4
B
i
r
i -

r
'
= resiny
/ (distance between
. .
! .
r
'

T origin

disitau-namdbehfsngweah.ae#-fg:.I=Sri2dm dody
.
! SF ) SIR
-
since .is#ppr2sinedr
÷
I Zsiypf
' =
'

y
:
 LANGULARIROTATIONATHL.ee
TINEART
'

_¥
O O
displacement s →
angular displacement 5- -
r

→
velocity angular velocity
v w w r
-

v
-
-

→
linear acceleration a
angular acceleration A a=d r
-

Emr
'
→ L
moment
of inertia I
-

mass
-

force F →
torque ( moment) Z E :¥axF
momentum → 2W Mvrsino
MV
angular momentum
or

HE 5mV
'
→
rotational K e
- .
52202

Hoop or thin
cylindrical shell Hollow cylinder
CEI
E#B
FEETl
l f¥ F
- e-
s
l l
EMERT -11222 )
'

Ion MR
-

zone

solid cylinder on Disk

Rectangular Plate
Fed
← *#→
e-
H
(
EEE
'

/ Ian
-
-

4214 ( a' tbh )

Icw 's Mri
Long thin rod wth rotation
. thin Rod with
long
axis through center .

Rotation Axis through end

qty ed

TT e

=TzME
Icm
JML
'

solid
sphere
-

Thin spherical shell

Hes ate

an
it
"

Icm -
-
EMR
2cm -
-

IMI
 about
rotates wench0 ( t
)
axis

Torque :
D

JE
-
¥ :* . . ....
re =

'
r

man:p
Fsind

:*
=

..
Fd

at:z¥
'

O
'

rotation , it passes
10 . as

; through O d: moment I hear arm F

A- line action of
of
d i

Varig non 's Theorem→ The sum of moments produced by any

two concurrent forces with
respect to a

point is
equal to the moment
produced by
the resultant with respect to the same

point .

Note : there is no
unique
value
of torque for an
object , its value

depends what choose the rotational axis to be .

on
you
only the component of force perpendicular to a line drawn

from rotational axis

produces a
torque
.

de
¥
.
.
-
Ignore fones act on the
rigid
object each tends to produce
-
-
.

o -
,
'

ed
'

rotation about
though
'
.
an axis
,
O

£
'

,
Do 8086dB 00030800
momentum L f- scalar

Angular
:
vector
→I two-
=

vector

m¥↳arm q?Eentaan5Eocitg

e¥
WI =
Tip
(no net torque if no external forces)
↳ e- txt

of Edt

oh, =

SEE It
which isn't
If there is some point
then that is
on a
rotating body
moving
the axis of rotation .

GYROSCOPE
t
Z← ① self rotation
-

of the totem

\µ¥→
① Rotation of thetotem about an axis

to
III. ifeng.ge of
CM * i "m " - mass

pug
① Angular Momentum of the totem's self rotation
-

② about
Angular momentum of totem z axis is
charging
-

direction all the time .

③ charge momentum that there

in
angular indicates is a
torque
totem)
acting C
Resulting from weight of
(torque is out
of page & perpendicular to rotation of totem)

: z
=
DI
de
.

of of III
-

-
-

Ee ¥151 =

The Rate
'

L
of charge of
cop angular velocity
z
= -

. ,

cop I w
mg ram
= -
-

Wp
= nigrum
2W
Glum XD
✓proportional
the
Braff anemone force
to

deformation
causing acting
'

stress
unit area
per
Elastic Modulus =

strain
degree of deformation
① Young 's Modulus : Resistance
of a solid to a
change in its
length (stretch)
Force
of
studying age
:*,
Tensile HI
y Tensile strain
=

04L

② Sheer Modulus :
Elasticity of shape AKA Resistance to motion

of the
planes within a solid parallel to

each other

f-
E¥
f-

sheer stress F/A

-
-

sheer strain 8Wh

③ Bulk Modulus : Resistance
of solids or
liquids to

charges in their volume .

AKA
volume (
Elasticity of compression )
I
- - - -
-

.
-
i ,

od
I
.

=
' '
volume stress
, Sr . i
=
DVI Vi
-

where strain
l l '

!
!
.

.
.

i
-

I
.
- - - - -
u
Rotational Equilibrium → Angular acceleration
of an object
-

-
O

Rigid Object in Equilibrium Analysis Model :

Translational ① Net external Tone on

object equals zero
-

I Fex 0
-

Rotational ②
Net external torque about any axis
equals zero

£ E
↳ does not mean absence of
=D
ex rotation ; angular acceleration
is constant .

at rest relative
Static
Equilibrium → Object iv.equilibrium
. is

⇐ observer (Van O ; 20=0 )

-

-
 MOBB 8h48 ODD 08000000

M¥2
"
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE ( Fg) →
G
Fg =

(where )
"
G
-

= 6.674×10

M÷Y pi
'

① Fg is
omnipresent
.
tg =

To G
i

distance
' '
Particle 2 directs force onto particle 1
② Fg
a
decreases as r ,

attractive
increases
as
Fg is an
force

FI

GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH → Gravitational force per

unit mass

(vector)
acting on small test
a mass in

gravitational field at point a

.

%
I '

field
Legenddig
strength
g= -

Griff
Alr
e
 Gravitational Potential
Energy → work done
by external
-
an

( scalar) the gravitational

agentto against the
force bring object from
to the
infinity point
.

f- E -

dir = -

GHI
Gravitational Potential →
potential energy per unit mass

Vg = -

Gift
÷m

AT
BOOBOO BOBB ④ 8D BOARD
, ' www.maetoneperunitmass

tear
µ § 8¥
00008080608700088678080
Ponlential per
BABB ⑧ B Tf
unit mass

agwairksfffgbfauefkfmalaeasgtm.me
object from
the
atopobhfy
to
 1st
I -

Kepler 's Law =

All planets more in elliptical orbits with the sun

at focus (note that there is the center

one
nothing at
.

or other focal points

• •
Perihelion
Aphelion • sun ( focal point )

2nd Law unit

keephers led
by planet per
'

2- =
The area
sweep
time is constant

Planet t ,
Planet ta o

msn.no#T
planet -12
•

planet -1 ,

Angular momentum is conserved because there is no external torque

acting on the
system
.
The resultant force is towards the sun (
Eg) ,

force tor
since sun is rotational axis, is
parallel Hence no
.

torque
.

→
L -
'

Hp l F x TI =
constant .

tf -
ri
Area of b :

lrixdrl.TW#4
i. DA
ee idr :
I
da lrixvldt
rt
II. turnt -

- constant

I =

214ps
} Kepler's 3rd Law The
of the orbital
period of
=

square any
.

.
'

.
Fe =
Fg planet is

the
proportional to the cube
of
the
Giex
of semimajor
orbit
axis
of
my
-
r
elliptical
=

r2
4122
r = GI
Iz f
2

4GHz -12
'
r3 =
r d -13

Fondant .

for elliptical
'

length a'
'
with
replace of semimajor
'
orbits r axis :
,

GI T2
q3 =
T2 as a
4122

Vesc =
minimum
velocity to
escape
the effect of the
gravitational
field

TE O
-

i. -

GMM
-

F
t IMVZO

Vesa -

FEY
Norb =
circular orbit where GPE is constant

.
-

.
GPE = -

2kt

Vorb
r
1340010 MBEKI BRO 88
and
Fluid → collection of molecules that are
randomly arranged
held and fones exerted
together by weak cohesive fares
the walls the container
by on
.

( both liquids and

gases
are
fluids )

' '

Po pgh
'

depth
'

p
-
-
t The P at a he below a
pressure
point in
,
the liquid at which the
greater by
'

Po amount !
pressure
is
pgh an

Buoyancy
:

The
buoyant force equal
magnitude of the is to the

weight of fluid displaced by the object .

