Physics em Class 10 PSR Digital Books

6th To 10th
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CHAPTER
1
IMPROVE YOUR LEARNING
1. What would be the final temperature of a mixture of 50gms of water
at 200C temperature and 50gms of water at 40 0C temperature? (AS1)
(TQ)
A. Solution: Given m1 = 50g T1= 200C
m2 = 50 g T2 = 400C
Final temperature, T =?
Formula: T = = = = = 300C
∴ The final temperature of a mixture is 300C.
2. Explain why dogs pant during hot summer days using the concept of
evaporation. (AS1) (TQ) (AP March 2015)
A. 1) Dogs do not have sweat glands on their skin and they do not have a
sweating facility.
2) When dogs pant, the water molecules present on the tongue and in the
mouth start to evaporate.
3) Evaporation is the cooling phenomenon.
4) This helps to cool the interior parts of the dog‟s body.
3. Why do we get dew on the surface of a cold soft drink bottle kept in
the open air? (TQ)
A. 1) When a cold soft drink bottle is kept in the open air the particles of
water vapour present in the surrounding air strike the surface of the
cool drink bottle and form water droplets.
2) These water molecules slow down and stick to the surface of the bottle
as its surface is cold.
3) These water droplets appeared as dew on the surface of the bottle.
4) This is a condensation process.
4. Write the differences between evaporation and boiling.(AP March 23)
Evaporation Boiling
1) The process of escaping 1) The process in which the liquid
molecules from the surface of phase changes to a gaseous phase
a liquid at any temperature is at a constant temperature is called
called evaporation. boiling.
2) Evaporation takes place at any 2) Boiling takes place at a constant
temperature. temperature.
3) It is a cooling process. 3) It is a heating process.
4) It depends on surface area and 4) It depends on the kinetic energy of
temperature. the system.
5. Does the surrounding air become warm or cool when the vapour
phase of H2O condenses? Explain? (AS1) (TQ)
A. The surrounding air becomes warm when the vapour phase of H2O
condenses.
Explanation:
1) When the vapour phase of H2O condenses, it losses energy.
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2) The energy losses by the vapour phase of H2O are gained by the
surrounding air.
3) Then the surrounding temperature increases and the surrounding air
become warm.
4) So, condensation of water vapour to water (liquid) heats the
surroundings.
6. Answer these. (AS1)
a) How much energy is transferred when 1gm of boiling water at
100 OC condenses to water at 100OC?
b) How much energy is transferred when 1gm of boiling water at
100OC cools to water at 0OC?
c) How much energy is released or absorbed when 1gm of water at
0OC Freezes to the ice at 0OC?
d) How much energy is released or absorbed when 1gm of steam at
100OC turns to ice at 0OC?
A. a) Energy is transferred when 1gm of boiling water at 100OC
condenses to water at 100OC
Given the Mass of water, m = 1gm.
Latent heat of vaporization, L = 540 cal/gm
Heat energy required to change, Q =?
Q = m × Lv
Q = 1 × 540 = 540 cal.
b) Energy is transferred when 1gm of boiling water at 100OC cools to
water at 0OC
Given T = 100oC,
m = 1 gm,
sw =1 cal/g-oC
Lv = 540 Cal/g
Q1 = m × Lv = 1× 540 = 540 cal.
Q2 = m Sw T = 1 × 1 × (100-0) = 100 cal
∴ Total energy, Q = Q1 + Q2 = 540+ 100 = 640 cal.
c) Energy is released or observed when 1gm of water at 0 0C freezes
to ice at 00C?
Given the Latent heat of ice, Lf = 80 cal/gm.
Mass of ice, m = 1 gm.
The heat energy released or observed,
Q = m Lf = 1 × 80 = 80 cal
d) Energy is released or observed when 1gm of steam at 1000C turns
to ice 00C?
Q1 = m Lv = 1 X 540 = 540 cal/gm.

Q2 = m sw ∆t = 1X 1X(100-0) = 100 cal
Q3 = m Lw = 1X80 = 80 cal
∴ Total energy released, Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 540+100+80 =720 cal.
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7. Explain the procedure of finding the specific heat of a solid
experimentally. (AS1) (AP June 2015)
A. Experiment of finding specific heat of solid:
Aim: To find the specific heat of a given solid.
Apparatus: Calorimeter, thermometer, stirrer, water, steam heater,
wooden box and lead shots.
Procedure:
1. Measure the mass of a calorie meter along with a stirrer.
2. Mass of calorimeter = m1g.
3. Fill one-third of the volume of the calorie meter with water and
measure its mass(m2 g) and temperature(T10C).Mass of the water = m2-
m1 g.
4. Take a few lead shots and place them in hot water and heat them to
100oC. Let this temperature is T20C .
5. Transfer the lead shots quickly into the water in a calorie meter along
with a stirrer.
6. Note the final temperature of the mixture is T30C .
7. Mass of the calorie meter + water + lead shots = m3 g.
8. Mass of the lead shots = m3 - m2 gm.
9. Let the specific heats of the calorimeter, led shots and water are S c, Sl
and Sw.
10. According to the principles of methods of mixtures,
Heat lost by the solid =
Heat gain by the calorimeter + Heat gain by the water.
(m3 - m2) Sl (T2 - T3) = m1Sc(T3- T1)+(m2 - m1) Sw(T3 - T1)
(m3 - m2) Sl (T2 - T3) = [ m1Sc+ (m2 - m1) Sw] (T3 - T1)
[ ( ) ]( )
Sl = ( )( )
By using the above formula we calculate the specific heat of the
solids (lead shots) experimentally.
8. Convert 20°C into Kelvin scale? (AS1)(TQ)
A. Temperature in Kelvin =273 + Temperature in Celsius degrees.
200C =273+20 =293 K.
9. Your friend is not able to differentiate between evaporation and
boiling. What questions do you Ask to make him know the
differences between evaporation and boiling? (AS2)
A.1. What is meant by evaporation?
2. What is meant by boiling?
3. At what temperature evaporation takes place?
4. At what temperature does boiling point takes place?
10. What happened to the water when wet clothes dry? (AS1)
(AP June 2015, March 2016)
A. 1. The process of escaping molecules from the outer surface of the liquid
at any temperature is called evaporation.
2. When wet clothes dried, the water in them is escaped as water vapour
due to evaporation and mixes with the air.
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11. Equal amounts of water are kept in a cap and a dish. Which will
evaporate faster? Why? (AS1)
A.1) Evaporation is a surface phenomenon and the rate of evaporation
increases with an increase in surface area.
2) So, the water kept in the dish will evaporate faster than the cap
because the dish has more surface area than a cap.
12. Suggest an experiment to prove that rate of evaporation of liquid
depends on its surface area and vapour already present in the
surrounding air? (AS1) (TQ)
A. i. To prove evaporation depends on surface area:
Aim: To prove that rate of evaporation of liquid depends on its surface
area.
Apparatus: A saucer, test tube and spirit.
Procedure:
1. Take a small quantity of spirit in a saucer and test tube.
2. Keep them under the sun or the ceiling fan.
3. After some time observe the quantity of spirit.
Observation:
We observe the spirit in the saucer evaporates faster than the test tube.
Reason:
The rate of evaporation increases with increasing the surface area.
Conclusion:
We concluded that the rate of Evaporation of liquid depends on its
surface area.
ii. To prove evaporation depends on vapour present in the air:
Aim: The rate of evaporation of liquid depends on vapour already
present in surrounding air.
Apparatus: Two dishes of equal surface area and spirit.
Procedure:
1. Take two china dishes. Pour 100 ml of spirit into each dish.
2. Keep one outside of the classroom and the other one inside of the
classroom.
Observation:
We observe the volume of spirit kept outside is less than that of in the
classroom.
Reason: The density of vapour present in the air outside of the
classroom is less than inside of the classroom.
Conclusion:
The rate of Evaporation of liquid depends on the vapour already present
in surroundings.
13. Place a Pyrex funnel with its mouth-down in a sauce pan with full
of water, in such a way that the stem tube of the funnel is above
the water or pointing upward into air. Rest the edge of the bottom
portion of the funnel on a nail or on a coin so that water can get
under it. Place the pan on a stove and heat it till it begins to boil.
Where do the bubbles form first? Why? Can you explain how a
Geyser works using above experience? (AS4)
A. 1. The boiling point of the water increases with increasing the
pressure.
2. So the bubbles first form at the top of the Funnel.
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Working of Geyser:
1. Geysers are the fountains of hot water coming
under the layes of the earth.
2. It has a hole with narrow opening and deep
from the bottom of the earth layers.
3. The hot water comes with narrow vent with
high pressure like Lava from the Volcano.
4. Its look like a water fountain at the surface of
the earth.
14. How do you appreciate the role of a higher specific capacity value
of water in stabilizing atmospheric temperature during winter and
summer seasons? (AS6)
A. 1. In the summer season, the sun delivers a large amount of energy to the
earth daily.
2. The water sources on earth, particularly the oceans, absorb this
energy for maintaining a relatively constant temperature.
3. The oceans behave like heat “storehouses” for the earth.
4. They can absorb large amounts of heat at the equator due to the high
specific heat of the water.
5. Ocean water transports the heat away from the equator to areas closer
to the north and south poles.
6. This transported heat helps moderate the climates of the Earth that are
far from the equator.
7. Therefore, oceans moderate the surrounding temperature near the
equator and poles during the winter and summer seasons.
8. So, I appreciate the role of a higher specific capacity value of water in
stabilizing atmospheric temperature.
15. What role does specific heat capacity play in a watermelon to keep
it cool for a long time after removing it from a fridge on a hot day?
(AS1) (AP-June, 2016)
A. 1. Watermelon contains a large percentage of water.
2. Water has a higher specific heat value.
3. It takes more time to change its temperature.
4. Hence watermelon cools for a long time after removing it from a fridge
on a hot day.
16. If you are chilly outside the shower stall, why do you feel warm
after the bath if you stay in the bathroom? (TQ) (AS6)
A.1) The number of water vapour molecules per unit volume in the
bathroom is greater than the number of vapour molecules per unit
volume outside the bathroom.
2) When we try to dry ourselves with a towel, the vapour molecules
surrounding us condense on our skin.
3) Condensation is a warming process, hence we feel warm.
17. Three objects, A at 30oC, B at 303K and C at 420K are in thermal
contact. Then answer the following questions. (AS7) (TQ)
(i) Which are in ―Thermal equilibrium‖ among A, B and C?
(ii) From which object to another object is heat energy transferred?
A. (i). „A‟ and „B‟ are in thermal equilibrium. Because their temperatures
are same.
(ii) Heat energy transferred from C to A and B.
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QUESTIONS FOR PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS
Q. No: 01-06 : 1 Mark Questions (No Choice)
(NO CHOICE)
1. What is meant by humidity? (AS1) (AP-March, 2015)
A. Humidity: The amount of water vapour present in the air is called
'humidity'.
2. Temperatures of two cities at different times are given as follows.
Time At 6 At 11.30 At 6 PM
(AP March 2019)
City  AM AM
A - 3o C 300 K 5o C
B 271 K 27o C 270 K
On the basis of the above table, answer the following questions.
1) In which city, the morning temperature at 6‘O clock is
relatively high?
2) At what time both cities are having equal temperatures?
A. (1) B (2) At 11:30 AM
3. ―Net heat loss (by the hot body) = Net heat gain (by cold body)‖
(AP March 2019)
The above statement indicates a principle. Write the name of the
principle? (AS1)
A. Principles of methods of mixtures.
4. While drinking water, Sreekar spilled some water on the floor. After
some time, the water disappeared from the floor. What happened to
the water? (AS-2)
A. The water on the floor is escaped as water vapour due to evaporation
and mixed with the surrounding air.
5. Give an example to explain that evaporation is a cooling process.
(OR) (AS2)
Why does water kept in a pot remains cool? (AS6)
A.1. Pot has small holes. The water inside the pot starts evaporating through
the holes by gaining heat energy from the pot.
2. Due to this evaporation process water in a pot tends to be cool.
6. Convert 20°C into Kelvin scale? (AS1)(TQ)
A. See Textual Question Number - 8
7. Ask a question about temperature? (AS2) (AP March 2023)
A. 1. What is temperature?
2. What is the Si unit of temperature?
8. 0°C =_____________
A) 270 K B) 300 K C) 273 K D) 0 K
A. C
9. Define dew and fog. (AS1)
A. Dew: The water droplets condensed on the surface like windows, flowers
and grass are known as dew.
Fog: Thick mist is called fog.
10. What is ―Heat‖? Write their units? (AS1)
A. Heat: Heat is a form of energy which flows from hot body to cold body.
Units: 1. Joule (J) (in S.I system)
2. Calorie(cal) (in C.G.S system)
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11. Define temperature.(AS1)
A. Temperature: 1. The degree of hotness or coldness is called temperature.
2. The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). It can also be
expressed as degree Celsius (0C).
12. Define ―Calorie‖?(AS1)
A. Calorie: 1. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
1 gram of water by 10C is called calorie.
2. 1 cal = 4.186 J
13. Write the definition of ―Specific Heat‖.(AS1)
A. Specific Heat(S):- 1. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of
heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance by
one unit.
Units: 1. J/Kg-K (in S.I System).
2. Cal/gm -°C (in C.G.S Unit).
14. What is evaporation? (AS1)
A. Evaporation: The process of escaping molecules from the surface of a
liquid at any temperature is called evaporation. It is a cooling process.
15. What is condensation?(AS1)
A. Condensation:1.The phase change from gas to liquid is called
condensation.
2. It is a warming process.
16. What is meant by melting? (AS1)
A. Melting: 1. The substance changes from solid to liquid is called melting.
2. During melting the temperature is constant.
3. Melting point of water is at 0°C or 273K.
17. What is meant by freezing?(AS1)
A. Freezing:
1. The process in which a substance in liquid phase changes to solid
phase by losing some of its energy is called freezing.
2. Freezing of water takes place at 0°C temperature and one atmospheric
pressure.
18. Define Boiling.(AS1)
A. Boiling:
1. Boiling is a process in which the liquid phase changes to a gaseous
phase at a constant temperature at a given pressure.
2. The boiling point of water is 100°C or 373K.
19. What is meant by absolute temperature? (AS1)
A. Absolute temperature: Temperature measured on Kelvin scale is called
absolute temperature.
20. Three objects A, B and C are in thermal Equilibrium. If the
temperature of A is 300°C then what is the temperature of C? What
is the amount of heat transfer that takes place from A to B ? (AS7)
A.1. The temperature of C is also 300°C and no transfer of heat takes
place from A to B.
2. Because of objects in thermal equilibrium. They have the same
temperature.‟‟
21. Why do pigs toil around in the mud? (AS1)
A. 1. Pigs do not have sweat glands. So they cannot sweat. Water in the
mud evaporates and helps the pig to be cool from the heat.
2. So pigs toil in the mud during summer.
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22. What is meant by freezing? (AS1)
A. Freezing:
1. The process in which a substance in liquid phase changes to solid
phase by losing some of its energy is called freezing.
2. Freezing of water takes place at 0°C temperature and one atmospheric
pressure.
23. Three bodies A, B and C are in thermal equilibrium. The
temperature of B is 45°C. Then What is the temperature of C?(AS1)
A. 45°C.
24. The temperature of a steel rod is 330 K. Write its temperature in
°C. (AS1)
A. 57°C.
25. X: When ice melts, its temperature remains constant.
Y: During boiling the temperature changes.
A) Both X and Y are true.
B) X is true and Y is wrong.
C) Both X and Y are Wrong.
A. B) X is true and Y is wrong.
26. Write the C.G.S. unit of specific heat.
A. cal/g – oC.
27. What is the boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure?
A. 100oC (OR) 373 k.
28. Write the value of Latent heat of fusion of ice. (AS1)
A. 80 cal/gm.
29. Write the value for the latent heat of vaporization of water. (AS1)
A. 540 cal/ gm.
30. What is the SI unit of temperature?
A. kelvin(K).
31. Match the following?
P: Evaporation [ ] X) Heating process
Q: Condensation [ ] Y) Warming process
R: Boiling [ ] Z) Cooling process
A) P-X, Q-Y, R-Z B) P-Z, Q-Y, R-X C) P-Y, Q-X, R-Z
A. B) P-Z, Q-Y, R-X
32. Write the SI unit of specific heat. (AS1)
A. J/Kg-K.
33. In which case both A and B are in thermal equilibrium?
1 2 3 4
A 30 C 50 C -273 27oC
o o
B 30K 30oC 0oC 300K
A. 4th case.
34. From the given figure, in which the thermometer
mercury level increases?
A. Thermometer „A‟.
35. Which phenomena are involved in the formation of fog?(AS1)
A. Condensation.
36. Why does ice float on water? (AS1)
A. Ice floats on water because the density of ice is less than the density of
water.
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Q. No: 07-10: 2 Marks Questions
(No Choice)
1. What happened to the water when wet clothes dry? (AS1)

