Cogeneration:

Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is defined as a single primary source of
energy, usually a successive generation of two different types of useful energy from mechanical
energy and thermal energy. Mechanical power can be used to drive an alternator to generate
electricity or to distribute various devices such as a motor, compressor, pump or fan. Thermal
energy can be used for direct process applications or indirectly for steam, hot water, hot air for
dryers or cold water for process cooling.
Cogeneration provides a wide range of technologies for application in various areas of economic
activity. The total efficiency of energy consumption in cogeneration mode can be as high as 85
percent and more in some cases.
Thermal power plants and heat engines generally do not convert the available primary energy
into electricity. In most heat engines, more than 50% of the primary power is wasted as extra
heat. By capturing excess heat, CHP uses heat wasted in a conventional power plant, reaching up
to 80% total efficiency (electrical and heat), up to 95% compared to 40% for most conventional
plants. This means that less energy is needed or that the utility consumes less energy to produce
the same amount, and - less pollution is produced for a given economic benefit. Because fuel
efficiency is such a high efficiency, cogeneration is considered an important contribution to
climate change mitigation, providing economic benefits as well as reliability advantages over
fuel supply.
Cogeneration Plant Efficiency:

Types of Cogeneration:
 Topping cycle.
 bottoming cycle.
In general, one can differentiate between two basic principles:
 Topping cycle - produces electricity first, and then the exhausted steam is used for
heating. The hot water from condensed steam is well-suited for space and water heating.
 Bottoming cycle - produces high heats for an industrial process, and then a waste heat
recovery boiler feeds an electrical plant. Bottoming cycle plants are only used when the
industrial process requires very high temperatures, such as furnaces for glass and metal
manufacturing hence rare.
Gas turbines use waste heat in the waste gas of CHP plant gas turbines. The most commonly
used fuel is natural gas.
Gas engine CHP plants use a reciprocating gas engine, which is generally more competitive than
gas turbines up to 5 MW. The fuel used is usually natural gas. These plants are usually made into
packed units that can be installed in a plantroom or outdoor plant complex with common
connections to the site's gas supply, power distribution network and heating system Huh.
Biofuel engine CHP plants use a customized alternative gas engine or diesel engine based on
biofuel, otherwise the gas engine is very similar in design to the CHP plant. The advantage of
using biofuels is one of low hydrocarbon fuel consumption and thereby reducing carbon
emissions. These plants are usually made into fully packaged units that are installed in a
plantroom or outdoor plant complex with simple connections to the site's power supply and
heating systems. Another type of wood gasifier is the CHP plant, under which the wood pellet or
wood chip biofuel is gasified in a zero-oxygen high temperature environment; The resulting gas
is used to power the gas engine. Simple small sized biogas plant
The joint cycle power plant is in compliance with CHP
Soluble-carbonate fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells have a hot exhaust which is very suitable
for heating.
Steam turbine CHP plants that use heating systems as steam condensers for steam turbines.
Nuclear power plants, like other steam turbine power plants, can be extracted from the partially
expanded steam to the heating system with extracts from the turbines. With a heating system
temperature of 95 ° C, it is possible to extract 10 MW of heat per megawatt of energy. With a
temperature of 130 ° C, the gain is slightly lower, with about 7 megawatts lost per megawatt.

Micro CHP:
Distributed energy source (DER), also known as micro combined heat and power or 'micro
cogeneration'. The establishment is usually less than 5 kWe in a home or small business. Instead
of burning fuel in the heating area or water, some. Energy is converted into electricity rather than
heat. This electricity can be used in a home or business, or if allowed by grid management,
electricity can be sold back to the grid.

Trigeneration:
Plants that produce electricity, heat and cold are called trigeneration or polygeneration plants.
Absorption chillers or cogeneration systems connected to absorption chillers use waste heat for
cooling.

Heat Recovery Steam Generator:

The Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) is a steam boiler that uses hot exhaust gases from
gas turbines or by heating the engines in the CHP plant to heat water and produce steam. In turn,
steam runs a steam turbine or is used in industrial processes where heat is needed.
HRSG used in the CHP industry is distinguished from conventional steam generators by the
following main features:
The HRSG is based on specific features of a gas turbine or alternator engine. Since the
temperature of the exhaust gas is relatively low, convection is mainly achieved by convection.
The speed of the exhaust gas is limited by the need to keep the head loss low. Therefore, the
transmission coefficient is low, which calls for a large heating surface area. Because the
temperature difference between hot gases and liquid heating (steam or water) is small, and the
heat transfer coefficient is low, the evaporator and economizer plate are designed with fin heat
exchangers.

Thermal Efficiency:
Each heat engine is subject to the theoretical capacity limit of the Rankine cycle, or the Rankine
cycle in the case of the Breton cycle in the gas turbine with the Steam Turbine Power Plant or the
Steam Turbine Power Plant and the Steam Turbine Plant. Most potential losses with steam power
generation are related to the latent heat of evaporation of steam, which is not recovered when a
turbine transmits its low temperature and pressure vapor to the condenser. (The normal vapor of
the condenser is at a full pressure of a few millimeters and is 5 ° C / 11 ° F hotter than the cooled
water temperature, depending on the condenser's ability.) This condensation vapor exits the
turbine at high temperature. Where it can be used for process heat, heat can be made with an
absorption chiller or cooled. Most of this heat comes from the latent heat of evaporation when
the vapor condenses.

Thermal capacity in the cogeneration system is defined as:

Economics of Cogeneration:
The cogeneration technique is more energy-efficient than the specific product of heat
Power. However, this does not mean that it is a profit maximizing option.
Especially good memory. In fact, the demand for CHP has been increased by the profit-making
company DCHP
The probability depends on the following explanatory variables:

where pE and pF denote the purchase price of electricity and fuel, respectively, b the buy-back rate for
electricity fed into the grid, LH the heat load, LE the electricity load, ∆I the investment cost difference
between CHP and heat-only (e.g. steam boiler) technology, O the annual operating hours, ϑ the process
heat temperature/s needed, and S the possibility of fuel switching (a binary yes/no variable). Also given
are the signs of the expected impact on the demand for CHP technology

The economics of power generation through co-production is even more impressive, due to low
capital cost and high reliability and flexibility in operation. cogeneration technology is more
energy efficient than discrete heat and electricity Generation. However, this does not necessarily
refer to an individual company There is an option to increase profit. We can see the cogeneration
economics in two ways. As a hot user and electricity uses the cogeneration utility company as a
tool for one another Supply both heat and electricity to its customers. In the case of the consumer
The cogeneration system will cover utility charges with some of this cost . any service still
sought from the utility company will be exempt.