B
paid gvdoplaeent
-

submerged objects
..÷:÷÷÷ :
Totally B
:
pay s
p god
.

s: : :
 at
Steady Flow →
every fluid particle arriving a

given point
has the same
velocity

Turbulent Flow

viscosity → degree ofthat

internal
friction ;
resistance 2
adjacent layers of the fluid
have to move relative to each other

iH÷si÷:÷:
-
eeeae¥E÷E ÷÷a .
:*:*

fluids
Equation of continuity for :

Air , =
AzVa =
constant
product of area &
velocity is constant across all
incompressible
fluids .
 WD =
J P .
Iv gas

µ tone
negative because
A-2 is

its external
by an
fire .

Te ÷:: remains.
'

yen
..
night
.

as
Dnr Y z

constant
Bernoulli's Equation P Ipv 't pgy
-

: t
-

when the fluid at rest : P. Pa pgcoyz y ) pgh

-

:
is - -
-

.
ftp.EKMEE#FE3BE a
given time
period
Periodic Motion fixed position after
object regularly returns to
:
an a

simple Harmonic Motion acceleration is proportional to

position and direction of
:
,

acceleration is opposite to direction

of displacement
.

"
A x -
n e- second order -

differential equation
n =
No cos wt

dare ✓ Phase constant

ftp.i.uengfan.tn?ihpoi§!-µ
ntdok--w2uheuew--2Iy
dt2 = -
kn ←
general solution :
U = Asin (w

V=tw✓µ#2 A - - >
-

n
& ke =
Intr - =
Immuno -
-

R2) Quadratic
v
TE =
KE may =
12mW No ?

tzmw - "
Pee N
E & An
S n

Comparison Between Cinular Motion & stem

A
Projection of circular motion on the
PHASE
then the
:
so
n -
axis .

point of purgation P is

g
te Aws O
-
-

↳9 Phase is also dependent

on detection .
 Hooke's Law : Fs = -

KK ( force exerted
by spring on block )

restoring force
↳ Fs is a

→ directed towards
equilibrium position ;
opposite displacement of block from equilibrium;

SHM : i I Fn
Deriving
=
.
man

kN =
man

an =
-

Eun

Fs
←

a .

I
A-B
N

N O
-

FT O
-

b .
acceleration is zero ,
changing signs ;
speed is maximum ;

N
-
-
O

I
N n L

NIO
① Physical Pendulum :

Hobie 't suing aeons

÷}÷÷Y:
axis
'

" an

opposite to daikon
,
dsinomg Ix
torque is
of rotation
-
.
- -

←
A
mgdO IA
- -

: .

f- -

MELO → O -
-

Asin (wt -10)

mszd 5N¥
i. W- =
→ period : T -

③ Torsional Pendulum : IA
'

2 =
-
KF Torsional constant : a variant
of the
String hood
°

µ
'
.

sheermodrlus
L In =
-

Kp '
because,jfgy about toque
.

a = -

Zo
disc luevght
qui → WZ
=L → T=2x[

/
Ad

→
.
.
-

or
•-eo -

↳
,

of d
Tuned mass damper

'
E x A
Damping
:

↳ the decrease of mechanical energy over time .

pi BT
Resistive forex velocity
- b
damping coefficient
= .

:
-

Resultant Fone :
Fr = -
kn -
brr
a = -

Eun Eun -
-
w
-

ma
= -

ku -
brr
*

÷ a
= -

Eun bare -

DIY Indie t t Em = O Tsao nd order -

differential equation
Tnt U
Ae
-

A- cos Lwt to ) ← solution

Yhwh any decreasing amplitude

.

z
-
f
w=j¥ ( Imf
'

-
.
-

i. when there is No resistive

ltetardirg Jones
wife = natural
frequency
without
damping
w-jwo2-fzt.TT
→
( with damping )

1 . Under -

damped : Im 4 Wo c-
decreasing amplitude exponential ,
rate ,

in sins cos crime ( still

oscillating)
IM
Critically damped
Wo oscillation
-

energy dissipation
2- s is
-
-
-
no ,

fastest .

S -

over -

damped
: Im > Wo c- Resistive force so
large that it's hard to moe
;
Ae Tmt )
-

cos Lwt -14

m
solution is NOT A =

Ar

I
-

fales t decreasing amplitude .

 Forced Oscillation : transfer
energy from system
source to -

restoring force
t
retarding force t
driving force
.

driving fone F Fosinwt w

driving frequency Fo maximum
driving fore
=
: :
.
:

Fr Fosinwt brr
'
=
kn
- -

' '

£
-
-

the because
Fid ( dilation) Restoring
fore
Resistive
fore
→

m dat .
-
-

eosinwt -

bday -
kn

i .
For stable solution : n -
-
Aws Lwt -101 )
/ R
driving frequency → need a consistent driving pulse
freq
so =
oscillation
A-

f¥nEEFy
-

Toe
driving natural
driving
heavy being fog

Resonance .

when w
-

-
Wo → A is maximum , since denominator is minimum

[ natural called
when
driving frequency frequency
= -
r also resonance

frequency
'

i' Resonance maximum transfer of

energy
-_
Polarisation
normal
light is
unpolan.se#wnsiistsofyfwgyfqqmasnes?hal- travel

↳ wasteful Teams
Num
or -
.

Polarised when
you remove
waveforms ,
intensity is loner

g
.

Polariser :

|gygugswmtye.EE?IEtpwes
Endy time
you pass through
.

a
polarson ,
not got meensiy !
Intensity too%
Intensity before plantar
last
.

Ho

¥¥,og µ?→
Malu's
'
law : I =

| Polarisation is decided
solely by
final polarizer .
Wave : is
transferred distance, but matter is not
energy
.

over a

simple Harmonic Motion!

H =
No sincwt -10 )
←
single point over a
period of time -

dt -

graph
displacement distance
graph :
-

Ann
*

: ::÷÷÷
"

:
i .

ut ) A sink In ve)
l÷÷÷÷÷÷m" of "

a →
yen :
y
- - -
-

y
-

- Asininity
a-ha
angular freq
rt
¥ .
v =
2k¥ where
} .

g so Laf -

-
Wd
H 0)
Asim wt
My Kk t
-
-

gie
-

or

try
=
W Acoslka wt -10 ) 9
In
-

Asin ( kn wet 0)
-

displacement ycn.tl
= -

%9np= - W' Asinlkn wht -

0¥
ehewdaiy found must be with
respect to a

k must be constant
single point so a
.

A partial derivative must be found .

differentiate we regret
E¥* to
"
L
"

Implicit dffuenlialion : Fu -
-
Aws (Kw -

wt tf) .

( RIFF -
W)
 V

where co -
-

ku

Position vs of
time a
particle in SHM :
.

1 .
Mt) '
A costco Lto
-
)

Velocity of a
particle in SHH :

2 .
-

w A sin ( w Et ol )

Acceleration of a
particle in SHM :

3- -

w
'
Aws Cw Eto )

w= JEN =
angular frequency
- how
rapidly ate

?
oscillations
occurring
 Speed of wave in a
sting za :

→ r
This segment is
performing
II
f)
circular motion

-i
N
'
n'÷: : iii.imma
'

'

i
no

-
: I = ME
R

→
2 TO =
2
ROI
R

→
vs =
#
#
8- Tension in
string
f y =

← mass per unit length

.

If TT , freq T as v 9 & A constant

Phase
change .

diffractive
me

lncipduentesinhfue
dex .

I
{ similar to a
medium w/ higher
refractive index

-
←
thee is a
phase
clogs of The
 To -8 I
fixed end
Nooooo

I :::÷÷;im÷::;÷
b when end
pulse reaches

of shrug & beginning of support , it

Team :S
Reflection will have a
phase change of a dounw

IT .

If JB Itt
→
free
end tension at free end is

#
• maintained ,
pulse exerts gone
-

-
open
end
}%P%day on
string causing it
upwards
.

,
I downwards
to accelerate

as

tension it back down

pulls
.

There will be no
phase change further ware
.

Rate of Energy Transfer → sinusdial or a

sting
- -

speed of particle
died:#
" ""

.¥¥¥f¥÷
" " use
' =
.

. . aosc.n.w.us
-

← a-
I have Ths anent
of egg
sein: : iii.hey
trashed to next part .