(AP June 2015, March 2016)
A. See Textual Question No-10
2. What role does specific heat capacity play in a watermelon to keep it
cool for a long time after removing it from a fridge on a hot day?
(AS1) (AP June, 2016)
3. What is the Latent Heat of Fusion? Write their units (AP June, 2016)
A. Latent Heat of Fusion:
1) The heat energy required to convert 1gm of solid completely into liquid
at a constant temperature is called Latent Heat of fusion.
2) Latent heat of fusion, L =
3) The latent heat of fusion of ice is 80cal/g.
4) Units: 1. SI unit is J/kg.
2. CGS unit is cal/g.
4. Explain why dogs pant during hot summer days using the concept of
evaporation. (AS1) (TQ) (AP March 2015)
A. See Textual Question No-2 (Page No. 3)
5. If you are chilly outside the shower stall, why do you feel warm after
the bath if you stay in the bathroom? (TQ) (AS6)
6. Your friend is not able to differentiate between evaporation and
boiling. What questions do you Ask to make him know the
differences between evaporation and boiling? (AS2)
A). See Textual Question No-9 (Page No. 5)
7. Three objects, A at 300C, B at 303K and C at 420K are in thermal
contact. Then answer the following questions. (AS7) (TQ)
(i) Which are in ―Thermal equilibrium‖ among A, B and C?
(ii) From which object to another object heat energy transferred?
8. Why do we get dew on the surface of a cold soft drink bottle kept in
the open air? (TQ)
9. Does the surrounding air become warm or cool when the vapour
phase of H2O condenses? Explain? (AS1) (TQ)
10. Write the formula for specific heat and explain the terms in it.
A. Specific heat(S) Formula: Specific heat, S =

Where Q = Amount of heat absorbed by a substance
m = Mass of the substance
S = Specific heat of the substance
T = Change in temperature.
11. Equal amounts of water are kept in a cap and a dish. Which will
evaporate faster? Why? (AS1)
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12. What is the Latent Heat of Vaporization? Write their units?(AS1)
A. Latent Heat of Vaporization:
1) The heat energy, which is used to change the state of water from liquid
to vapour (gas) is called the latent heat of vaporization.
2) Latent heat of vaporization, L = .
3) Latent heat of vaporization is 540cal/gm.
4) Units: SI unit is J/kg. CGS unit is cal/gm.
(No Choice)
1. Write the factors that affect the process of evaporation. Explain with
suitable examples. (AS1) (AP March 2017)
A. The process of evaporation is affected by surface area, wind speed,
humidity and temperature.
Examples:
1) Surface Area: The water kept in a china dish evaporates faster than in
a cup because of more surface area.
2) Wind speed: Water in wet clothes kept under a fan evaporates faster
than in normal conditions.
3) Humidity: Water in wet clothes evaporates faster on a less humid day
than on a more humid day.
4) Temperature: Wet clothes fastly dried in the summer season due to
high temperatures.
2. Write the differences between evaporation and boiling. (AS1) (TQ)
3. Answer the following questions by using the data given in the table.
(AP March 2018)
Substance Specific heat (Cal/gm-oC)
Lead 0.031
Aluminium 0.21
Copper 0.195
Water 1.00
Iron 0.115
a) Write the C.G.S Unit of Specific heat.
b) Based on specific heat values arrange the substances given in
ascending order.
c) If we supply the same quantity of heat, which substance will heat
faster?
d) Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
1 kg of iron through 10oC?
(a) cal/g-oC.
(b) Lead, Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Water.
(c) Lead. Because of Low specific heat value substances heat quickly.
(d) Given: Mass, m = 1 Kg = 1000 gm
Change in Temperature, T = 10oC
Specific heat of Iron, S = 0.15 cal/g- oC
Heat Energy required, Q = msT = 1000 × 0.115 × 10 = 1150 cal.
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4. What would be the final temperature of a mixture of 50gm of water
at 200C temperature and 50gm of water at 400C temperature? (AS1)
5. What is the difference between heat and temperature? (AS1)
Heat Temperature
1) Heat is a form of energy which 1) The degree of coldness or degree
flows from hot body to cold of hotness is called temperature.
body.
2) SI unit of heat is Joule (J). 2) SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K).
3) C.G.S unit of heat is 3) C.G.S unit of temperature is
calorie(cal). degree Celsius (oC).
4) Heat is measured by using a 4) Temperature is measured by
calorimeter. using a thermometer.
7. Suggest an experiment to prove that the rate of evaporation of
liquid depends on its surface area. (AS1)
8. Derive the equation for specific heat of a substance. (AS1)
A. Equation for heat energy:
1. For the same change in temperature, the amount of heat (Q) absorbed
by a substance is directly proportional to its mass (m).
Qm (when Δt is constant) ------- (1)
2. For the same mass (m) of water, the change in temperature is

proportional to the amount of heat (Q) absorbed by it.
Q  T (when m is constant) --------(2)
3. From equations (1) and (2), we get Q  m T
 Q = m S T
4. Where „S‟ is a constant for a given substance. This constant is called the
“specific heat” of the substance.
9. Suggest an experiment to prove that the rate of evaporation of liquid
depends on vapour already present in the surrounding air. (AS1)

(Internal Choice)
1. Explain the procedure of finding the specific heat of a solid
experimentally. (AS1) (AP June 2015)
2. Explain with an activity about the process of melting. (AS1)
(OR) (TS-March, 2015)
Suggest an experiment to show that when ice is converted into
water, its temperature does not change. (AS-3)
A. Melting: This process of converting a solid into a liquid is called
“Melting”.
Required materials:- Beaker, ice cubes, thermometer, burner etc.
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Procedure:
1. Take small ice cubes in a beaker. Insert the thermometer into ice cubes
in the beaker.
2. Observe the reading of the thermometer.
3. Now start heating the beaker keeping it on a burner.
4. Observe changes in the thermometer reading every 1 minute till the ice
completely melts and gets converted into water.
Observations:
1. We will observe that the temperature of ice at the beginning is equal to
or below 0oC.
2. If the temperature of ice is below 0oC, it goes on changing till it reaches
00C.
Conclusion: When the ice starts melting, you will notice no change in
temperature though you are supplying heat continuously.
3. Answer these. (AS1)
i) How much energy is transferred when 1gm of boiling water at
100 OC condenses to water at 100OC?
ii) How much energy is transferred when 1gm of boiling water at
100OC cools to water at 0OC?
iii) How much energy is released or absorbed when 1gm of water at
0OC Freezes to the ice at 0OC?
iv) How much energy is released or absorbed when 1gm of steam at
100OC turns to ice at 0OC?
4. How do you appreciate the role of a higher specific capacity value of
water in stabilizing atmospheric temperature during winter and
summer seasons? (AS6)
5. Calculate the required heat energy to change 12g of ice at -10oC into
water vapour at 100oC? (AS1)
A.
Q1 = m siceT = 12g × 0.5 cal/g-oC × [0-(-10)] = 12×0.5× 10 = 60 cal

Q2 = m Lf = 12g × 80 cal = 960 cal
Q3 = m swater T = 12 × 1 × (100-0) = 12× 100 = 1200 cal
Q4 = m Lv = 12g × 540 cal = 6480 cal
Total Heat energy Q = Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4= 60+960+1200+6480
= 8700 cal.
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CHAPTER
2
1. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator
showed pH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9 respectively, Which solution is,
a) neutral b) strongly alkaline c) strongly acidic
d) weakly acidic e) Weakly alkaline.
f) Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration.
(AP-June, 2016)
A. a) Solution „D‟ is neutral. S.No Solution PH
b) Solution „C‟ is strongly alkaline. 1 A 4
c) Solution „B‟ is strongly acidic.
2 B 1
d) Solution „A‟ is weakly acid.
3 C 11
e) Solution „E‟ is weakly alkaline.
4 D 7
f) We know, pH = -log [H+]
5 E 9
A) 4 = -log [H+]  [H+] = 10-4 B) 1 = -log [H+] [H+] = 10-1

C) 11 = -log [H+] [H+] = 10-11 D) 7 = -log [H+] [H+] = 10-7
E) 9 = -log [H+] [H+] = 10-9
Increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration is,
10-11, 10-9, 10-7, 10-4, 10-1  11<9<7<4<1 i.e C, E, D, A, B
2. What is a neutralization reaction? Give two examples? (AS1)
(AP June 2016)
A. Neutralization reaction: The reaction of an acid with a base to give a
salt and water is known as neutralisation reaction.
Base + Acid  Salt + Water.
Ex-1:- NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Ex-2:- CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)  CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
3. What happened when acid or base is added to water? (AS7)(TQ)
A. 1. Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the
concentration of (H3O+/OH-) ions per unit volume.
2. Such a process is called dilution of acids.
4. Why does tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5?
(AS1) (AP, TS- June 2015)
A. 1. Tooth enamel, made of calcium phosphate. It is the hardest substance
in the body.
2. It does not dissolve in water, but is corroded by acids.
3. Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by the degradation of
sugars and food particles remaining in the mouth.
4. Due to the formation of acids, the pH of the mouth is shifted to acidic.
5. Hence, tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5.
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8. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture–proof container.
Explain why? (AS7) (AP SA-1, 2022)
A. See Textual Question Number – 8
9. Let A, B and C materials have given red, yellow and red colours
when reacting with methyl orange respectively.
1) Among A, B and C which are acids, which are bases.
2) What is the change in colour when phenolphthalein is added to B?
(AS2) (AP SCERT-2022)
A. 1) B is base, A and C are acids.
2) phenolphthalein changes its colour to pink.
10. Write any two uses of Bleaching powder. (AS7)
A. Uses of Bleaching Powder:-
1. It is used in the textile industry for bleaching washed clothes in the
laundry.
2. Used as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries.
3. Used for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
4. Used as a reagent in the preparation of chloroform.
11. What is baking powder? How does it make the cake soft and
spongy? (AS7)
A. See Textual Question Number – 13.
12. What is meant by the Chlor-alkali process? (AS1)
A. Chlor-alkali process:-
1) When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium
chloride (called brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
2) The process is called the chlor alkali process – because the products
formed
13. What chlor for
is meant by chlorine and(AS1)
rock salt? alkali for sodium hydroxide.
A. 1) Deposits of solid salt are also found in several parts of the world.
2) These deposits of large crystals are often brown due to impurities.
This is called rock salt.
14. Why does not distilled water conduct electricity? (AS2)(TQ)
15. What are antacids? Give an example. (AS1)
A. 1) Antacids are mild alkaloids.
2) These are used for getting relief from acidity and indigestion of the
stomach. Ex: Milk of Magnesia [Mg (OH)2] is an antacid.
16. What are olfactory indicators? Give an example. (AS1)
A. Olfactory indicators are substances which have a different odour in acid
and base solutions.
Ex: Onion juice, clove oil and Vanilla essence.
17. Give the chemical names of acids present in.
(a) ants (b) lemon (c) milk (d) tomato. (AS4)
A. (a) Ants – Formic Acid b) Lemn – Citric Acid
c) Milk – Lactic acid d) Tomato – Oxalic acid.
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12. What are the various applications of neutralization?
A. 1) The acidity of soil is reduced by adding slaked lime.
2) The sting of yellow wasps contains alkalis. If acetic acid is rubbed on
affected area, they are neutralized.
3) Anta and bees have formic acid in their stings which can be
neutralized by applying soap and some other alkali.
4) Antacids tablets contain magnesium hydroxide, persons suffering from
acidity are administered these tablets.
5) The effect of nettle plant leaves in neutralized by leaves of dock plant.

