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PHASE CHANGES
Name(s) ________________________________________________
The activities presented here focus on the energy changes that occur in substances undergoing
a phase change. The first activity will take the most time to complete. You may want to work
on the other activities while you take data for the first one.
2. What inferences can you draw about the melting and evaporation processes and whether
they require or give off heat?
B) Pour a few teaspoons of salt onto the ice, and watch the ice and thermometer carefully. You
can continue to add salt, and you can stir the ice cubes as you think appropriate. Record the
lowest temperature that the ice and salt mixture reaches.
Do not dispose of your beaker or its contents, as you will need them in Activity #4.
1. Why is salt put on icy roads?
2. Does melting absorb thermal energy (make things colder) or release thermal energy (make
thinks warmer}? Why?
2. Describe how this system of alcohol on the warm hand is analogous to the beaker of water
on the hot plate.
You may wish to repeat this activity several times. You might try it with a thermometer inside the
test tube. (Does it still work?)
E) Water is not the only liquid that can be super-cooled. The heat packs that you may have used
when you began this unit on energy contain a super-cooled solution of sodium acetate.
Activate another heat pack, if available.
2. Explain why the heat pack gets hot when the solution solidifies. drop the small ice crystal into
the test tube of water. Record your observations:
In summary, then, evaporation is a cooling process in which energy is converted from the
kinetic energy of the particles to stored potential energy. In the reverse process of condensation,
energy is converted from stored energy to kinetic energy. The temperature of the liquid and the
surrounding gas will tend to increase during condensation as the particles release their latent heat.
The processes of melting and freezing are analogous to evaporation and condensation in terms
of the temperature changes that result. When a solid melts, the particles must escape from the rigid
attraction of neighboring particles. During this process, they lose some of their kinetic energy. The
result is that the temperature of the solid and the liquid mixture will decrease as melting occurs.
This phenomena can be observed when salt causes ice to melt. (Note: even though a chemical
reaction occurs when calcium chloride mixes with water, causing the temperature of the mixture to
increase [see the Temperature and Thermal Energy Content Overview] the net effect of adding
calcium chloride to ice is that the temperature will go down, because the decrease in temperature due
to melting more than offsets the temperature increase from the chemical reaction.)
The opposite is true during freezing. The liquid particles lose their energy of freedom as they
become bound to neighboring particles. The result is an increase in kinetic energy of the particles,
with an associated increase in temperature. This phenomena can be observed when a super cooled
solution solidifies.
boil or condense
evaporate
LIQUID
(Particles are partially free)
melt freeze
SOLID
(Particles are stuck)
Consider the processes on the left hand side of the diagram. The particles need to find some energy in order to get
free. If they use their own thermal energy in order to get free, they will become "colder" because they will not be
moving as fast as they used to be.
Consider the processes on the right hand side of the diagram. They are the opposite of the processes on the left.
The particles will tend to gain thermal energy as they get trapped. Their "energy of freedom" is turned into thermal
energy.