I µ A 2W -
cos
-
( kn - w -4dm

"

take at distance what

whew t O photo specific KE
"
-
l a
a .

is

in one
wavelength ?
→ Ipe A
-

w
-
J!
As H '
da
k -
IT

type Aws [ Itesm Kkk) tuff

→
I µX AW '
 •
Ek 1- Epmax I take PE
of one
wavelength

µ
to be equal to KE so

Ek=maxtEp=O
EIµtfw
TE
,

TE
power
'zµAzw¥atyuAZwW=
i. =

=
,

speed tfwaeonshgf
linear Wave Equation ;

ycseit ) Asim kn wt -10 ) wavefunction

-
-
-

't
at-grade
¥
.

.÷
Tano
-

Tsin OB Tsin OA
}y
'

Ey
- -
-
.

B
Tlsinoiz sin OA )
B
Yano I
-

-
-

Du n "
T ( tan OB Tanta)

TEIL pafigfman.ae
-

a
-1492lb (
-
- . .

i. Fy ' -

i.
Fy ma
- .

i. rate
of charge ofy
-

a
-

Rist
pnrnupheofdffmhahn : A
gig ,
→ Partial because
assume
ve

points the
e
dy him ylnth) you)
sane
.
-

d-n=
.Fy=ma=pedu¥e
-

↳o n : ,

→
HdnFez=Tt¥n)b (Gsk )
Syq=qyoyu×hu
-

h
→
Hq ( ftp.J-FEEAT DR

§n( n' -
B) =
Feck -_
Attn )

,
-

t
so him Entre Atom SEIKA) -

= Say
y

2 food
8h30 Lhc

→÷÷a÷:÷.gs#--rszwwam
.
 chit ) Asin ( kn -40 ) solution
of
=

y w is a
-

fy -
SI
v
FL
=

Sri
 Taylor Expansion

'
has approximate function the at sea .
where for a
point near

a' it be approximated
-

, can as .

" "

'T? ( map !
' '
' ' t
' '

Am II Cn as 't ( al
n
feat f
'
cause ast
-

t
- .
- .
- -

Taylor expansion for

0 :

I
kN -

flat f
'
lol u t
f n
'
. . .

"n un
-
Mackin ne Series
'

Sinn = N -

134 ,
t F? ¥7 -

.
.
. .

where n
very
is small .
n' &
remainhg one

negligible
.

Cosa =
I -

E ,
t Ny! -

F .
-
.
.
co sure I -

In
-

¥nen= en : .

f
'
loft f
"
cold giblet
et -

-
it at Ze? t Fi .
. . .

D w

e' =
-2
Z
n!
neo
( Itn)
"
=
It (7) (a) + (2) ( Mt ( B) Lap .
- -
t (E) an
it :÷n
, : at 1¥ :mts÷ , .vn
. . . .

F.
" " n - m' '
It n t na us
t
. .
.

Taylor expansion . ne non -

integer .

negative value .

" "
F.
" '
( Itn > =
Hunt n t
|V=¥=Yziw=kVork=E#)
Sn lait ) =
So sin ( ka -

wt -10 )
where k= It .
we

Up Po sin ( kN wt t0 )
charge
=
in
pressure
-

← .

we

find maximum
charge -

undisturbed gas

tf
1-974 -
vi
-

Aon

a - on
:O
De OS
ID on S t Sz
= -
-

,
'

si
as
7- where DS =
Si -
S z

B
/ / i V8
-

Con ossa
-
-

#
÷
Vf =
Ask -

a. Ds

is ! or -

-
Aos a-
charge of volume

Bulk modulus :
:
DP =
B modulus TV
op B
af£
-

-
.

Zz when
infinitely small
¥
UP =
B nis
change Poe
-

i. up = -

B In @ sin kn wt )
-

)
-
B so Kaos ( kn -
wt )

Po = Bk So Max .

change in
pressure
.
 it n
-
- Uosintwtto)

HEH
→

= →

,
I
,
I
,

p i i

l
N l

i i

÷
"
/
t
/

'
s

Pai →
If]
#
semi 8- undisturbed

A -

ideation
let U
speed of piston
-

. - -
.

i .

-// ! charger
nmomenhrmcp
-18nA
→

II. of = op .
A. Let
( initially same but andddeional
pressure is ,

undshuhed foul goof OP )

change MP
-

causes a
-
-

op = -
Bev → sub

charge in momentum =
-

BUKKA Aot
UIA
-

BEAot=op
 charge in momentum
city using
mass .

density judo
id -
.
Vi ( Use -
o ) a-
from up =
me .
ou

d. u .

A .
Let -

Un

"
d. u # ft # .
=
BEE # of

du = BEE
ut tf
u =

BIT

speed of cope :
Speed of gas
:

v JIT tension
# g- Bulk modulus
-

=
u=
← linear 8- volume density
density
T & B elastic
properties
: .

µ Id : Inertial
property .

For all mechanical waves :

speed =L Elasticwpehg
Inertial
Property
.

V =

33117¥30 -

Temperature
} speed of sound in
different temperatures
air with
.
 AP B K So ( kn wt )
-

- -
cos -

aid K fo wt )
-

.
.
op = -

cos C kn -

Recall k=
:
=
Was -
speed of ware .

=) -
uwd So cos ( ka wt)
- -
-
op
Max
pressure
=
lewd soon maximum displacement
Ff ( density of gas Imodium
speedy angular
wave freq

Angular speed
}
w : circular motion
Ikf
=

Angular fry = sum

addA
*
Intensity :
PIFL → Associated wi
Brightness loudness .

I
I
particle
=

spevfro
#
.

on a

Power F =
°

Use

op .
A. Un
Sw
- -
-

uwdasocosckn -
wt) -
IT So sinker wt)
-

-
lewd Aso cos ( kn wt) - .
-
wsinolosckn wt ) -

Uw
-
d Sotto s ( kn wt ) -
 Power
Aurege :

①
Integration Integrate period of
'
. over a time 't

② Double -

angle formula :

i Cos 20 =
2 cos 02 I
-

2 cosy =
It cos 20

cos 20
=
I t Thos20
sub into Power for mla : EU w 'd SPAC it cos ( 2km -
2 wt ))
-
= O , because ale =
0

Pane : Eu w 'd 502A

I =
fare
A

"
A =
4TH source
emitting sound in all directions with a
spherical
wavefront '
.

A surface of sphere
'
.
- .

ward so 3A
I =

¥ } linear wave

proof
Po =
uwdso
Pf uzwsdz So
'
=

Poh * cannot just cancel

out
Td Intensity for sphere
=

I = PI linear wave
ad
 sound but
loudness : is
expressed by .

p
to
log ( Eso)
-

Io :

pointy reference
=
threshold of hearing
Io =
1×10-12 WIM
- Z
T min hear
intensity we
. -

dB → decibels
charge
Vis
when
fo increase
by 1 ,
magnitude of intensity significant

Doppler Effect :

f =

fo Ff! U
velocity of sound
-
-
in air

Vo
velocity of observer
=

Vs
velocity of source
=
.

*
always take direction
of propagation of wave to be
positive .

→ toe

• . . . •

Source observer .

Relative Speed of : sound relative to

diff .

frame of reference
wavelength the is same -
 Shock waves :
* will than
only if mowing faster
occur the source is

the
speed of wave .

wave travelled in
-
time
it . unit CD
of
@€gof
µ
'

⇐-
• • S
So ⇐
*

⇐
sooo

gdistancetrarelledbya-uneintu.su of
't time .

from Soto S the, distance is Vst ,

where L -
is the time taken
for source to travel from So to S .

From Si to S . wave travels a shorter distance

Sino =
Is where V is the
speed of wave in medium
Us is
speed of sound

8000380080800008
① →
2 waves in phase constructive

of phase → destructive
" "

out

@ A sine kn wt ) 1
y
= -

wave .

second wave :

only differs by a
phase constant §
A sin ( kn wt -1/0 )
y
= -

,
 called
that follow this
principle
are
waves

linear waves
↳
Principle of vector TRIGOIDENTITIE.SI
'

superposition sum
.
: .