(Internal Choice)
1. What is meant by ―Water of Crystallization‖ of a substance? Describe
an activity to show the water of crystallization. (AS3)
2. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator
showed pH as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9 respectively, Which solution is,
a) neutral b) strongly alkaline c) strongly acidic
d) weakly acidic e) Weakly alkaline.
f) Arrange the p in increasing order of hydrogen ion concentration
H

3. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen but are
not categorized as acids. Describe an activity to prove it. (AS3) (TQ)
(AP SCERT 2020&2021)
4. A milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly
alkaline?
b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd? (AS1)(TQ)
5. Conduct an activity to show the reaction of acids with metals to
liberate hydrogen gas. (AS3)
A. Materials required: Test tube, delivery tube, glass trough, candle, soap
water, dil. HCl, and zinc granules.
Procedure:
1) Take about 10ml of dilute HCl in
a test tube and add a few zinc
granules to it.
2) We observe that gas evolved from
the zinc granules.
3) Pass the gas being evolved through
the soap water.
4) Bring a burning candle near the gas-filled bubble.
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CHAPTER
3
1. Why is it difficult to shoot a fish swimming in water? (AS1)(TQ)
A. 1. The light rays coming from the fish towards the shooter, bend at the
water-air interface due to the refraction of light.
2. The shooter sees the only image of the fish, but not the actual fish.
3. So, it is difficult to shoot a fish swimming in water.
2. The speed of light in a diamond is 1, 24,000 km/s. Find the
refractive index of a diamond if the speed of light in air is 3,00,000
km/s. (AS1)
A. Speed of light in diamond = 1, 24,000 km/s
Speed of light in vacuum = 3, 00,000 km/s
Refractive index of diamond= = = 2.42
3. Refractive index of glass relative to water is . What is the

refractive index of water relative to glass? (AS1) (AP March 2022,
May 2022)
A. Given: Refractive index of glass relative to water is = =
Refractive index of water relative to glass = = .

4. Determine the refractive index of benzene if the critical angle of it
is 420.(AS1)
A. Given : The critical angle of Benzene = 420
Refractive index of Benzene = = = = = 1.51
5. Explain the formation of mirage? (AS1) (TQ) (TS June 2015)
A. Mirage:
1. Mirage is an optical illusion where it appears that water has collected on
the road at a distant place but when we get there, we don‟t find any
water.
2. It is formed due to total internal reflection.
Formation of mirage:
1. On hot summer days, the air near the ground
becomes hotter than the air at higher levels.
2. The refractive index of air increases with its density.
3. Hotter air is less dense, and has smaller refractive index than
the cooler air.
4. As a result, light from a tall object such as a tree, passes through a
medium whose refractive index decreases towards the ground.
5. Thus, a ray of light from such an object successively bends away from
the normal and undergoes total internal reflection.
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6. To a distant observer, the light appears to be coming from somewhere
below the ground.
7. The observer naturally assumes that light is being reflected from the
ground, say by a pool of water near the tall object.
8. Such inverted images of distant tall objects cause an optical illusion to
the observer.
9. This phenomenon is called mirage.
6. How do you verify experimentally that is a constant ?
(AP March 2022)
A. Aim: To verify experimentally that is a constant
Materials required: A plank, white chart, protractor, scale, small black
painted plank, a semicircular glass disc of thickness nearly 2cm, pencil
and laser light.
Procedure:
1. Make a chart as shown in the figure.
2. Place a semi-circle glass disc so that its diameter coincides with the
line “MM”
3. Send a laser light along a line which makes 150 with “NN”.
4. Measure its corresponding angle of refraction by observing light
coming from outside of the glass slab.
5. Repeat this experiment with various values of angle of incidence,
refraction and note them in the table.
S.No. sin sin
i r i r
1
2
3
4
6. Observations: From the above table we observe that = constant.

7. This value is equal to refractive index of the glass disk.
8. Conclusion: is a constant is verified.

7. Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection with one or two
activities?(AS1)
A. Activity:
1. Take a transparent glass tumbler and coin.
2. Place the coin on a table and place glass tumbler on the coin.
3. Observe the coin from the side of the glass.
4. Now fill the glass tumbler with water and observe the coin from the side
of the glass tumbler.
Obsevation: Now the coin is disappears from our view.
Conclusion: This is happened due to total internal reflection.
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8. How do you verify experimentally that the angle of refraction is
more than angle of incidence when light ray travel from the denser
to rarer medium?
A. When light ray travel from the denser to rarer the angle of refraction is
more than the angle of incidence. This can be verified by the below
experiment.
Procedure:
1. Take a metal disc and mark angles along
its edge using protractor.
2. Arrange two straws at the centre of disk.
Adjust one of the traws to make an angle
100.
3. Immerse the half of disc in transparent
vessel containing water vertically.
4. The straw should be at an angle 100 inside the water.
5. Adjust the other straw which is outside the water until both straws
appear to be in a single straight line.
6. Take the disc out of the water and observe the two straws on it.
7. We will find that the two straws are not in straight line.
8. Measure the angle between the normal and second straw and noted
down in the below table.
9. Do the same for various angles of incidence (i) and note down
corresponding angles of refraction (r) in the given table.
S. No Angle of incidence (i) Angle of refraction (r)
1
2
3
4
Observation: We will find the angle of refraction is more than angle of

incidence.
Conclusion: When light travels from denser (water) to rarer (air) it bends
away from the normal.
9. Take a bright metal ball and make it black with soot on a candle
flame. Immerse it in the water. Mention one observation? (AS3)
A.1. If a metal ball coated with soot of candle
flame is immersed in water, then it
appears shining.
2. Soot is non-stick to water. A thin air film
is formed in between water and soot as
shown in the figure.
3. The light ray is travelling from water (denser medium)to air (Rarer
medium).
4. The angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, total internal
reflection takes place.
5. As the ray reflects at water air interface, the metal ball appears
shining.
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10. How can you find critical angle of water explain your steps briefly
with an activity ?
A.1. Take the cylindrical transparent vessel and put the coin at the bottom
of the vessel.
2. Now pour some water in vessel until we get some image of coin on the
water surface.
3. The coin is visible only when we pour the water into the vessel.
4. This is because of total internal reflection.
We know that, sinC =
 sin C =
 sin C = 0.7518
 C = sin-1(0.7518)
 C = 48.70.
11. Collect the information on working of optical fibres. Prepare a

report about various uses of optical fibres in our daily life.
(AS4) (TQ) (AP June 2016)
A. Optical Fibres:
1. Total internal reflection is the basic principle behind working of
optical fiber.
2. An optical fibre is very thin fibre made of glass or plastic having
radius about a 10-6 meter. A bunch of such thin fibres form a light
pipe.
Working:
1. Because of small radius of the fibre, light goes into it makes a nearly
glancing incidence on the wall.
2. The angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle and hence
total internal reflection takes place.
3. The light is thus transmitted along the fibre.
Uses:
1. Optical fibres are used in endoscopy to see
the internal organs of our body.
2. Optical fibres are used in transmitting communication signals
through light pipes.
3. Optical fibres are used in international telephone cables laid under
the sea, in large computer network etc.
4. Optical fibres are used in photometric sensors to measuring blood
flow in the heart.
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12. How do you conduct an experiment to determine the position and
nature of image formed by a glass slab? (AS5) (TQ) (AP March 2019)
A. Aim: Determination of position and nature of image formed by a glass
slab.
Material required : Plank, chart paper,
Clamps, Scale, Pencil, thin glass
slab and pins.
Procedure:
1. Place a glass slab on white chart and draw
the bordered lines by a pencil and name
the four vertices as A, B, C and D.
2. Draw a perpendicular on the longer side 'AB' of the rectangle.
3. Now draw a line such a way that it makes 300 angle with normal.
Mark two points P, Q on this line.
4. The line PQ represents the incident ray. The angle it makes with
normal represents the angle of incidence (i = 300).
5. Now place the glass slab in the rectangle ABCD.
6. By looking at the two pins from other side (CD) of the slab, fix two
more pins at R, S in such a way that all pins appear to be along a
straight line.
7. Remove the glass slab and the pins. Extended the incident ray and
emergent rays.
8. They are appears as two parallel lines.Not a single straight line.
Observation:- The angles of incidence and emergence are equal (∠i = ∠e).
Conclusion:-
1. The incident and emergent rays (PQ, RS) are parallel.
2. Measure the distance between the parallel rays (PQ, RS). This
distance is called 'Lateral shift'.
13. What is the reason behind the shining of diamond and how do you
appreciate it? (AS6) (TQ)
A.1. Total internal reflection is the main cause for brilliance of diamonds.
2. The critical angle of diamonds is very low (24.40).
3. Diamond sparkles due to repeated internal reflections.
4. The faces of diamond are cut in such a way that the angle of
incidence is greater than the critical angle(c).
5. So that total internal reflection takes place again and again.
6. We appreciate the shining of a diamond due to the total internal
reflection.
14. How do you appreciate the role of Fermat‘s principle in drawing a
ray diagrams? (AS6)
A. Fermat‘s principle: Light selects the path which takes least time to
travel. This principle has lot of importance on optics. This is used in,
1. To verify laws reflection.
2. To verify laws of refraction.
3. To derive refraction index of medium.
4. To derive refraction index of glass slab.
5. To derive snell‟s law. Hence Fermat principle is appreciable.
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15. When we sit at a campfire, objects beyond the fire are seen
swaying. Give the reason for it. (AS7)
A.1. Heat from the campfire is carried into the surrounding air by
convection.
2. Of this, the density of the surrounding air changes continuously.
3. This changes the refractive index of the air and the angle of refraction
continuously.
4. This results in the objects beyond the fire being seen swaying.
16. Why do stars appear twinkling? (AS1) (AP March 2015)
A. Stars appear twinkling due to multiple refraction of star light at different
layers of air of different densities in the atmosphere.
17. Why does a diamond shine more than a glass piece cut to the
same shape? (AS7)
A. 1. The critical angle of a diamond is very low (i.e., 24.4°).
2. So if a light ray enters a diamond it undergoes total internal reflection.
3. Whereas it is not possible with glass pieces cut to the same shape.
4. So diamond shines more than a glass piece.

Q. No: 01-06 : 1 Mark Questions(No Choice)
1. Optical fibre cable is often(NO
usedCHOICE)
in telecommunications. What is the
working principle behind Optical fibre? (AP March 2017)
A. Total internal reflection.
2. What is a Critical angle? (OR) Define critical angle. (AS1)
(AP March 2015)
A. Critical angle(c): The angle of incidence at which the light ray,
travelling from denser to rarer medium, grazes the interface is called the
critical angle for the denser medium. At a critical angle, the angle of
refraction becomes 900.
3. Why do stars appear twinkling? (AS1) (AP March 2015)
A. Stars appear twinkling due to multiple refractions of starlight at
different layers of air of different densities; the light undergoes all the
way to reach our eye.
4. If the refractive index of glass is then what is the speed of light in
glass? (AP June 2016)
A. Refractive index, n =  =  =  v = 2 × 108 m/s.
5. Mirages formed due to _______ (AP March-2019)
(A) Dispersion (B) Scattering (C) Interference (D) TIR
A. D
6. Which of the following is Snell's law? (AP SCERT-2021)
(A) n1sin i = sin r / n2 (B) n1/n2 = sin r / sin i
(C) n2/n1 = sin r / sin i (D) n2 sin i = constant
A. B
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7. Statement P: Optically denser medium may not possess greater
mass density.
Statement P: Kerosene with a high refractive index is optically
denser than water. (AP May 2022)
A) Both P and Q are correct B) P- correct, Q- wrong
C) P- wrong, Q- correct D) Both P and Q are wrong
A. A
8. Write any two materials required in the activity. ―To find the
refractive index of a glass slab.‖ (AP May 2022)
A. Material required: Plank, chart paper, clamps, scale, pencil, thin glass
slab and pins.
9. A is less optically denser than B. Keeping in view of
optical densities rewrite and complete the diagram in
your answer sheet. (AP SCERT‘2022)
A.
10. x: Refractive index n = c/v

y: Refractive index has no units
(A) Both are correct (B) x is correct, y is wrong
(C) x is wrong, y is wrong (D) Both are wrong
A. A
11. Why is it difficult to shoot a fish swimming in the water? (AS1)
A. See Textual Question number – 1.
12. What are the factors that influence the refractive index? (AS1)
A. 1. Nature of material. 2. Wavelength of incident light.
13. Define Snell‘s law. (AS1)
A. Snell‘s law:- The ratio between the values of the sine of the angle of
incidence and the sine of the angle of refraction for given two optical
media is constant.
n1 sin i = n2 sin r (OR) = Constant.
14. What is meant by refraction? (AS1) (AP SCERT-2021)
A. Refraction: The bending of light while travelling from one medium to
another medium due to a change in the speed of light is called
refraction.
15. What is the reason behind the shining of diamonds? (AS1)
16. Define absolute refractive index (n). Write the formula for the
refractive index.
A. Absolute Refractive index (n):
1. The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in that
medium is defined as the refraction index (n).
2. It is also called as absolute refractive index.
( )
Absolute refractive index, n = ( )
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17. Write the formula for the relative refractive index.(AS1)
( )
A. Relative refractive index, n21 =
( )
( )
(OR) Relative refractive index, n21 = ( )
18. How light ray moves when it enters from a rarer medium to a
denser medium?
A. If a light ray enters from a rarer medium to a denser medium then
refracted ray moves towards the normal.
19. How light ray moves when it enters from a denser medium to a
rarer medium?
A. If a light ray enters from a denser medium to a rarer medium then
refracted ray moves away from the normal.
20. Define the word Lateral shift. (AS1)
A. Lateral Shift: The perpendicular distance between the incident ray and
emergent ray through a glass slab is called shift.
21. Write the name of the material for which the value of the
refractive index is (i) minimum and (ii) maximum.
A. 1. Refractive index is minimum for vacuum (n=1).
2. Refractive index is maximum for Diamond (n=2.42).
22. Define Total internal reflection.
A. 1. When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the light
ray is reflected into the denser medium at the interface.
2. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection.
23. The refractive index of Benzene is 1.5. What is the meaning of this
statement with respect to the speed of light?
A. It means that light travels 1.5 times faster in a vacuum than in
Benzene.
24. What happens to a light ray when it falls perpendicular to one
side of the glass slab surface?
A. It comes out without any deviation.
25. Which physical quantity does not change during the refraction?
A. Frequency.
26. When the pencil is kept in a glass of water it seems to be broken.
Why?
A. Due to Refraction the pencil is kept in a glass of water it seems to be
broken.
27. What is the reason for the twinkling of stars?
A. Multiple refractions of starlight.
28. What is the critical angle of water?
A. 48.750
29. What is the reason for the shining of a Diamond?
30. What is the principle involved behind the formation of mirages?
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(No Choice)
1. Write the laws of refraction of light. (AS1)
A. First law: The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal line of
transparent media lie in the same plane.
Second law:- During the refraction, the light follows Snell‟s law.
n1 sin i = n2 sin r (OR) = Constant.
2. The refractive index of glass relative to water is . What is the
refractive index of water relative to glass? (AS1) (AP May-2022)
3. The speed of light in a diamond is 1, 24,000 km/s. Find the
refractive index of a diamond if the speed of light in air is 3,00,000
km/s.
4. Observe the following table. (AS1)
Medium Water Crown glass
Refractive Index 1.33 1.52
Which is the denser medium in water and crown glass? Explain.
A. Crown glass is the denser medium.
Reason: If the refractive index increases then the speed of light
decreases.
( )
Because refractive index, n = .
( )
„n‟ is directly proportional to the speed of light in the medium. So Crown
glass is the denser medium.
5. Why does a diamond shine more than a glass piece cut to the same
shape?
6. When we sit at a campfire, objects beyond the fire are seen swaying.
Give the reason for it.
7. By observing the following table, answer the following questions?
(AS4)
Carbon
Media (Material) Ice Water Benzene
disulphide
Refractive index 1.31 1.33 1.5 1.63
i) In which material, the speed of light is high?

ii) In which material, the speed of light is low?
A. i) In Ice speed of light is high.
ii) In carbon disulphide speed of light is low.
Reason: If the refractive index increases the speed of light decreases.
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8. Give some applications of the refraction phenomenon observed in
your daily life. (AS7)
A. some applications of refraction phenomenon:
1. Twinkling of stars.
2. A coin kept at the bottom of a vessel filled with water appears to be
raised.
3. A stick appears to be bent and short when immersed in water.
4. A lemon kept in a glass of water appears to be bigger than its size.
9. Look at the picture, (AP March 2020)
a) What is the refractive index of the denser medium?
b) Find the refractive index of a denser medium with
respect to a rarer medium
A. a) Here C = 30o,
then Refractive index = 1/ sin C = 1/ Sin 30 = 1/ (½) = 2
b) The refractive index of a denser medium with respect to a rarer
medium = n21 = n2/n1 = 2/1 = 2
10. Determine the refractive index of benzene if the critical angle is
42°.
11. Write the necessary conditions for the phenomenon of total
internal reflection to take place. (AS1)
A. The necessary conditions for total internal reflection are,
1. Light must travel from denser to rarer medium.
2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than
the critical angle for the two media.
12. What are the applications of Total internal reflection? (AS1)
A. Applications of Total internal reflection:
1. Brilliance of Diamond.
2. Optical fibres and light pipes.
3. Formation of mirages etc.
13. Frame some questions to know about the formation mirages.
A. 1. What are mirages?
2. What is the principle involved in the formation of mirages?
3. Can mirages be photographed by a camera?
4. Can we see mirages with nacked eyes?
14. In what cases, does a light ray not deviate at the interface of two
media? (AP March 2016)
A. A ray of Light does not deviate at the interface of two media in two cases.
Case- 1: When incidence ray strikes normally at the point of incidence.
Case- 2: If the refractive indices of two media are equal. That is n1 = n2
15. The absolute refractive index of water is 4/3. What is the critical
angle?
A. Absolute refractive index of water = 4/3
We know that, Sin c = Sin c = = = 0.75
∴ Critical angle of water = C = 48.5°.
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(No Choice)
1. Write about the uses of optical fibres in our daily life. (AS7)
A.Uses: Optical fibres are used in,
1. Endoscopy to see the internal organs like the throat, stomach,
intestines, etc.
2. Transmitting communication signals through light pipes.
3. International telephone cables lay under the sea, in large computer
networks, etc.
4. Industry to measure temperature, and pressure as sensors.
2. What is the reason behind the shining of diamond and how do you
appreciate it? (AS6) (AP March-2023)
3. What is the angle of deviation produced by a glass slab? Explain
with ray diagram (AS7) (AP June 2015, March 2016)
4. How do you appreciate the role of Fermat‘s principle in drawing ray
diagrams?
5. Define Total internal reflection. Given two examples? (AS1)
A. Total Internal Reflection:
1. When the angle of incidence is greater than
the critical angle, the light ray gets reflected
into the denser medium at the interface i.e.
light never enters the rarer medium. This
phenomenon is called internal reflection.
Ex: 1. Formation of mirages.
2. Brilliance of diamonds.
6. The refractive index of some materials are given below. (AS4)
Material Coconut Crown Hydrogen Water Flint
Diamond
oil glass gas glass
Refractive
1.445 1.52 2.42 1.000132 1.33 1.65
index
Based on the above information answer the following questions:
i) Which is optically denser than flint glass?
ii) Which is optically rarer than water?
iii) In which materials the speed of light is more than that of
coconut oil?
iv) in which materials the speed of light is less than that of crown
glass?
A. i) Diamond.
ii) Hydrogen gas.
iii) Hydrogen gas and water.
iv) Flint glass and diamond.
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7. How can you find the critical angle of water? Explain your steps
briefly. (AS3)(TQ)
8. In what cases does a light ray not deviate from interface of two
media? (AP March 2016) (OR)
Write the cases at which the angle of incidence is equal to the angle
of refraction. (OR)
In which case incidence angle and refracting angle are same?
(TS June 2016)
A. Case(1):- When a light ray is an incident perpendicular
to the interface of the surface of two media.
Here ∠i = 0 ∠r = 0
Case (2):- When the refractive indexes of two media are equal.
Here n1 = n2 = n.
From Snell‟s law, n1 sin i = n2 sin r
n sin i = n sin r
sin i = sin r
∠i =∠r
Hence the ray passes without any deviation at the boundary.
9. Take a bright metal ball and make it black with soot on a candle
flame. Immerse it in the water. Mention one observation. (AS3)
(AP June 2015)

(Internal Choice)
1) How do you verify experimentally that sin i /sin r is a constant?
(AP May 2022)
(OR)
Write the lab activity to obtain a relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of refraction. (AP March 2018)
2) Explain the formation of the mirage. (AS1)
3) Collect the information on the working of optical fibres. Prepare a
report about various uses of optical fibres in our daily life. (AS4)
(AP June 2016)
4) Explain the refraction of light through the glass slab with a neat ray
diagram. (AP March2016)
(OR)
Write the procedure of a lab activity to understand the lateral shift
of light rays through a glass slab. (AP March 2019)
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5) How do you verify experimentally that the angle of refraction is
more than the angle of incidence when light rays travel from a denser
to a rarer medium?
6) Derive a relation between the thickness of a glass slab, vertical
shift and refractive index of a glass slab by an experiment. (AS3)
A.
1. Let us take a glass slab and measure its thickness.
2. The glass slab is placed on the white chart and draws its boundary
with a pencil.
3. Remove the slab from its place. The lines form a rectangle. Name the
vertices as A, B, C and D.
4. Draw a perpendicular to the longer line AB of the rectangle at any
point on it. Place the slab again in the rectangle ABCD.
5. Take a pin. Place at a point P in such a way that its length is parallel
to the AB on the perpendicular line at a distance of 15 cm from the
slab.
6. Now take another pin and by looking at the first pin from the other
side of the slab try to place the pin so that it forms a straight line with
the first pin.
7. Remove the slab and observe the positions of the pins.
8. Find the distance between P and Q. This distance is called vertical
shift.
9. We could use a formula to find out the refractive index of the glass.
∴ Refractive index =
–
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CHAPTER
4
1. A man wants to get a picture of a zebra. He photographed a white
donkey after fitting a glass, with black stripes, on to the lens of his
camera. What photo will he get? Explain?
A. Photographer will get a picture of white donkey only.
Explanation:
1. A glass with black strips is fitted on the lens on a camera.
2. Instead of zebra, he will obtain a photograph of the white donkey
with reduced brightness.
3. This happens because the black stripes on the glass block the light
from the object.
2. The focal length of a converging lens is 20cm. An object is 60cm
from the lens. Where will the image be formed and what kind of
image is it? (AP March 2018)
A. Given: Focal length, f = 20 Cm
Object distance, u = - 60 Cm (In front of lens take as – ve sign)
Image distance, v =?
Formula: = + ⟹ = + ⟹ = + ⟹ = - ⟹ =
⟹ = ⟹ v =30 cm
∴ A real, diminished, inverted image formed at 30cm from the lens.
Linear Magnification, m = = = =
Since m is negative, the image is real and inverted.
3. A double convex lens has two surfaces of equal radii ‗R‘ and
refractive index n = 1.5. Find the focal length ‗f‘. (AS1) (TQ)
A. Given: Refractive index = 1.5
Let R1 =R and R2 = -R (With respect to sign convention)
Lens makers formula is = (n-1) * +
= (1.5-1) ( - )
= (1.5-1) ( + )
= 0.5 ( )
= 0.5 ×
=
∴f=R
∴ The focal length is equal to radii of curvature.
4. Write the lens maker‘s formula and explain the terms in it? (AS1)
(AP March 2015)
A. Lens makers formula is = (n-1) * +
Here f = Focal length
R1 and R2 are radii of curvature.
n = Refractive index.
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CHAPTER
5
1. How do you correct the eye defects myopia? (AS1) (TQ)
(AP March 2017, 2022, 2023)
A.Myopia:
1. Some people cannot see objects at long distances but can see nearby
objects clearly.
2. This type of vision defect is called myopia (near sightedness).
Reason: The light rays beyond the far point incident on eye lens then
after refraction eye lens can form an image in front of the retina.
Correction of myopia: To correct one's myopia, we need to select

bi-concave lens.
2. How do you correct the vision defects hepermetropia? (AS1) (TQ)