Resultant displacement sin At sin B 2 sin ( AIB ) LEE )

yay
-

cos
-
-

y
-

A [ sin ( kn wt ) t close cotton) Sin CAI B) sinAWSB-sinB.wsA

y
-
=
sin
-
- -

2ws( IB ) sin ( AZ )
"
sin -1 -

sin B =

we knew

7t- wttqa.gg
kn

( zoos ( AIT ) cos ( AIT )

kn
- -
-

i. 2A sin cos At cos B -

y
- -

z
-

& the in cos cost B 2 sin

(Afd ) sin ( Afd )
-

ve cos
-
-
-

context are the

2A sin ( kn -
wt t ¥) cos ¥ ← same

2A cos # sin Ckn -

wt -1¥ )
-
Note :
Amplitude -

1. Amplitude of standing
when 4=0
Amplitude 2A
-

-
'
or 2K .
is maximum at .
wave : 2A

A
'

.
-

lo =
E as to,
amp
is win @ O .

2. Amplitude of indie war :

3. Amplitude of elements :

& =
¥ .
'

amp
→ 2A .
cos
}
=
FLA 2A sinkw

Path difference concept is same as LBHL -

standing wave :

if 2 waves are
moving
towards each other , same
Sept ,k& Amplitude
Asinckn rot )
y
-
=
,

Asincksetwt )
yz
=

Asihlkse wht Asin LKN int )

Y
-
- -

-
-

wtII+wywsfkn-wn Ny )
.
i

kn
(
-
-

IAC sin

2A sinkncoswt -

2A ooswt -
sink u Recall:K=#a
-

amp Dwaine
-

when n
-
-
IA : . sinker sink
-
-
O 8- node
 Neff 2yd
,
sinks
-
-

sin# =/ 4- antinode

m d -
-
Ed
o
'T '.

fixed anode
boundary ( ohrid ) -
Boundary must be on Phase
chagoaeflechon -141807
-

antinode
free)
" '

0,560,212
' ' '
' ' '
i -

open
-

speedy rope
.

LE
"

suo a:

-
- u .
-

forbothdrsed E,
,
An -

An =
% are -
-
It
-
L → a- h -0
-

y
Sn =
In /
\
New

Eff a-
L
fundamental fuquhenh -1

suria

"
In
tf
sand ( close
speed of open
-

= one , one

Sh : Eu V Wends open)
 Spatial Interference :

2 have
slightly different frequencies
wares , so amplitudes
are not to be the
going
same .

Periodically in and out of phase

- -
.

Beating periodic variation amplitude at

given point
due
: in a

to
superposition of two having slightly different frequencies
.

waves

1st wave :
phase angle
Asim # twit )
Y
-

Asin
y ,
.
-

wild diff .

grey
.

Af sin ( E wht
-

sin ( E wat ) -

)
y
wut
2A ( sin ) cos ( WIT't
note : Sin ( E-At cost
2A sin (E -
WITE ) cos
( WIT't)
→ 2A cost wtztw't) cos (
w '

t )
since w
-
-

Vhf ,
202--2742 inside outside
)
→ f f
y =
2A cos
( za t ) WSH
f t
T '
a'lies slighth D
average@renoy.si it

Gato
na ,

cosset ( t '

It sized ' '

)/fwskNfEk
µ)
t)

=
→ f
→ f fa t f
freq larger ward
-

= ,

when = It , max A smaller ,

-

determines inner
Determines outside
when
-

- O . min cvglh .

Shape
wave
'

µqI%
cos zu

Y?:3:
won -

costa

frequency for constructive& destructive to

Beat Sy
snap : :
tf fat ,
-
when you multiply
outside erweope : cos 'zw
a
✓

in .ae -
.
moon

Non-sinosoidalwave-M-E.si fork
:::L!
yearning
a

## o.T.am?j:dica7 -

Fourier Transformation :

1 .
fit)
-
-

II ,
an sinwnttbn cos wut

2 .

yet)
=
I ( AI sin 21T fat t
BE cos 21T fut )

/ f is the original frequency

MT*ffI#
,

' are
sina.waaaena.io
.

÷
I
? period -0ns
!
- -
 A- is info t
✓
g.To of.se#o7nEed
sink
#s the black crime
Fourier Transfer Derivation :

yet ) E ( Ansinnwt t Bncosnwt )

:
i.

f.Aa
¥→
express yet )
-

-
Os T at a

East
±

f!
2

LHS sinmwt dt
yet ) A
:
i. .

- -

I} Asiwmwtdtt 1¥ - Asinmwt

f- Ewa smut
)! +
( Ew - smut
Is :÷÷¥±⇐
Aww @ smart Ew t Ew -

tmwcosmtu
2Fw( I -

Cosma )
when
'

=/
'

m is even : cosmic

=D
.

.
. LHS
when 'm
'
is odd :
cosmic
= -

41
'

-
-

LHS -
-

mW
 RHS :
JIE ( Asinnwtsinmwtt Bcosnwtsinmwt )dt

* I Ifcnsdn =

E) flu It
>

RHS :
E) To Ansinnutsinonwtdttf! Bncosneotsinmwtdt

µfeiI¥#TI
↳
In Eff coscntmswt-codn-ndwt-BEJJsinlh.tn)
wt t sincm Nwt -
dt
When new

sincn-msw-YTIBI -mnwcoscmensw.lt#wcoscm-n!iwlJ
I AIfnttmwsincnemswttu.mu

ahem -14 204=212 Hence sincntmswt-osincn-m.TW-1=0

coscmthlwt-lcos.cm -
n> wt =/

Oto
when n
-
-
he

§ AI JI cos amwttldtt BIJ ! sinzwttodt

Ect )
4A
Fw :
III

}Am=¥fu
Am 81 i wt 2N
Hence : =
:

mwt
.

Enemy
Therefore when
representing a
square way :
¥ddY¥mahWt
YEAsinwttfafsirewtthtntsins.nl
l -
L

where Amplitude A
-
-

CIO =
• so tisinb
x

ft) If Cneiwnt
=
Cne
 teeming
'

⇐oim④¥ie*a* a

Temperature :
average
KE -

of particles .

Zeroth Rule of Thermodynamics :

if object A is in thermal
equilibrium w/ object B,

and object B is in thermal equilibrium with

object c .

Then object A is in equilibrium w/

object C .

Thermal Equilibrium : no net transfer of heat between 2 objects .

Absolute scale : ① absolute zero : all particles at rest 273.150 T OK

② coexist
Triple point of water : solid -

liquid &
gas
can

in
equilibrium
liquid

O - O ( OC mom .

( Fatehheit : Tf =
F- To -132°F )

Thermal Expansion :
solid : degree of expansion is proportional to
change temp in .

Average coefficient of linear

expansion : A

Ex
got
at
-

coefficient
'

→
alpha
-

depends the material

on
type of
 Average co -

efficient of Volume Expansion :

P
Fi not →
off .
=
GOT

solid cube :
Assuming is a

:
r .

.
HIItf
OV =
( Lt a)
3
-
L
'
7
DV =
L
's
+ 3L
-
oh t 3L OL
'
t 023 I -

3L? OL t 3L -

OE t ou
=
-

V super small negligible

-
.

E =3 LET -131 It LEI )

E -

-
s LET

water .

surface of water
freezes
first decreases below
p densityon temp
,
when

µ
decreases
( gums
. - - - . . .
48 ,
density .
Hence it

:X
.

will float on
top .

EBE%
"

.
.ae#om.woest.ossnedensig
,

A
40C Temperature -

OC
 Pu NRT
-

:
-

=p -

OT

pcvtov) = NRCTTOT)

puff Pov Itn ROT

or
frfr ) OT
-

OF IF IoT fractional )
always
=

( coefficient is
for

of = IoT

am o#÷¥⑧¥.mgn**

sµ ystem) 9
(surroundings)
collection of particles were
trying
to analyse

( conservation
1st Law of Thermodynamics :
of energy)
OE int = Q t w Q = Ut w
/ thermal of
"
4 4
eqirivdhentt
'

Internal
o-transfmerhafi.ca, total absorbed =D internal t
energy work done
energy energy
of system absotbed tother
system ,
not energy
-

by system ,
By the system Taken
.
WD
by system
"
taken
' '

as tve -
as the
'

released to
e.
g
:
lighting a match (
system) , heat is

feel hot value

'

surroundings
'

. we .
Q is a
-
ve .