(AP June 2016)
A. Hypermetropia:-
1. Some people can see the distant objects clearly but cannot see objects
at near distances.
2. This type of vision defect is called hypermetropia (far sightedness).
3. Reason: In such cases the rays coming from a nearby object, after
refraction at eye lens, forms an image beyond the retina as shown in
figure.
Correction of hypermetropia: To correct one's hypermetropia, we need

to select bi-convex lens.
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19. What is the Dispersion of light? Give an example. (AS1)
A. Dispersion of light: The splitting of white light into different colours
(VIBGYOR) is called dispersion.
Ex: Rainbow is formed due to the dispersion of sunlight.
20. What is meant by a scattering of light? Give an example. (AS1)
A. Scattering of light: The process of re-emission of absorbed light in all
directions with different intensities by atoms or molecules are called
scattering of light.
Ex: Scattering of sunlight through molecules in the air is the reason for
the blue colour of the sky.
21. What is meant by an angle of scattering? (AS1)
A. Angle of scattering: The angle between the initial and final directions
of motion of a scattered particle is called the scattering angle. Also
known as scatter angle.
22. Why the pupil appears black? (AS1)
A. Any light falling on the pupil goes into the eye without coming back
outside. Hence it appears black.
23. Why deviation is the minimum for red colour? (AS2)
A. Red colour gets less refracted, so its deviation is minimum.
24. What is meant by angle of deviation? (AS1)
A. Angle of deviation: The angle between the incident ray and emergent
ray is called the angle of deviation.
25. What is meant by the angle of minimum deviation? (AS1)
A. Angle of minimum deviation: The angle of deviation for which the
angle of incidence (i1) is equal to the angle of emergence (i2) is known as
the angle of minimum deviation.
26. What will be the colour of the sky in the absence of an tmosphere?
A. The sunlight will not be scattered in the absence of an atmosphere. So
the sky will appear black.
27. What is the nature of the image formed on the retina? (AS1)
A. Real, inverted and diminished image is formed on the retina.
28. What kind of lens is present in an eye? (AS1)
A. The eye lens is a convex lens made of transparent, soft, and elastic
tissues like a jelly made of proteins, that control the formation of an
image on the retina.
29. How many receptors are present in the human eye? (AS1)
A. 125 Million.
30. How many optic-nerve fibres are present in the human eye? (AS1)
A. 1 Million.
31. What is the function of the optical nerve in the eyes? (AS1)
A. The optical nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the
brain.
32. What is the reason for the formation of a Rainbow?
A. Dispersion of light.
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CHAPTER
6
1. What information does the electronic configuration of an atom
provide? (AS1) (TQ)
A.Electronic configuration: The arrangement of electrons in shells, sub-
shells and orbitals of an atom is called electronic configuration.
The electronic configuration of an element gives,
1. Valency of the element. 2. Block of the element.
3. Period of the element. 4. Group of the element.
5. Reactivity of element. 6. Comparative size of the atom.
7. Metallic character of the element.
2. a. How many maximum numbers of electrons can be accommodated
in a principal energy shell?
b. How many maximum number of electrons can be accommodated
in a sub shell?
c. How many maximum number of electrons can be accommodated
in an orbital?
d. How many sub shells are present in a principal energy shell?
e. How many spin orientations are possible for an electron in an
orbital? (AS1)
A. a. „2n2‟ ,Where n is the principle quantum number.
b. 2(2l +1), Where l = 0,1,2,3….
c. 2.
d. (2l +1), Where l = 0, 1, 2, 3….
e. 2.
3. In an atom the number of electrons in M shell is equal to the
number of electrons in the K and L shell. Answer the following
questions? (AS1)(TQ)
a. Which is the outer most shell?
b. How many electrons are there in its outermost shell?
c. What is the atomic number of an element?
d. Write the electronic configuration of the element?
A. a. N-Shell.
b. 2 electrons.
c. Atomic number = 22.
d. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2.
4. Rainbow is an example for continuous spectrum. Explain? (AS1)
(TQ) (AP March 2015)
A.1. Rainbow is formed due to dispersion of sun light after a rain shower.
2. A spectrum in which there are no sharp boundaries in between
colours is called continuous spectrum.
3. Each colour in a rainbow namely Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,
Orange and Red (VIBGYOR) in a rainbow spread continuously from
one point to another.
4. So, rainbow is also a continuous Spectrum.
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3. Magnetic Quantum Number(ml):
1. It was introduced by Lande.
2. It is denoted by the letter „ml‟.
3. Magnetic Quantum number (ml) has integer values between –l to +l
including zero.
4. For a given „l‟ value the magnetic quantum number has (2l + 1)
integer values of ml
5. It gives the information about the orientation of orbitals in the
presence of magnetic field.
6. For example the orientation of the p orbitals is px, py, pz.
4. Spin Quantum Number (ms):
1. It was introduced by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmith.
2. It is denoted by the letter „ms‟.
3. This quantum number refers to the two possible orientation of the
spin of an electron, one clockwise () and the other anticlockwise ()
spin.
4. The spin motion of the electrons are represented by + and - .
9. What is nl x method? How it is useful? (AS1) (TQ) (AP March 2016)

A. 1. The short hand notation of electronic configuration is nl x.
2. It gives the information as shown below,
3. In nlx method, n = Principle quantum number.
x = number of electrons in orbital.
l = Angular momentum quantum number.
10. Following orbital diagram shows the electronic configuration of
nitrogen atom. Which rule does not support this?
N (z=7) = (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. Hund‟s rule is violated. Because degenerate orbitals are first filled by
one electron then after pairing takes place.
2. So, the correct electronic configuration of Nitrogen is,
1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 (OR)
11. Which rule is violated in the electronic configuration 1s0 2s2 2p4
(AS1) (TQ) (AP June 2015)
A.1. Aufbau principle is violated in this electronic configuration.
2. According to Aufbau principle, Electron enters into orbital of lower
energy.
3. The lowest energy of the orbital is calculated by the formula (n+l).
Where, n = Principle quantum number.
4. Among 1s, 2s, 2p; 1s has least energy.
5. So, 1s orbital must be filled before the electron should enter into 2s.
12. Write the four quantum numbers for the differentiating electron of
sodium (Na) atom?(AS1) (TQ)
A. 1. The atomic number of Sodium (Na) is 11.
2. Electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.
3. The differentiating electron is 3s orbital.
4. The four quantum numbers of Na are,
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6) Which principle is not followed in writing the electronic
configuration of 1s1 2s1 2p4? Give reasons. (TS June 2015)
A.1. Aufbau principle is not followed in this electronic configuration.
2. According to the Aufbau principle, Electron enters into an orbital of
lower energy.
3. The lowest energy of the orbital is calculated by the formula (n+l).
Where, n = Principle quantum number.
4. Among 1s, 2s, 2p; 1s, 2s have least energy than 2p.
5. So, 1s and 2s orbitals must be filled before the electron should enter
into 2p.
7) For a better understanding of the electronic configuration in an
atom, the teacher wrote shorthand notation nlx on the blackboard.
Looking at this notation what could be the probable questions that
generate in the student's mind? Write any two of them.
A.1. What is meant by an lx method? (TS March 2015)
2. What does „n‟ indicates in the nl method?
x
3. What does „l‟ indicates in the nlx method?

4. What does „x‟ indicates in the nlx method?
8) The following orbital diagram shows the electronic configuration of
the nitrogen atom. Which rule does not support this?

9) Which rule is violated in the electronic configuration 1s0 2s² 2p4?
10) Write the four quantum numbers for the differentiating electron of
the sodium (Na) atom.
11) Why are there exemptions in writing for the electronic
configurations of Chromium (Cr) and Copper (Cu)?
12) The wavelength of a radio wave is 1.0 m. Find its frequency.
A. See Textual Question Number - 18
13) Explain why electrons enter into the 4s orbital but not 3d after
filling the 3p orbital. (AS6)
A.1.The (n+l) value of 4s = 4 + 0 = 4
2. The (n+l) value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5
3. The (n+l) value of the 3d orbital has more than the 4s orbital.
4. According to the Aufbau, principle electrons enter into the 4s orbital
after filling the 3p orbital.
14) What is Planck‘s equation?
A. Planck‟s equation is E = hν. Here, E = Energy of the radiation
h = Planck‟s constant = 6.625 × 10-34 J
ν = Frequency of radiation.
15) An element has the atomic number 12. How many electrons are
present in the K, L and M shells of this atom?
A. 1. Atomic number Z = 12, configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
2. No. of electrons in K - shell = 2
3. No. of electrons in L - shell = 8
4. No. of electrons in M - shell = 2
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CHAPTER
7
1. Newlands proposed the law of octaves. Mendeleeff suggested eight
groups for elements in his table. How do you explain these
observations in terms of modern concepts? (AS1)
A.1. Newland proposed the law of octaves.
2. According to Newlands concept of octaves, the first element having
the same similar properties of eight element.
3. Mendeleef divided the periodic table into horizontal rows and vertical
columns called periods and groups. Modern periodic table also given
this same concept.
4. According to Mendeleeff the elements of same group have similar
chemical properties. Modern periodic table also proposed the same
thing.
5. According to Mendeleeff, the elements of a particular group possess
same common valence.
6. The same was also proposed by modern periodic table.
2. Define modern periodic law? Discuss the construction of the long
of the periodic table? (AS1) (TQ) (AP June 2015)
A. Modern periodic law: The Physical and chemical Properties of the
elements are the periodic functions of their electronic configuration.
Description of long form of the periodic table: The modern periodic
table has eighteen vertical columns known as groups and seven
horizontal rows known as periods.
Groups:
1. There are 18 groups in the long form of the periodic table. They are
represented by Roman numeral I to VIII as A and B groups.
2. According to the IUPAC, these groups are numbered from 1 to 18.
3. A group of elements is also called as element family or chemical
family.
Group Name of the family

IA Alkali metal family
IIA Alkaline earth metal family
IIIA Boron family
IVA Carbon family
VA Nitrogen family
VIA Chalcogen family
VIIA Halogen family
VIIIA Noble gas family
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CHAPTER
8
1. List the factors that determine the type of bond that will be formed
between two atoms? (AS1)
A. The factors that determine the type of bond is as follows. They are,
1.The force of attraction or repulsion between the electrons and protons.
2.Number of valence electrons present in the valence shell of the atom
3.Electro negativity.
4.Atomic size
5.Ionization potential
6.Electron affinity.
2. Explain the difference between valence and covalence? (AS1) (TQ)
Valence electrons Covalence
1. Number of electrons present in 1. The number of covalent
the valence shell is known as compounds formed by an
valence electrons. atom is called covalence.
2. Number of valence electrons is 2. Covalence is equal to the
equal to the group number of number of electrons
the atom. participate in the bonding.
3. Valence electrons number is 3. Covalence may be positive or
always a positive integer negative.
4. Ex: The valence electrons of 4. Ex: The covalence of oxygen
oxygen are 6. is 2.
3. A chemical compound has the following Lewis notation: (AS1)
a) How many valence electrons does element Y have?
b) What is the valence of element Y?
c) What is the valence of element X?
d) How many covalent bonds are there in the molecule?
e) Suggest a name for the elements X and Y.
A. a) Six (6)
b) Two (2)
c) One (1)
d) Two (2)
e) Element X = hydrogen (1H1)
Element Y = Oxygen (8O16)
The formed molecule may be H2O.
4. Why do only valence electrons involve in bond formation? Why not
electron of inner shell? Explain? (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. The electrons present in the outermost orbital of an atom are known
as valence electrons.
2. They are weakly attracted to the nucleus. So that involves a chemical
bond formation.
3. Electrons present in the inner shells are strongly attracted by
nucleus.
4. Hence, the electrons present in the inner shells are not participated in
bond formation.
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7.How bond energies and bond lengths of molecule helps us in
predicting their chemical properties? Explain with examples? (AS1)
A.1. Bond Length: Bond length is the equilibrium distance between the
nuclei of two atoms which form a covalent bond.
2. Bond energy: Bond energy is the energy needed to break a covalent
bond between two atoms of a diatomic covalent compound in its
gaseous state.
3. If the nature of the bond between the same to atoms changes the
bond length also changes.
4. For examples bond lengths between the two carbon atoms are in
ethane is 1.54 AO , Ethylene is 1.34 AO and acetylene is 1.20 AO.
5. Melting and boiling points are also being determined from the
knowledge of bond energies and bond lengths.
8. Predict the reasons for low melting point for covalent compounds
when compared with ionic compounds. (AS2) (AP March 2022)
A.1. In ionic compounds the ions are bounded by strong electrostatic force
of attractions.
2. Therefore they are strong solids with high melting points and boiling
points.
3. In covalent compounds the atoms are bounded by weak forces.
4. Therefore covalent compounds are gases and liquids at room
temperature.
5. Hence covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
9. Collect the information about properties and uses of covalent
compounds and prepare a report? (AS4) (AP March 2015)
A.Properties of covalent compounds:-
1. Covalent compounds exist as gases (OR) liquids of low boiling (OR)
melting points.
2. In general, covalent substances are bad conductors of electricity.
3. These are freely soluble in non-polar solvents like benzene, carbon
tetrachloride, but soluble in polar solvents like water.
4. These are bad conductors of electricity.
5. They undergo molecular reactions.
6. Rate of reactions are low.
Uses of covalent compounds:
1. 99% of our body, was made up of covalent compounds.
2. Water is a covalent compound. We know that it has many uses.
3. Methane gas is used for cooking purpose.
4. Some covalent compounds are used for polyesters.
5. Covalent compound like Naphthalene balls are used for household
purpose.
6. They are used for laboratory purpose and medicinal purpose.
10. Draw simple diagrams to show how electrons are arranged in the
following covalent molecules:
a. Calcium oxide (CaO) b. Water (H2O) c. Chlorine (Cl2) (AS5)
A. a. Calcium oxide (CaO): Calcium atom has two valence electrons and
Oxygen has six valence electrons.
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b. Water (H2O):- Each Hydrogen atom has one valence electron and
Oxygen has six valence electrons.
c. Chlorine (Cl2): Each Chlorine atom has seven electrons in their

valence shell.
11. Represent the molecule H2O using Lewis notation? (AS5) (TQ)
A. 1. Oxygen atom has six valence electrons.
2. So it can achieve the electronic configuration of Neon by sharing two
electrons, one with each Hydrogen atom.
12. Represent each of the following atoms using Lewis notation:

a. Beryllium b. Calcium c. Lithium (AS5) (TQ)
a. Beryllium: Beryllium has two valence electrons.
b. Calcium: Calcium has two valence electrons.
c. Lithium: Lithium has one valence electrons.

13. Represent each of the following molecules using Lewis notation:
(AS5) (TQ)
(a) Bromine gas (Br2)
(b) Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
(c) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
(d) Which of the three molecules listed above contains a double
bond?
A.(a) Bromine gas (Br2):
(b) Calcium chloride(CaCl2):
(c) Carbon dioxide(CO2):
(d) Carbon dioxide (CO2) contains double bond.

14. Two chemical reactions are described below. (AS5) (TQ)
i) Nitrogen and hydrogen react to form ammonia (NH3)
ii) Carbon and hydrogen bond to form a molecule of methane (CH4).
For each reaction, give:
a) The valence of each of the atoms involved in the reaction.
b) The Lewis structure of the product that is formed.
(AP June 2018)
A. i) Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form Ammonia (NH3).
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
a) Valence of Nitrogen is 3 and hydrogen is 1.
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b) The Lewis structure of NH3 is,
ii) Carbon combines with hydrogen to form methane (CH4).

C + 2H2 → CH4
a) Valence of carbon is 4 and hydrogen is 1.
b) The Lewis structure of CH4 is,
15. How Lewis dot structure helps in understanding bond formation

between atoms? (AS6) (TQ)
A.1. Lewis dot structure of molecule or ion shows how atoms are bonded
with each other.
2. Bonding electrons are indicated either by two dots or by a dash.
3. For example, a water molecule can be represented by either of the
following two diagrams.
4. Lewis dot formulae show only the number of valence electrons, the
number and kind of bonds.
16. What is octet rule? How do you appreciate role of the octet rule in
explaining the chemical properties of elements? (AS6) (TQ)
(TS June 2017)
A. Octet rule: The atoms of the elements contain eight electrons in the
valence shell is called octet rule.
Role of octet in chemical properties of elements:
1. All the inert gases have octet configuration except helium.
2. So, they do not participate in any chemical reactions.
3. If any group of elements try to get octet configuration by transferring
or sharing of electrons then they attains more stability.
4. In this way, the octet rule helps in explaining the chemical properties
of elements.
17. Explain the formation of the following molecules using valence
bond theory
a) N2 molecule (AP March 2015)
b) O2 molecule (TS March 2017, AP March 2022)
A. Valence bond theory was proposed by Linus pauling.
Formation of N2 molecule:-
1. The atomic number of Nitrogen is 7.
2. Its electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1 (OR)
3. Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons in the „P‟ orbital.

4. When two nitrogen atoms approach each other, the 2px-2px orbitals of
nitrogen atoms form a sigma bond().
5. The 2py-2py and 2pz-2pz overlap of nitrogen atoms form a two pi
bonds(π).
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6. Therefore, there is a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms in N2
molecule.
Formation of O2 molecule:
1. The atomic number of oxygen is 8.
2. Its electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py1 2pz1 (OR)
3. Oxygen has two unpaired electrons in the „P‟ orbital.

4. When two oxygen atoms approach each other, the 2py-2py orbitals of
oxygen atoms form a sigma bond().
5. The 2pz-2pz overlap of oxygen atoms form a pi bond (π).
6. Therefore, there is a double bond between two oxygen atoms in O2
molecule.
18. What is hybridisation? Explain the formation of the following

molecules using hybridisation
a) BeCl2 (AP March 2017)
b) BF3 (AP March 2016)
A. Hybridization:- The process of mixing of atomic orbital‟s of nearly same
energy to produce a set of entirely new orbital‟s of equivalent energy is
known as hybridization.
a) Formation of BeCl2:
1. The atomic number of Beryllium = 4.
2. Ground state electronic configuration of „Be‟ is,
3. Excited state electronic configuration of „Be‟ is,
(sp- hybridization)
4. Now there is hybridization between one „s‟ and p-orbital and forms
two sp-orbitals.
5. The overlap with p-orbital of each two chlorine atoms with two sp-
orbitals of beryllium form two sigma () bonds.
6. The molecule formed is linear with a bond angle 1800.
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Formation of Boron Trichloride (BF3):
1. The atomic number of Boron is 5.
2. Ground state electronic configuration of „B‟ is
3. Excited state electronic configuration of „B‟ is
(sp2- hybridization)
4. Now in excited state the three unpaired orbitals undergo
hybridisation giving rise to three sp2 hybrid orbitals which are 1200
apart.
5. The three hybrid orbitals overlap with three p-orbitals from three
Fluorine atoms forming three sigma bonds.
6. The molecule formed is triangular planar.

(NO CHOICE)
1. Represent each of the following atoms using Lewis notation: (TQ)
a. Beryllium b. Calcium c. Lithium
A. See textual Question Number - 12
2. What is a chemical bond? (AP March 2015)
A. Chemical bond: The attractive force between two atoms in a molecule is
called a chemical bond.
3. Write the names of any two compounds which have an ionic bond?
(TS June 2016)
A. Sodium Chloride - NaCl, Magnesium Chloride - MgCl2
4. Write the names of any two compounds which have a covalent
bond? (TS June 2016)
A. Hydrogen - H2 ; Hydrochloric Acid - HCl
5. Draw the structural diagram of an ammonia molecule as per the
valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory? (TS March 2016)
A.
6. Show the formation of the HCl molecule with Lewis dot structure
using the information given below. (TS march 2017)
A.
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7. Imagine and write the ion formed generally by an atom of an
element with low ionization energy, low electron affinity with high
atomic size? (AP March 2019)
A. Cation (Positive ion).
8. Draw the shape of a methane molecule? (AS5) (TS June 2015)
(OR) Draw the structure of a methane molecule and write its bond
angle. (AS5) (TS March 2019)
A.
9. Represent the molecule H2O using Lewis notation? (AS5) (TQ)

A. See textual Question Number - 11
10. What is the octet rule? (AS1)
A. Octet rule: The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to
have eight electrons in the valence shell.
11. Why the Noble gases are least reactive? (AS1) (OR)
Why the noble gases do not participate in a chemical reaction?
A.1. Noble gases have eight electrons in their outermost shell except
Helium.
2. This is called octet configuration became more stable. So, Noble gases
are the least reactive.
12. Define the term ionic bond? (AS1)
A. Ionic bond: The transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom
leads to an ionic bond. (Or)
The electrostatic attractive force that keeps cation and anion together
to form new electrically neutral compounds is called an ionic bond.
13. Define coordination number?(AS1)
A. Co – ordination number: The coordination number is the number of
ions that immediately surround an ion of the opposite charge within a
crystal lattice.
14. What are the factors that affect the formation of cations and
anions?
A. 1. Atomic size. 2. Ionisation potential. 3. Electron affinity.
4. Electronegativity.
15. What is meant by a covalent bond? (AS1)
A. Covalent bond: A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.
16. Define 'Bond length? (AS1)
A. Bond length:
1. Bond length or bond distance is the equilibrium distance between the
nuclei of two atoms which form a covalent bond.
2. It is generally given in nm (nanometer) or Aº (Angstrom Unit).
17. Define 'Bond energy'. (AS1)
A. Bond energy: Bond energy or Bond dissociation energy is the energy
needed to break a covalent bond between two atoms of a diatomic
covalent compound in its gaseous state.
18. Define hybridization?
A. Hybridization: The process of mixing atomic orbitals of nearly the same
energy to produce a set of entirely new orbitals of equivalent energy is
known as hybridization.
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19. What is the structure of NaCl? (AS1)
A. NaCl is said to possess face centred cubic lattice crystal structure.
20. What is the theory of VSEPRT?
A. 1. The bond angles in the molecules with three or more than three
atoms with all atoms attached to a central atom through covalent
bonds.
2. This theory is called Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory.
(VSEPRT)
21. What are the drawbacks of the electronic theory of valance? (AS1)
A. Drawbacks of the electronic theory of valance:
1. This theory cannot explain about bond length and bond energies of
the molecules.
2. The theory could not explain the shapes of the molecules.
22. What is meant by a polar covalent bond? (AS1)
A. Polar covalent bonds: A covalent bond that has an unequal sharing of
electrons is called a polar covalent bond. Eg:-HCl, H2O etc
23. What is meant by a non-polar covalent bond? (AS1)
A. Non-polar covalent bonds: A covalent bond that has an equal sharing
of electrons is called a nonpolar covalent bond.
Eg:- Cl2, O2, N2 etc.
24. What are polar solvents? (AS1)
A. Polar Solvent:
1. The solutions of ionic compounds are called polar solvents.
2. They have polar nature because of ions.
3. The solvents are capable of dissolving ionic compounds or covalent
compounds that ionise. Ex:- water, liquid ammonia etc.
25. What are non-polar solvents? (AS1)
A. Non-Polar solvent:
1. Solutions having nonpolar nature are called non-polar solvents.
2. Ethene, Benzene are examples of nonpolar solvents.
3. These do not dissolve ionic compounds but will dissolve nonpolar
covalent compounds.
26. What is the bond angle in a molecule? (AS1)
A. Bond Angle: The angle subtended by two imaginary lines that pass from
the nuclei of two atoms which form the covalent bonds.
27. How is valency bond theory different from Lewis's concept?
A. 1. In the Lewis concept, bond formation is explained in terms of sharing
of electron pairs and the octet rule.
2. In Valence Bond theory bond formation is described in terms of
hybridization and overlap of orbitals.
28. Define the octet rule?(AS1)
A. Octet rule: The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to
have eight electrons in the valence shell.
29. Match the following: (AP May 2022)
Molecule Bond Angle
(i) Ammonia [ ] (p) 104O31
(ii) Boron Trifluoride [ ] (q) 107048
(iii) Water [ ] (r) 1200
(A) (i) – (p), (ii) – (r), (iii) – (q) (B) (i) – (q), (ii) – (p), (iii) – (r)
(C) (i) – (q), (ii) – (r), (iii) – (p) (D) (i) – (p), (ii) – (q), (iii) – (r)
A. B
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30. What is the general electronic configuration of Inert gases?
A. The general electronic configuration of inert gases is ns2 np6 except for
helium (1s2).
31. What is hybridization present in the BF3 molecule? (AP SCERT-2021)
A. sp2- hybridisation
32. Match the suitable answers. (SCERT-2021:Set-1)
Section-A Section-B
X) N2 [ ] P) 120o
Y) BF3 [ ] Q) 180o
R) 3 bonds
A. X-R, Y-P
33. Write any other name of ‗Ionic Bond‘. (SCERT‘2022)
A. Electrostatic bond
34. Assertion (A): Sodium chloride formed by the action of chlorine
gas on Sodium metal is a stable compound.
Reasons (R): This is because Sodium and Chloride ions acquire
octets in Sodium Chloride formation.
A) A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) A and R are correct, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true but R is false.
D) A and R both are false.
A. A
35. Write the coordination number of Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl ?
A.1. The coordination number in a Na+ ion in a NaCl = 6.
2. The coordination number in Cl- ions in NaCl = 6.
(No Choice)
1) What is the bond angle of the following? (AP SCERT 2022)

1) Angle of HOH in the water molecule.
2) Angle of HNH in Ammonia.
A. 1) Angle of HOH in water molecule: 104o31
2) Angle of HNH in Ammonia: 107o48
2) List the factors that determine the type of bond that will be formed
between two atoms.
3) Predict the reasons for the low melting point for covalent
compounds when compared with ionic compounds. (AP May2022)
A. 1. In ionic compounds, the ions are bounded by a strong electrostatic
force of attraction and they are strong solids.
2. So, ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
3. In covalent compounds, the atoms are attracted by weak Vander
Waal‟s forces and they are gases and liquids at room temperature.
4. So, covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
4) How does Lewis dot structure help in understanding bond
formation between atoms?
5) Give two examples of each ionic and covalent compound.
A. 1) Ionic compounds Ex: NaCl, MgCl2
2) Covalent compounds Ex: Cl2, HCl
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6) Between a neutral atom and its cations which has a bigger size?
Why? (TS June 2016)
A. A neutral atom has bigger than its cation.
Reason:
1. A cation has more protons and the nucleus of the cation attracts the
electrons in the outermost orbital more.
2. Hence, the radius of the anion decreases. It means the size of the
anion decreases.
So, a neutral atom is bigger than its cation.
7) How do you appreciate the special nature of Inert gases?
(AP March 2018)
8) Draw the diagram to show the formation of an oxygen molecule by
valence bond theory. (TS March 2017)
A.
9) Write the electronic configuration of Na+ and Cl-? (TS March 2019)
A. Na+ = 1s2 2s2 2p6 Cl- = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
10) Imagine, which one in each of the following is large in size
relative to the other. Explain?
(X) Na, Al (Y) Na, Mg+2 (AS2) (AP March 2019)
A. X). In X, Na is relatively larger than Al.
Reason:- 1. In a period from left to right the atomic size decreases.
2. Hence Na is relatively larger than Al.
Y). In Y, Na is relatively larger than Mg2+.
Reason: 1. Mg2+ has a smaller number of electrons than Na.
2. Hence Na is relatively larger than Mg2+.
11) Draw the Lewis dot structure for Noble gases.(AS5)
A.
12) Predict which has more atomic size in between Na and Na +. Why?
(AS2) (AP March-2023)
A. 1. Na has more atomic size than Na+.
2. The nucleus of Na+ ion attracts outer shell electrons with stronger
nuclear force than that of Na atom.
3. So Na+ ion shrinks in size than Na atom.
(No Choice)
1) A chemical compound has the following Lewis notation:

a) How many valence electrons does element Y have?
b) What is the valency of element Y?
c) What is the valency of element X?
d) How many covalent bonds are there in the molecule?
e) Suggest a name for the elements X and Y.
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2) Why do only valence electrons involve in bond formation? Why not
electron of inner shells? Explain.
3) Explain the difference between the valence electrons and the
covalency of an element.
A.
Valence electrons Covalency
1 The number of electrons 1 The number of valance
in the outermost orbit of electrons which are taking
an atom is called its part in a covalent bond is
valence electrons. called covalency.
2 The number of valence 2 Covalency is equal to the
electrons is equal to the number of electrons that
group number of the participate in the bonding.
atom.
3 The valence electrons 3 Covalency may be either
number is always a positive positive or negative.
integer.
4 Ex: N (Z = 7). Its electronic 4 Ex: N (Z = 7). Its electronic
configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p3. configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p3.
It has 5 electrons in the It participates in 3 covalent
outermost orbit. So, its bonds.
valence electrons are „5‟. So, its covalency is „3‟.
4) Distinguish between a sigma and a pi bond.