WD
EN system is
't ice

*1¥
Ekta: 'm:S:'t 'd:: →
'

the
'
value .

Providing
to

w/ KE
.am
.
.

I ←I

displacement
YIU Ate
doing the work to
system .

towards left .

BI system is ve
- .

WD -
 *
→ If Pdr

i. WD
-

-
F
-

w WD
= -

J PdrVi
to system
p A. se
P
.

- a

I :*
Volume
compression

:###..
.

I
,

V
Hf Vi

heat
no
change -

① heat
ATE :

change =o so -0

DE int =
WD .

e
-

g
:
compressing a
syringe very quickly
.
No time
for heat to transfer .

For ideal
gas
→ U =
N ( IkeT ) =

Z n RT =
Zzpv
dont use Inert because tis heat
.

changing -
no
trmbrp : .
pre n
RT
^

€÷g :X
.
p =
ME
stint =
Z n RCTf -
Ti )

y
Tf Vi

② Iot¥as :
no
change in temp OE int -
-
O

.
: DQ = -

WD &

f-
nrtenf Iif )
JI! YI
OR = w D=
oh,
Positive hole
W 'D
change in
.

DQ =
WRT [ env ) Y! numerator & denominator .

*
nrt
( In CITY
whenever WD to
system D Temperature
slowly
,
compress syringe very very
c. ,
g
: , .

just gone . No OT , heat is dissipated out .

③ Isobaric
'

.
constant pressure
air balloon P atm
blowing
-
-
-

• :
g
)
Hence WD = - PLT f Di -
=p (Vi Vf )
-

④ Isouokerietno : constant volume . W D -

-
-
O

W 'D O
Rogrd Container
-
. -
.

-
OE int =
A TI
P
N B isobaric C

I
- •
3
' - r -
Q

:\
, i

hemal
anionic !

O V

from B.→ C → D -

W D -
.
is
negative because volume
increases ( recall
FYI pdv) .

from D. → A- → B w D is
positive
- -

i
.

C- red
Process is clockwise
anticlockwise
,
system doing work TO
surrounding )
- ,
,

surrounding
i . . . To
system (tue

net
After one
cycle ,
A- → B→c→D , no
change in
.
E- int

Hence, for any cyclical process I heat transfer I -4W D1

-

magnitude .
TYPES OF ENERGY TRANSFERS
:

1- Transfers by heat in thermal

processes
.

2 mechanical
.
Transfers
by work in
processes
.

Internal associated
Energy
with
energy of
: all a
system microscopic
random translational and vibrational
components .
KE
of ,
rotational
fetechic at
motion
of molecules ; vibrational potential energy associated with

forces betweens atoms & molecules

;

Heat process
of energy transfer the
boundary of
:
system
across a

because between
of the
temperature difference system surroundings
& .

p
n

I
.

•k±÷÷D Adiabatic

\ gp=kcconstau#
process Iso volumetric Process

PAVE V -
-
ur constant .

•
A
•

V
,

J!!xvrdv
'"

A- dio baric Process :

.
:
Incas -
v;
"
) = -

fvfrttu.MY
"
I acvfr
rt '
DE int -
-
W D - . -

Vi ) = -

JI!
r
i .
{ ( nhtf - n Rti ) =
-
Pdr

assume : p vra

so :P =
yur
 TRANSFER OF HEAT
-

I .

Conduction
-

a -

objects must be in contact -

b there must be difference temperature

-

.
a in .

steel Rod
higher T loner T
.

heat
sound ¥4 .

Greater transfer of heat : Faster transfer .

I .
T
temp diff .
I .
d
length ( distance)

T ? )
2 .
c A
- .

temperature gradient l
-

do DIN Cup
-

9 A dm g- distance
It

p -

-
K A Iddtnl
q
material
thermal
conductivity
which depends on
type of
.

temp @ higher
sided temp @ lower side

Th u ←
'
P -
-
KA
.
.

Th
: .
P =
A I for one
type of material -

Th Tc -

for multiple materials .

P -

-
A -

Li IK , t Lzlkz
- -
-

I → R value
-

of material
you can consider it as the 're shirty to heat ,
'

less
greater R =
KEON must have a
flow of current .

3 .

Radiation
-

through through range of

temperature will transfer heat radiation CEM
Any object wi waves a

wavelengths )
Ptotal
't
=
e ZA T

through radiation
emissivity Percentage of transferred
Q :
-
heat .

Black l (Ideal absorber 1 emitter)

-

Body →
-
white
Body→ O

} :
Stefan Boltzmann constant 5.67×10
-

sum 2154
-

A s A of object
-

: .

CK)
T
:
surface temp of object
-

" "
Pret =
e. SALT
obj
-

Tsun )
21 '

why gases have pressure

'

:u:b:S: :3.mg?::;:s
"

t →
a

particle : T = -2 Vith
.
"
Vw

n
Va

g
for each Vi -
-

d¥jtTz '

velocity can be
separated into
3 directions .

-
J2 Evita . . -

Vin
-
,
#

F- I visit V V.Ituri
"

=) F -

VI tty +TE

37nF
Ts =

II change
'
in momentum

Find the tone of collision of a

single path de :

daddy dmc Vse l Vu )

-
) d- elastic collision
"
-

F = =

DI
'

Ll
°o°
Total number of particles : n -
NA
left -
side
on
Average it takes : Ctu) for one particle to collide once with Thelwall .

Walt
Hence ,
for each unit of time, the proportion of particles colliding w/
is In

Therefore the
ZV
total
fore : F =
n Nam - EEE
AMIT
-
NN *
P In
.

= .

↳
Nam -57 -

P
n
-

VE '
sub
zero
g-
-
 so
PV
I E Emir
-

ja
= .

MF '
=

-
KE
of one

particle
'

( au
-
ke)

Fs !÷ '

,
=
are . KE
of particles .

KB
-

Zz
YEN
as
T = FE
.
A

due to that the mole clues

the B in the
equation is the
fact
)
can move
freely
in 3 directions -

Degree of freedom
Each
degree of freedom contributes IKBT energy to
system ( Theorem of equal partition
I
of energy)
-

↳
Refers to translational rotational , vibrational ,
.

heat
For
specific capacity of gas .

(v : molar specific heat at a constant rot -

C constant pressure
molar
specific heat at
:
p
.

formonoatomic-gases.in
constant rot → w -
D - = O

DE int -

-
UR

In Rot =
men OT

Hence cu
HEY
-

molar mass

Cv = IR
→ constant
pressure
DE int =
Dat w D
-
.

DE int
= DO Pov-

for monoatomic
gases
-

)
i In ROT mop OT n ROT
-
=
-

In BUT -

Mcp 51
op
-

EFNR
Hence Cv B
:
Cp
-
-
-

there
for a non -
monoatomic
gas
, are
different degrees of freedom .

diatomic Oz
e.
g
:

naidoo
÷ :•i÷o÷a
*-•b :
.

translational 2. rotational degree of

2
degree of vibrational
Hedin
degree of freedom freedom CHR)
'

-
.

( if
%%uo••g up &
went
you
down , it would be

considered rotation .

7-
kEmd= -2 KBT
 210 MMX297 mm

① Distribution of :
Energy

e-
¥51
Nv ( E) I navq
= -

no
-

per unit volume

molecules
number
of
( number
density )

molecules unit volume for E- O RE DE

number of
-
= -

no
per

②
Speed Distribution : MKE

III.y 've 7I
-

Nv
-
-

run e
-

Est
= -

NV mode .

"

tiih
m

f Vrms '

=]
-

1 2kB
Ump differentiate find
→ mode to maxima
;
.

MO

JIE JIN
d du -05 ?
-

Varg
' -

v.
mean ;
-

f3kmIT
-

3 Vrms →
fff Nnrvdv
' -

-
 22 Heat convert thermal into mechanical
Engines energy
:
energy
.

by a
cydicpwuss
.

Heat Reservoir

at Tn

fQh eatcnputHeatEhg@Tw.D -

by engine .