A.
Sigma bond Pi bond
1. It is formed by the end-end on 1. It is formed by the lateral
the overlap of orbitals. overlap of orbitals.
2. It has independent existence. 2. It has no independent existence.
3. It is a strong bond. Because 3. It is a weak bond. Because
axial overlap is more. lateral overlap is less.
4. There can be one or two bonds
4. There can be only one bond.
between two atoms.
5. All orbitals form a sigma 5. Only p and d orbitals form a
bond. bond.
5) Bring out the difference between ionic and covalent bonds.

A.
Ionic compound Covalent compound
1. They are formed by the transfer 1. These are formed by the
of electrons between two atoms. mutual sharing of electrons
between the atoms.
2. These are having high melting 2. These are having low melting
and boiling points. and boiling points.
3. These are soluble in polar 3. These are soluble in non-polar
solvents like water. solvents like benzene and Cl4.
4. These are highly reactive in 4. These are less reactive in polar
polar solvents. solvents.
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6) Draw simple diagrams to show how electrons are arranged in the
following covalent molecules:
a) Calcium oxide (CaO) b) Water (H2O) c) Chlorine (Cl2)
7) Represent each of the following molecules using Lewis notation:
a) Bromine gas (Br2)
b) Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
c) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
d) Which of the three molecules listed above contains a double
bond?
8) Two chemical reactions are described below.
(i) Nitrogen and hydrogen react to form ammonia (NH 3).
(ii) Carbon and hydrogen bond to form a molecule of methane (CH4).
For each reaction given:
a) The valency of each of the atoms involved in the reaction.
b) The Lewis structure of the product that is formed.
9) A, B and C are three elements with atomic numbers 6, 11 and 17
respectively.
i) Which of these cannot form an ionic bond? Why?
ii) Which of these cannot form a covalent bond? Why?
iii) Which of these can form ionic as well as covalent bonds?
10) Write the properties and uses of covalent compounds.

(Internal Choice)
1. Who proposed the valence bond theory? Explain the formation of
an N2 molecule by using this theory. (AP March 2015)
2) Explain the formation of an O2 molecule using the valence bond
theory. (AP May 2022)
3) Explain the formation of the BeCl2 molecule using hybridization.
(AP March 2017)
4) What is hybridization? Explain the formation of BF3 molecules
using hybridization. (AP March 2016)
5) Explain the formation of calcium oxide based on the concept of
electron transfer from one atom to another atom.
6) Explain the formation of sodium chloride based on the concept of
electron transfer from one atom to another atom.
(AP SCERT-2021:Set-2)
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CHAPTER
9
1. Explain how electron flow causes electric current with Lorentz –
Drude theory of electrons? (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. Drude and Lorentz, scientists of 19th century, proposed that
conductors like metals contain large number of free electrons as while
the positive ions are fixed in their locations.
2. The arrangement of the positive ions are called lattice.
3. When the conductor is in an open circuit. The electrons move
randomly in lattice space as shown in the figure.
4. When the ends of the conductor are connected to the battery through
a bulb, the bulb glows because energy flow takes place from battery to
the bulb.
5. This is because the orderly motion of electrons.
6. When the electrons are in ordered motion, there will be a net charge
crossing through any cross section of the conductor as shown in the
figure.
7. This ordered motion of electrons is called electric current.

2. How does a battery work? Explain? (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. A battery consists of two metal plates (electrodes) and a chemical
(electrolyte).
2. The electrolyte consists of positive and negative ions which move in
opposite directions.
3. This electrolyte exerts a force called chemical force (Fc).
4. This chemical force push the positive
ions(Anode in one plate and negative
ions(Cathode) are accumulate on another
plate.
5. This accumulation continues till both plates are sufficiently charged.
6. When a conducting wire is connected to terminals of the battery, a
potential difference is created between the ends of the conductor
which sets up an electric field throughout the conductor.
7. The large number of electrons in the conductor near the positive

terminal of battery is attracted by it and start to move towards
positive terminal.
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8. As a result the amount of positive change on this plate decreases.
9. So Fe becomes weaker than Fc and Fc pulls negative ions from
anode towards cathode.
10. The negative terminal pushes one electron into the conductor
because of stronger repulsion between negative terminal and negative
ion.
11. Hence, total number of electrons in a conductor remains constant
during current flow.
3. Write the difference between potential difference and emf? (AS1)
A.
Potential difference e.m.f
1. The work done by the electric 1. The work done by the chemical
force on one unit positive force to move unit positive
charge to move it through a charge from negative terminal
distance „l‟ from one point to to positive terminal of the
another is called potential battery is called e.m.f.
difference.
2. Potential difference, v = = 2. emf,  = = .
3. The SI unit of potential 3. The SI unit of emf is „Volt‟.
difference is „Volt‟.
4. It is measured by using a 4. emf is measured by using a
voltmeter. voltmeter.
4. What do you mean by electric shock? Explain how it takes place?
(AS1) (AP March 2016, 2017)
A.1. If we touch a line wire of 240V, 0.0024A current flows through our
body.
2. Due to this functioning of organs inside our body get disturbed.
3. This disturbance inside our body is felt as electric shock.
4. The electric shock is a combined effect of potential difference, electric
current and resistance of the human body.
5. Derive R =  . (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length of
the conductor. i.e., R …… (1)
2. The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the area of a
cross section of the conductor. i.e., R  …… (2)
3. From (1) and (2), we get R  ⟹ R =  .
Where „‟ is a constant called specific resistance or resistivity.
6. How do you verify that resistance of a conductor is proportional to
the length of the conductor for constant cross section area and
temperature? (AS1) (AP March, June 2015)
A.Aim: To verify the resistance of a conductor is proportional to the length
of the conductor.
Apparatus : A cell, an ammeter, iron spokes of different lengths but same
area.
Procedure:
1. Make the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Then connect one of the iron spokes
between P and Q.
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3. Measure the value of current using the ammeter connected to circuit
and note it in your note book.
4. Repeat this experiment for other lengths of iron spokes.
5. Note the corresponding values of currents in your note book as shown
below.
S.No Length of spoke Current
1
2
3
4
Observations: 1. We observe that current decreases as the length of
spoke increases.
7. We know that resistance increases as current decreases.
8. Hence we resistance of iron spoke increases as its length increases.
Conclusion: Hence we conclude that the resistance of conductor is
directly proportional to length.
i. e R α l
7. State Kirchoff‘s loop law and explain? (AP June 2018)
A.1. The Junction Law: - At any junction point in a
circuit where the current can divide, the sum
of the currents into the junction must equal
the sum of the currents leaving the junction.
Example:
1. In the figure A is called junction.
2. From the figure, we have I1 + I4 + I6 = I2+I3+I5
(OR) I1 + I4 + I6- I2-I3-I5 = 0.
2. The Loop Law: The algebraic sum of increments and decrements in
potential differences across various components of a closed circuit
loop must be zero.
Example: 1. Let us apply Kirchhoff‟s second law
to the above figure,
1. for the loop ACDBA, -V2 + I2R2 – I1R1+V1 = 0.
2. For the loop EFDCE, -(I1+I2) R3 – I2R2 + V2 = 0.
3. For the loop EFBAE, -(I1+I2) R3 – I1R1+V1 = 0.
8. What is the value of 1KWH in Joules? (AS1)
A. 1KWH = 3.6 x 106 Joules.
9. Explain over loading of household circuits? (AS1) (TQ)
A. Over loading:
1. Generally we observe the values noted on the digital meters fixed at
home as follows.
Potential difference = 240V.
Electric current = 5A-20A.
2. This means the line wires that are entering the meter have a
potential difference of 240 V.
3. The minimum and maximum limit of current that can be drawn from
the mains is 5A to 20A.
4. If the current drawn from the mains is more than 20A then over
heating may occur and causes fire.
5. This is called over loading of household circuit.
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Voltmeter
S.No Ammeter Reading (i) R=
Reading (V)
1
2
3
4
5. From the above table we observe that = constant. This is equal to
resistance of the wire.
6. So, Ohm‟s law is verified.
20.a) Take a battery and measure the potential difference make a
circuit and measure the potential difference when the battery is
connected in a circuit. Is there any difference in potential
difference in battery? (AS4) (TQ)
b) Measure the resistance of a bulb (filament) in open circuit with a
millimeter. Make a circuit with elements such as bulb, battery
of 12V and key in series. Close the key. Then again measure the
resistance of same bulb for every 30 seconds. Record the
observations in a proper table. What can you conclude from
above results?
A. a)We do not find any change in potential difference of the battery.
b)The resistance of the bulb increases due to increase in temperature of
the bulb.
21. How can you appreciate the role of a small fuse in house wiring
circuit in preventing damage to various electrical appliances
connected to the circuit?(AS6) (AP March 2017)
A.1. A fuse wire is a low melting point thin wire.
2. When the current in the fuse exceeds 20A, the wire will heat up and
melt.
3. Then the circuit becomes open and prevents the flow of current.
4. Hence, all the electrical appliances are saved from damage that could
be caused by overloading.
5. So, I appreciate the role of small fuse in house wiring circuit in
preventing damage to various electrical appliances.
22. Observe the circuit and answer the questions given below. (AS7)
i). Are resistors 3 and 4 in series?
ii). Are resistors 1 and 2 in series?
iii). Is the battery in series with any resistors?
iv). What is the potential drop across the resistor?
v). What is the total emf in the circuit if the potential
drop across the resistor 1 is 6V?
A.i)Yes. Because same current (i2) passing through the 3 and 4 resistors.
ii)No. Because different currents (i and i1) passing through the 1 and 2
resistors.
iii)Battery is series with the first resistors. Because the current from
the battery is equal to first resistors.
iv)The potential drop across the resistor „3‟ is V3=6V.
Explanation:- V3 + 8 = 14  V3 = 14 -8 = 6V.
v). The total emf in the circuit,  = V1 +V2 = 6+14 = 20V.
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CHAPTER
10
1. Are the magnetic lines closed? Explain? (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. Yes, magnetic lines always forms closed loops and any two field lines
can never intersect each other.
2. Inside the magnet the direction of magnetic lines of force is from
South Pole to its north pole.
3. Outside the magnet each line comes out from North Pole and goes into
the South Pole.
4. Thus, the magnetic lines of force are closed loops.
2. See figure, magnetic lines are shown. In what direction does the
current through wire flow? (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. In the diagram the magnetic lines are in anti-clock wise
direction.
2. According Ampere right hand rule the direction of
current is vertically upwards.
3. A bar magnet with North Pole facing towards coil moves as shown
in fig. What happens to magnetic flux passing through the coil?
(AS1) (TQ)
A.When the north pole of a bar magnet is moved towards
the coil, magnetic flux of the coil increases. This gives
induced current in the coil.
4. The direction of current flowing in a coil is shown in
the figure. What type of magnetic pole is formed at the
face that has flow of current as shown in figure?
A.1.North Pole is forms at the face that has flow of current as
2. Here the current is in anti-clockwise direction.
5. Why do the picture appear distorted when a bar magnet is brought
close to the screen of a Television? Explain (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. Television has a picture tube which produces a motion of electrons on
the screen.
2. These electrons are affected by magnetic field of a bar magnet.
3. Because the magnetic field exerts a force on the electrons reaching
the screen.
4. So, the picture distorted when a bar magnet is brought close to the
screen of a television.
6. Explain the working of electric motor with a neat diagram. (AS1)
(AP March 2018) (AP March 2015)
A.Electric motor: It is a device which converts the electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
Principle: When a current carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field
experiences a force, the direction of force is
given by Fleming‟s left hand rule.
Working:
1.An electric motor consists of a rectangular
coil ABCD called armature and kept in
between the permanent magnets as
2. When current is passing through the coil,
armature gets half rotation.
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CHAPTER
11
1. List three metals that are found in nature as Oxide ores. (AS1) (TQ)
A. Name of Chemical
S.No Ore
the Metal Formula
1 Zinc(Zn) Zincate ZnO
2 Iron(Fe) Haematite Fe2O3
3 Lead( Pb) Galena PbS
2. List three metals that are found in nature in uncombined form?
(AS1) (TQ)
A. 1. Gold (Au) 2. Silver (Ag) 3. Platinum (Pt)
3. Write a note on ore dressing in metallurgy? (AS1) (TQ)
A.Ore dressing in metallurgy:-
1. Ore has large amount of impurities such as soil and sand etc.
2. Dressing or concentration means, simply get rid of unwanted rocky
materials as possible before the ore is converted into the metal.
3. The impurities are known as “gangue”.
4. Various physical methods to separate the ore and gangue are,
i. Hand picking.
ii. Washing.
iii. Froth floatation and.
iv. Magnetic separation.
4. What is an ore? On what basis a mineral is chosen as an ore? (AS1)
A.Ore: A mineral form which a metal can be extracted economically is
called ore. A mineral is chosen as an ore based on the following
conditions.
1. The percentage of the metal in that mineral.
2. Economically profitable.
3. Convenience of extraction of metal.
5. Write the names of any two ores of iron?
(AS1) (TQ) (AP March 2022)
A. 1. Hematite - Fe2O3.
2. Magnetite - Fe3O4.
6. How do metals occur in nature? Give examples to any two types of
minerals? (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. The earth crust is the major sources of metals.
2. Some metals are available in nature in free state as they are less
reactive.
Ex: Gold (Au), Silver (Ag) and Copper (Cu).
3. Most of the metals are found in nature in the combined form due to
their more reactivity.
4. The elements or compounds of the metals which occur in nature in
the earth‟s crust are called minerals.
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7. Define the terms Gangue and Slag. (AS1) (TQ)
A. Gangue: The impurities like clay and sand present in the ore is called
Gangue.
Slag: The impurities obtained during the poling process get oxidized to
form slag (scum) over the surface of the molten metal.
Ex: CaSiO3, FeSiO3.
8. What is meant by furnace? (AS1)
A. Furnace: A furnace is used to carry out pyrochemical processes in
metallurgy.
9. What are minerals? (AS1)
A. Minerals: The elements (or) compounds of the metals that occur in
nature in the earth's crust are called Minerals.
10. Define the term ores? (AS1)
A. Ores: The mineral from which the metals are extracted without
economic loss are called ores.
Ex: The ore of Aluminium is “Bauxite” (Al2O3 .2H2O)
11. What is stainless steel?(AS1)
A. Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron, Nickel, Chromium and Carbon.
12. What is the use of Bisphenol? (AS1)
A. Bisphenol is a chemical used for the prevention of corrosion of metals.
13. What are the metals present in the Bronze Alloy? (AS1)
A. Copper and Tin (Cu + Sn).
14. Name two metals which corrode easily and two metals which do
not corrode readily? (AS1)
A. 1. Metals which corrode easily are Iron and copper.
2. Metals which do not corrode easily are Gold and Platinum.
15. Write the chemical formula for hydrated ferric oxide (Rust)? (AS1)
A. The formula of Hydrated ferric Oxide (Rust) = Fe2O3. X H2O.
16. Give some examples of metals which never found in nature in a
free state? (AS1)
A. The metals which never found in nature in a free state are:
Sodium(Na), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), Magnesium(Mg), aluminium(Al)
etc.
17. Magnesium is an active metal. If it occurs as a chloride in nature,
which method of reduction is suitable for its extraction? (AS2)
A. 1. Magnesium is an active metal. It occurs in chloride form as MgCl2.
2. Hence electrolysis is a suitable method for its reduction.
18. What is the use of adding impurities to the ore? (AS7)
A. Suitable impurities are added to the ore to decrease its melting point.
19. What are the cathode and Anode used for the electrolytic refining
process? (AS7)
A. In the electrolytic refining process the impure metal is used as an Anode
and a pure metal is used as a cathode.
20. Do you know why corrosion of iron occurs? (AS1)
A. Corrosion of iron(commonly known as rusting) occurs in presence of
water and air.
21. What is meant by electroplating? (AS1)
A. Electroplating:
1. Electroplating is a process of coating a thin film of costlier or less
corrodible metal on a base metal by the method of electrolysis.
2. For example silver film can be deposited on a copper base.
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CHAPTER
12
1. Name the simplest hydrocarbon? (AS1) (TQ) (AP & TS June 2015)
A. Methane (CH4) is the simplest hydrocarbon.
2. What are the general molecular formula of alkanes, alkenes and
alkynes? (AS1) (TQ)
A. S.No Hydrocarbon Formula
1 Alkanes Cn H 2n+2
2 Alkenes Cn H2n
3 Alkynes Cn H 2n-2
3. Name the acid present in vinegar? (AS1) (TQ)
A.1. The acid present in vinegar is as 5 - 8% ethanoic acid (OR) Acetic acid.
2. Its chemical formula is CH3COOH.
4. Name the product other than water formed on burning of ethanol in
air. (AS1)
A. The product other than water formed on burning of ethanol in air is
carbon dioxide (CO2).
C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2CO2 + 3 H2O + Energy.
5. Name the simplest ketone and write their chemical formula?
(AS1) (TQ)
A. Acetone is an example of simplest ketone.
O
||
Formula: CH3 – C – CH3
6. What do we call the Self linking property of carbon? (AS1) (TQ)
A. Catination:
1. The self-linking property of carbon is catenation.
2. Catenation is the phenomenon in which atoms of same elements join
together to form a long chain.
7. Name the compound formed by heating ethanol at 443K with excess
of conc.H2SO4? (AS)1
A. When ethanol is heated with excess of .Conc. H2SO4 at 443K „Ethane‟ is
formed.
CH3CH2OH + H2SO4  CH2= CH2 + H2O
8. Give an example for estarification reaction. (AS1)
A. The reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol in the presence of
conc. H2SO4 to form a swept odoured substance, ester with functional
group is called esterification.
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH ⇔ CH3COOH CH2 CH3 +H2O
9. Write the chemical equation to represent the preparation of ethanol
from ethane? (AS1)
A. Ethanol is prepared on large scale from ethane by the addition of water
vapor to it in the presence of catalysts like P2O5, Tungsten oxide at high
pressure and temperature.
CH2=CH2 + H2O → CH3CH2OH
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10. Define homologous series of carbon compounds? Mention any two
characteristics of homologous series? (AS1) (TQ)
A. Homologous series:- The series of carbon compounds in which two
successive compounds differ by –CH2 unit is called homologous series.
Characteristics: 1. They have general formula.
EX: S.No Hydrocarbon Formula