J Qc heat output .

cold reservoir at
Tc

efficiency of heat engine =

Watt =

0k¥ HEY =

jyclical
2nd law of Thermodynamics :
impossible to construct a heat
engine
that
operates at 100%
efficiency /no output
heat
 heat goes in
.

P
(
"

O C Pav

↳Ag
u
• Isothermal D heat loss
into
starting from A system
: w D.
- -

Adiabatic '

g-
I lsovolumehnic
f- m const .
BSC :
WD into
system
Pav Es
Hoss
-

D
heat system
'

c
WD to
system
-

supply to
'
'

K const
V
p D →A
-

:
heat loss
-

- -
-

.
.

Reverse heat
Heat Pump :
of engine
.

T
I Hot these
:

-
voir .

l
Impossible to create a
cyclical system
D
to transfer heat from
/ Oh effect
l

,
whose is

i one
object to another @ a
higher

Hpeuatmp@g_w.D
i

! temp input of
w/o w.rs .

i but opposite direction

cyclic in

fac
-

g-
.

:
-
:
1-7
cold reservoir .

¥
Coefficient of performance : 'D cooling mode ) purpose to cool
.

object .

Oh
J.p Cheating node) Purpose-6 heat
.
.
① Reversible Process :
system can be returned to initial condition .

PV
diagram
*
only reversible
process
in existence is
Along some
path on ,
eaery point
your adiabatic process
.

along this path is in an

equilibrium state .

no
change in sumo un
-

"
⑨
"

"

GIFundergoes
µ
an isothermal expansion .

y EM →
'

FE.sn#o:anaaasamDg?ash-
I o.o
!
undergoes isothermal
compression

[ µ
@
,

c→¥gundqe -

, isothermal compression

done
cycle Net work Weng
=
PV for Carnot .

net
energy transferred into Carnot
Engine drone
cycle IQ I 10 I
: -
 degree of disorderness
Entropy
:

water
dissolving of
→ ink in
.
.

t
disorderliness 1 randomness Tse
Increase in
entropy as the
degree of .

isolated the will

For an
system ,
entropy of the
system always
The increase also called the
increase in
entropy is
.

↳ think about how cards

you need to put in work to organise a deck
of .

Heat Death theoretical end of Uniuse

' ' "
-

Equation of Entropy for system of Particles :

S =-

Kpdnw
where W .
the number
of microstates associated
with macro shales
.

macro state
→
e.
g temp
: .

of a
system .

KE
of singular particle → micro stake
'
a .
 of degree of disordemess
Entropy
: measurement

Macro state →
temperature
-

Micro state → ME of each particle .

exam :

q . 2 dice -

°
Sum of the 2 dice is 4→ mraaroshale
•
dire A dice B sum

3 I 4

2 2
4
I 3 4

for associated
entropy
-

each macro , more micro -

more .

prob unahrhhg massing info )

= "
I .
more more C

JV
'

spIEopy :

z particles
÷ .

S KB law
-
-

when
' '

represents the associated microsite each stale

w
for macro .

'

N mole ales
'
whee each molecule Vm volume Total vol V
occupies
- '
. -
. .

Vol 2 molecules, how

'

eeg : assuming
each molecule occupies z of total -

if thee are

microstates
of nobilis
?
many
.

no
#←
FIT
Foti
1-
Ishii ,
Emf N possible location afoul .

i. f- Kish (Fm)
S=
 do
ds =

charge of entropy
I .

do :
amount
of energy transfer by heat
must be a .

reusable
process
.

each small
segment is a

OS
fit ds Anangu .hu
by

t.it
=
,

I II. ¥3 :::;s:;u÷em÷ .

stale dependent ; stint t path independent .

path independent hi & two ←

path dependent
. . .

H
"
Ye :

88=0 reversible & state

path
J! ,¥
i since is
d
og =

after one
cycle is the same .

Fml ! da go ¥0 o
-
-

integration over acbosed loop

Tuff
.

.
If . an

mid
Tm

p
①EtE

:÷i÷÷:÷::÷i÷: I:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
.
"
"

.
.
- tong
V
 since path isothermal
-

is -

i . OS =

If it don
isothermal
of
D:
→ see is -
ve W -

I ).
W D :
when
f
so ant
this
-
-

in

if Vf > Vi then his the expansion

Entropy
is . increases in .

t¥¥n :

→ a is transferred from hot reservoir with Tw to add rescue're To -

the Q absorbed in cold =

Q released in hot

⇐ → to
-

EFFI : as =
t E : taste

DS is a
positive value .

* thermal equilibrium then the will be highest

when the system reaches entropy
.

↳ entire closed system will

entropy of always increase for any
real
process .
( imerersilbkprocess )
* The
entropy of the Universe always increased .

the direction
of increase
of entropy is also called the arrow
of time
.
 ch 23 Electric.
Fields
#

Coloumbs Law Fe KAI (

point change only )
'

: =

Fe =

kafir =

kafir
992
fare of O, on
q,
= KFI f
>
r
ao Ate
Q are :
'
:O e

go
'

j
-

a
tip O
force attractive :
re
ve
-

:
-

④
true
fame :
repulsive air fort e

Oke
Leo the
-
-

permittivity of free space Eo -

-
-

Eo =
8.988×109 Nm 21 CZ

E- field strength force :

per
unit
change on a

positive test
change

I -
-

R, Er
- F =ke%zT
E -

field strength of a continuous

change distribution

is
safari after
-
-

a
.
-

volume
① Uniform distribution of change through
a

V fuel .

change density )

p
-

E em
's
→
p
.
dv

density
②
fufaue change
G -
-

F Cine → 3 -
DA

change density
③ Linear

R -
-

E um →
a. IL
Aha

I A Bf
T - L -

I =
K
) tf! f
g II t'd
k
'
'

k
fatal E. du l to ]
-

'

f In ] at to ]
-

k n -

ka c -

Tat ta ) CI )
ka l Eau , KT )
a'Eatus t'd
 of 83 disk flat on 't
'

plane
.

a.
dr

K9÷
do , T
R E p
m
doo f
-

n
in
→ a

disk has radius

of R total charge of Q .

find E- field
at a
point P .
Distribution
of chap is
uniform .

E- K
) FT T R do DR T
ftp.go )
-

DA -
-
. •
-

•
Irl =/ zest R2
Z

E K
) ( Fg: ) rd0dR
-

i
- -

µ, }
-

kg ! go #
"

r
R
.
,z .

( Egg: )
R
rdodr

k5oSY@E.r.p Hsin: ) R .
R
dodr

KI ¥rg± ) !
-

.
w
-

2x → n - direction

J! III.ray 's woo do DR O direction .

=
→ y
-
 % JI IIIa)
"
's
Sino dodr -
-
o → z -
direction -

i. E -

-
K C -

LEME t Ein) L 's ]

Huk
[3-373*-2] (8)
Int ) ( 8)
'
2K Ks ( t -

246auss'Lay

EB enclosed
amount of magnetic field by certain
:
a area .

IOB F I = .

A- :
Represents the normal of the area.

"
with
" "
i -
may

y ¥ L
2
2
.
. .
.

&

TEE = amount
of electric feed enclosed
by a certain area
.

IOE =
E A- .
 electric flux of an
irregular shape w/
changing electric field .

IOE =

JE '

IA ( dot -

product ,
area
integral )
E. D
g
.

0 There is a constant
-

Enfield E LEG )
.

.
- -

→
-
-
-

okideheohiisemuuen.e.se!
.

afix.
.

'
/
.
-
and centered at origin
- #
'
.
A

tree
Ll

side ① : I -_

( Toa )
.
⑤ F -
-

(Fav)
② F
la:o) at tag)
:
-

④
-

t
⑨
foa;] I
fail
-

:
⑧
-
-
-

to total
=

E. a
'
-
E , or =D
 Z ' '

D Point charge of tq at the

Y center
of sphere of radius
a
.
.

Renclose the charge q

i

- .

.
-
.

'

what is electric flux

of
-
-

.
.

the
* a so surface
÷
-
s

÷
! da -

r
'
sin Odo def magnitude -

-
do
any :¥÷:3
( wingman ) do dol
'

i . da
-

-
r sino

g
(8%4,8%8)
vectors cancel out
YY f &
.

i. E -

IOE JE It
gtfo rising IT dodol
- .
-

JI *
sinokqdo
fagot 5Nkq

2- 2Ikq
4ekq =¥ej4tu
.
-

of
=
To ,
Tff
 Gauss Law The flux closed
through
i .
'

: net eleetrix a

surface ( Gaussian Surface) equals charge enclosed

the enforce Eu
over
*
the total
by
.

GI
§ E dad .
=

Eo of B -

dt O -
-

¥.es#ueFifheYe ue7nodpIY-a h-7fmhm'

00

three?
-

ang pom

µ use

surface
the idea

of y
of symmetry of
dueler have the same
all

E -
points
greed .
on the

Top & bottom have no elechix flux , as

field lines a re

Parallel to
surface .

§E IA
'

E 21cal
-
-
- -
-

→ a .

f
Eo = E .
2K at

B e =

¥uqa= Ia
"

: .
Eco -
-
K

f f of E. DI 2 EA
-
-
-

EA -
-
sea

d b a

Hence : E -

- Teo
 one
't
they.ee?eaehe-m chase density
the field stay th constant
within
parallel plates E is
-

and equals to :
E
Eo

for .

any
conductor .
with
change .
the field
E-

strength dose to
surface has a
wvgnitnde of To .

field strength inside the conductor

E
everywhere
* - .

is zero

distributed conductor
*
change is on the surface of the

* The
charge density is greater at the
point where radius
of
curvature is smallest .
 25.Elutricpofenbral.iq
-

force e-
electric -

field .

xq

f- Fdr
} ) -

deer
-
÷q
f- Edr
f ) -

dear

potential energy potential .

-
Xm

v
-
- ked
r

b
Escolar) electric potential V
f. Ba F D8
path independent
-
.
:
- -

find the potential at the

point of reference .

potential at
infinity
" '
zero is

i -

V = -
Ed uniform E -
field
'

parallel plate
'

(
distance fuluun 2 points .
 Electric
potential due to a continuous change
distribution .

kg rate
'

v
' -
- -

e.g hollow
thing
:

^Y
Assuming uniform density
X :

do
dq n
-

Dm : a.
-
' .
-

I
qZ
III.FI: as:" redo
"
" "
a

Jatta
•
ga
- p
n kL total
"
Jafar charge of my

LI ←
electric
potential
faith '

T
-
-

gradient operator
-
- ( Init Zyj-IT.tk )
scalar to vector
↳ once
applied .
charges .

.
'

.
I = -

TV

with hollow
continuing ring
-

i E = -

or go back to
.
.
chapter 23824
,

dilution cancel at
.

( Fa Ghaffari ) + Y&Z
 ka 2N

2 Faeth ) 's I

→ how

ca
ZE

ng
:

Distr .

v
kg der
-

qq.io R

fp J
: .
dq=
so
o

.
-

day
rdo -
dr
tag
n
R =
r2

: .
v -
-
k
I ;j÷drd0
V
-
-

kztutctntrz ] do
f- hated dutta - U )

& ! E =
OV
=

2tk.GL I Eta )
again
no
-

z
-

↳
Electric Potential inside a
changed conductor
uniform is .

Since the field strength is eero ,

the derivative 1
gradient of
potential is zero .
 -
26 .

Capacitors and Dielectrics .

Resistors use electric as heat

energy
.

Venus between 2
,
capacitors stone electric
energy oppositely
charged plates ( could have other set -

ups as well) .

awaitma -
c -

EII.3.ae?o:::ahaen.sa....
unit of capacitance : F -
-
Fanad

finding capacitance on 2
parallel plates :

1-
±#¥¥?
change density is 6 for each of the
2 plates .

- E-
field between plates : £
Hence d. the 2- plates
p across
. :
,

V
-
-
Ed =

Ego I .

Hence
⇐
Egged -

Edt
therefore capacitance only depends
, on
the
geometrical
arrangements of the 2
plates .
 O

\
-

→ a

"

e-
① E- field between 2
plates :

O
To 2TLrh
'

.
.
= '
E

&
E =

2erh.co

② V =
JE -
IS a-
we dont use
u -
-
-

JE di
-

capacitance is scalar

Jab Fath
as .

go
Ir

INLET r

th F - droned be
negative value

③ C- I
→ QQ
Teneo -

line
2TLEo "

Fay
 has resistor
capacitor opposite rules from a :

In series :
c÷ = IT t Iz
,
-

Htt

fth
In
parallel : Global =
Cit Cz area increased

stoned Ehud Isar SOV IF

Energy
-
-

: = - -

Dielectrics
Eo
only for free space
.
←

Ed . t dielectric constant of a material .

¥ for dielectric
dipoles inside
materials,

.
there exist
many
,
.my queening keek
fisheye
will
align
g .

induced surface
change

Ent Eo Eiad find surface change density of

-

-
- -

induced change
i -
Ent =
I.
-

coined
Ed -
-

E .
-

GET
↳ to electric field produced by parallel plates
-
-
.

E incl induced electric field

-
- .
 Let Ed =
k Eo Hence , k¥0 =
E -

6¥
find =
6- £
Gond = Cl -

th ) 8 ,

Resistance
.

27 .
arment &

to
a) Aument I =

dt
I =

nAvq
change density number
of charge ( electrons ) volume unit ni '
"
unit
"

¥
{
n carriers
per
=
- .

A =
cross sectional area .

-
.

v
=
drift
velocity Theft average speed of drifting electrons .

charge of charge ( electron " o

)
-

q= 1.6×10
=

g. earner

f) Cument arment
Density :
permit area .

] =
Ia =

nqv unit Am
-
Z

proportional to the electric field applied . .

J = 6E

type of material Emalerial

must ohm's Lew)
6
conductivity depends the
obey
= ←
on

I
resistivity
-

p
-

For materials that ohm's fav : R I

obey
-

p¥ I -

¥ Ep E - t

Assuming electric field is constant

along the wine .

y =
8 E
.
 SmpkModdforaCouduIon:;J=
nqv
due to the electric force acting electron
h¥V
i .
6 =
v is on .

i.
F -
-

QE

↳
met =
QE
*
E " "tht
=

z time interval between successive collisions between

average
=

electrons and metals .

[ V
~
GEE .
.
I larger actress collisions ) =

greater velocity
z = notte -

I
=
not
E Me

IE.es#st=l1emperahue:-
P should have a linear relationship to a
change in
temperature for a shout

range
.

P =

Po ( i t ACT To -

))

where a is the
temperature coefficient of resistivity .
.
Po is
resistivity
at the

temperature to .

R =
Ro C l t d (T -

To ) )
Supercontinentof
> when temperature material drops flow a critical
temperature ,

the effective resistance is close to zero .

•99÷o!!!&!if.T
-

elections form a lattice around

•
metal and
• • ⑨ ooo • ions in move
together ,

don't collide .

{
kivehoff's Law : II
junction
-

-
O :
-21in
-
-
EI out .

Eveoop
.hu?!ht=o
jointly
o :
-
-

RC
-
. Circuit :
fully charged capacitor
c
✓ that acts as a
battery
discharging :
# IF
(¥
Kerr
E -
-
IR → IF =
-

E losing current

I If
-
-

Ee da -
-
-

Ea It

eno = -

Latte
'
-

Etta
. . Q= e-

a =
Ae
- htt where A- =
ec #
 '

Et
Q do e- Oo arrant
of charge at to
= =

:*
a

!
I =
Io e
-

E half life the

- bus .

,
:
v
-
-
no e
-

changing pureness
:

in
-

¥11
ally empted
%
¥

1-
)
-

Q =
QO ( I -

f do -
. . . . . . - . . . . . . . - - . - .
. -
.

#
E
Cl )
-

v
=
Vo -

I
-

-
Io e
-

E
t
28-Diud-cumurt-CDCIG.mil#
B- :

magnetic field strength B unit tesla

.
.

moving charge
I current
carrying
wire inside
magnetic field a
,

it will
experience magnetic force a .

B F iqv B x F =
LI xD
D

↳ z×B**uqa
V

U
IF I =

girl IBI sin 0

Applications :

①
Charge in a
Uniform field →
the charge will perform and our Motion
.

Because the motion and force are

perpendicular to each other .

Fe FB
.
-

. .

MF =

Bvq a- motion & B -

field t

MI Bq -

r MI
f- hay KIM
=
=
=

Bq QB
 If velocity & B -

field are not I

§
Circular Motion due to the vertical conrponet
-y ,

①lll→ -→- field

which to B-
is
always t .

Linear motion die to horizontal component .

tical path
V"

② Selector
velocity :

if Fe FB
-
-

particle will not deflect and

t
1-
will moieties straight line

÷f¥f
a .

iii. he BEd -
-

b
EB
KB :
I V
only particle with
thus ,
.
=
a a

specific velocity pass undetected

can
,

regardless of charge
-

③ Mass Spectrometer :

combination of ① & ② ,
measures the ratio of Mq
: -

r =

Ff Hence :
my BI
=

B
Ber
Hence :
Mq =

E
 The Cyclotron :

accelerates
DV
particles to a
high speed .

+→

:::: :m
¥¥¥i¥¥÷¥:T:÷
"

. .
.ae . .name ,

'
q B' R2
L =
Imp =
R is radius of exit .

pm

n¥¥÷
not
if the wine is
straight :
o
"

ii. i:c: :: ::
lids =
RIO C -

since it cos oj )
Tt k

B- =

Bj

i. DEB =
I de -

X B
e

= I .BR DO C- sin Oi t cos

Oj ) xj
= I BR sin 040 ft
i.
I =

Bksinodbk
, -

IBR [ WSO ] to C cost is -

I ,
and S since = - cost)

n
-

2IBRk
 the
torque due to magnetic field o .

I It xD IFI of loop
=
area

dilution of F is
perpendicular to surface

.¥EG÷Eas
.

IF ←
magnetic dipole moment .
.

pi F- =

je x

potential U
Ju xts
-
-

energy
-

next lesson : electric and

magnetic dipole moment t
potential

① Electric moment
Dipole
'

f Fe g for 2 point charges w/

equal and
opposite magnitude ,

the het fore -

- o .

r
.

F
g
•
.

Fe
-

p
-
-
.

← -

g
① Find moment about center P :

•
i. FE -
-

Eq
} Negritude
,

Both the same

z
-
- F x F torques are
as

& dilution
resin O
(into the )
page
.

Hence total moment of the

system
.
.

.
Z = 25k¥
z =

q2TxF
=

got E x

F got electric dipole

-
- -
 total Potential
Energy -

Uf Ui
fo do
fqdtsinll do
-

- - =
-

gd Ews O
.

Toso is just dot

pocket
E
UE =

pi
.
-

find total moment : a

-
-

Txt
potential energy : Ue = -

PE

2.
magnetic dipole moment :

⑤
Fi
←⑦→
s
I .

g
A' is area vector .

magnitude
-
area .

dilutions -
to area
g

thus : I =pixB
Ue =
pi B-
-
-

the Hall Effect .

t
if there is no E- field .
the charge
t t t t t + devote thus there
-

particle will ,

Text
⑦
x x x will be accumulation of the
× x x x x charge atrecharge at
top & -

-
bottom E field will produce
.
an

electric fone that balances out

- -
-
-
-
-
-

magnetic fone thus by measuring PD .

the
across
plate , we can
 ichor
/ -
dnt
x pw
2
S
.

Field 3
30 Source
of Magnetic
-

-
.

moving charge
current
carrying wire will
produce magnetic field
.

or a

what is the
magnitude of the resultant field ? the
magnetic field produced by steady
current
along
*
a

wire .

①
longer current greater field strength =
.

⑦ further distance smaller field strength = -

③
Angle between current &
point of interest .

Bid - Stuart Law :

dB =
YE DIII I
peo
-

permeability of
free space .

No =
4Th XI 0-7 T .

MIA
T is unit vector
from section of current to
point of interest .

µgµ→
p
& n

de dai
"

'D =

I
- u
'

O
I
'

r
.
.

,
= -

sin oft cos

Oj
' '

r2 = Wet at

www.q#Qg
,
× , =

: .
Tano =
% na -

-
a. tan 20
thus f- a' Clt Lan O)
do
-

ta
-

ga
.

Seale =
=
at sea O

da -

-
a .

see so do
Oi

=t¥ If
cos secs do
I -
B-
a- see
O
-

Oi

III. Csi no it since it META ! =

as in
Oil
if E
the nice is
infinitely long a- → thus sinti → I
thus for infinitely long nice :

B- IIIa -
-

dsp S
d5= ady -

coscejtsinyk
dis t sintsinoitsinecosojtoosoa.pe
!!
-

of .

r
Ipl
.

.
=
sitar
.

÷ .io#ez=:ieno
y
'
Sint sino cososinf cosocoshf
-

II #my
dB = '

1 take direction
only a -

i.
dBa= YET @¥µ ,
-
cost

§dBn=MI¥§
das.co#aEcoso- FaIiBn=MYua(a4nYZ2TLa
Motor
( attn )Z
 BI MI
at the center when
=

se o
-

2A

when as> a .
then But =
MIN ointment
22,3

Ampere's Law :

for an
infinitely long wire .

B- =

IIIa Integration along the loop . Due to

symmetry ,

the magnetic field is the same .

Of B di
-
=
MITA .
2ha
=

µoI

thus the
ampere
's Law :
of B If .
=
Not

where I is the current

passing through the loop
.

Ee =
§E
'

DA =

Fo Electric field
magnetic flux will
hone similar definition a as electric flux -

certain
amount of
magnetic field enclosed by a aea .

⑦B =

JBIF → magnetic flux

-

of a closed surface .

§B?dI -

-
o
 Law
Faraday's : when there
flux linkage auf
is

,
a
change magnetic
will be induced
in
.

induced
the
magnitudeto ofrate
the
emf
of charge of
.

is
proportional '

magnetic flux linkage

Ep IF It Fest
when
magnetic
Mmg
=

g
a
.

e. :

Loo -

E -
-
-
dat CBA cos O )

Lenz 's law induced current will

:
generate magnetic a

field such that it will

always
oppose
the cause
of the
change of
magnetic flux linkage -

e.g prog
woo -

conservation of energy when emf generated electrical is

is
energy
: ,

produced .
Hence external energy must
some sort of
be converted to electrical This
energy system must .

the external source that causes the

oppose
so that
change the external source must do work .

this work
on the
system to
supply .
* case
magnetic
:
field
the
is constant and there is
the movement
a

motion by wire .

of the wire
must cut through magnetic field lines
.

f- But

I ¥7 .

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷
-
: ..
induced emf and electric field :

x Ex x XII if I field increases with time .

X
#
X X 4¥
ax
using
Lenz's law there will be
anticlockwise current induced
there will be electric fields
an
.

x
¥
x
↳ x
y
×

x
×

X
induced within the loop
woo
by field to
e - the

change completely though

move

a
.

field would be
E. 27in
g.

poi unit charge

f- 2kV
(work done ?

E- ofE. DJ
dir
ftids
-

DI
-
In Conclusion .

4 Maxwell Equations for electric &

magnetic fields
9in
I '

games
'

Law :
§E -

II =

Eo

B IF
Law
of O
=
2
Gauss
'
:
.
.

Ampere Law of B- dis

←y
3
No I
=
's : .

4 Fana
day 's Law
ft IT =

date,
-
.
. :

omplekal session (
charging
-
fieldsr E -

) :

dat
§ B II JE It
=

you w
-

.
Inductance :

s thanks
mnhfnes.thfem.i:
hey
.
-

↳
certain
increase
from 0 to a

value will be induced

,
an Emf . .

baidu.mgoihhpmoseshethewmntment
'

R due to the
generated
the
emf
battery
called
back emf .
generated is

The called self

phenomenon
induction .
is -

emf induced is called self induced

-

emf .

Er x
-

doIp
It
⑤Bd B n z

Est -
DI
de
where this
proportionality is called inductance .

En =
-

z dt
di

L e
- Ee
dis d f

SL for inductance -

Henry CH)
.
HI =
IVs 'A