1 Alkanes Cn H2n+2
2 Alkenes Cn H2n
3 Alkynes Cn H2n-2
2. Successive compounds in the series possess a difference of (-CH2)
unit.
3. They possess similar chemical properties due to same functional
group.
4. They show a regular gradation in their physical properties.
11. Give the name functional group (i) –CHO (ii) –C=O? (AS1) (TQ)
A. i. –CHO is Aldehyde. ii. –C=O is Ketone.
12. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?
(AS1) (TQ)
A.1. The atomic number of carbon if 6, its electronic configuration is 1s2
2s2 2p2.
2. Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell.
3. The formation of C4+ ions by losing „4‟ electrons or the formation of C4-
ions by gain of „4‟ electrons is very difficult process.
4. Carbon has to satisfy its tetra valence by sharing electrons with other
atoms.
5. So it has to form four covalent bonds either with its own atoms or
atoms of other elements.
13. Explain how sodium ethoxide is obtained from ethanol? Give
chemical equations? (AS1) (TQ)
A. When ethanol is react with sodium to liberate hydrogen and form
sodium ethoxide.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2
14. Describe with chemical equation how ethanoic acids may be
obtained from ethanol? (AS1) (TQ)
A. Ethanol undergoes oxidation to form the product Acetaldehyde and
finally Acetic acid.
CH3CH2OH → CH3CHO → CH3COOH
15. Explain the cleansing action of Soap? (AS1) (TQ) (AP March-2023)
A. 1. Suppose that we put dirty cloth in the soap solution. Dirt is mainly
greasy matter.
2. Soap has one polar end (the end with −COOH
carboxyl) and one non-polar end (the end with
hydrocarbon chain) as shown here.
3. The polar end is hydrophilic in nature and attracted towards water.
4. The non-polar end is hydrophobic in nature and attracted towards
grease or oil on the cloth, but not towards water.
5. When soap dissolves in water, its hydrophobic ends attach
themselves to dirt and remove it from cloth, as shown sequentially in
the figure.
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16. Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of
organic compounds? (AS1)
Esterification Saponification
1.The reaction between carboxylic 1.The process of making soap by the
acid and alcohol in the hydrolysis of fats and oils with
presence of conc. H2SO4 to alkalies is called saponification.
form a swept odoured
substance ester is called
esterification.
2.Alcohol reacts with carboxylic 2.Higher fatty acids reacts with
acids to produce esters. basis to form Soaps.
3.CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH ⇔ 3. (C17 H33COO)3 C3 H5 + 3 Na OH →

CH3COOH CH2 CH3 + H2O 3 C17 H33 COO Na +
CH2 OH CH (OH)-CH2OH
4.Water is by product in this 4.Glycerol is by-product in this
reaction. reaction.
5.This reaction is example for 5.This reaction is example for
dehydration hydrolysis.
reaction.
6.This reaction is slow and 6. This reaction is irreversible.
reversible.
7.This process is used for 7. This is used for the preparation of
preparation of soaps.
different esters.
17. Explain the structure of Graphite in terms of bonding and give one
property based on this structure? (AS1) (TQ)
A.
Graphite:-
1. Graphite is a grayish block coloured
crystalline solid.
2. In a graphite the carbon atoms are in
hexagonal arrangement.
3. It has a metallic luster and soapy to
touch. So, it is used as a
lubricant.
4. It is a good conductor of electricity.
5. It has a density of 2.25 gm/cm3.
6. The C-C bond length is 1.42 Ao, and bond angle is 1200.
7. Two successive graphite layers are separated by a distance of 3.35 Ao.
8. The layers of carbon can slide one over to the another because there
is no strong covalent bonds between the atoms in the two adjacent
layers.
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18. Name the acid present in the vinegar? (AS1) (TQ)
A. Acetic acid(CH3COOH) is present in the vinegar.
19. What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into
ethanol? (AS2) (TQ)
A. When a small piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol, it shows brisk
effervescence and liberates hydrogen gas and forms sodium ethoxide.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2↑
Ethanol Sodium ethoxide
20. Two carbon compounds A and B have molecular formula C3H8 and
C3H6 respectively. Which one of the two is most likely to show
addition? Justify your answer? (AS2) (TQ)
A. C3H8: 1. The structure of C3H8 is,
H H H
| | |
H–C CCH
| | |
H H H
2. It is an alkane called ethane and it cannot participate in addition
reaction as it C-C.
C3H6: 1. The structure of C3H6 is,
H H H
| | |
H–C CC
| |
H H
2. It is an alkene called propene and participate in addition reaction as
it has C=C.
21. Suggest a test to find the hardness of water and explain the
procedure? (AP March 2016)
A. Hard water:- A sample of water which does not give good lather with
soap but forms stickly scum(precipitate) is called hard water.
Test: Hardness of water can be tested with the help of good quality
soap.
Procedure:
1. Take 50ml of water from different sources i.e., tap water, well water,
lake water, pond water, river water, etc, in different test tubes and
label them as A, B, C, D etc.
2. Add 1gm of good quality soap to each test tube.
3. Close the each test tube with rubber corks.
4. Shake test tube A for 15 seconds and keep it undisturbed for 30
seconds.
5. Measure the height of the foam formed. Note the height of form in
our notebook.
6. The water which gives less foam is considered as hard water.
22. An organic compound ‗X‘ with a molecular formula C 2H6O
undergoes oxidation in the presence of alkaline KMnO4 and forms
the compound ‗Y‘, that has molecular formula C2H4O2 .
a. Identify ‗X‘ and ‗Y‘ (AS3) (TQ)
b. Write your observation regarding the product when the
compound ‗X‘ is made to react with compound ‗Y‘ which is
used as a preservative for pickles.
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A. a. X = Ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
Y = Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).
Explanation: When ethanol(CH3CH2OH) oxidised by alkaline KMnO4
to produce ethanoic acid(CH3COOH).
CH3CH2OH → CH3CHO → CH3COOH
b. When X(Ethanol) reacts with Y(Ethanoic acid) produces a sweet odour
substance called ester (Ethyl acetate).
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 +H2O
Here CH3COOH is used as preservative for pickles.
23. Collect information about artificial ripening of fruits by ethylene?
(AS4)
A.1. Sometimes fruits like mango, banana, papaya, sapota and custard
apple are often ripen by natural release of ripening hormone from the
fruit.
2. Fruits ripened with calcium carbide though develop attractive surface
colour , they are inferior in taste, flavor and spoil faster.
3. But the Government of India banned the use of calcium carbide for
artificial ripening of fruits under PFA act 8-44AA, 1954.
24. Draw the electronic dot structure of ethane molecule (C 2H6)? (AS5)
A. Structure of Ethane(C2H6):
25. An organic compound with molecular formula C2H4O2 produces

brisk effervescence on addition of sodium carbonate/bicarbonate.
Answer the following? (TQ)
a. Identify the carbon compound? (AS1)
b. Name the gas evolved? (AS1)
c. How will you test the gas evolved? (AS2)
d. Write the chemical equation for the above reaction? (AS3)
e. List two important uses of the above compound? (AS1)
a. The organic compound is Ethanoic aid or acetic acid (CH3COOH).
b. Chemical Equation:- CH3COOH+NaHCO3→ CH3COONa+CO2+ H2O
c. The gas evolved is carbon dioxide (CO2).
d. Test: Pass the evolved gas into the lime water then it turns to milky
white.
Ca (OH)2 +CO2 → CaCO3 (↓) + H2O.
e. Uses:-
1. It is used as Preservation for pickles.
2. Esters are used as solvent in industry.
3. It is used in the Preparation of dyes, drugs.
4. It is used in the cooking of dishes like meat, fish etc.
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(NO CHOICE)
1) Write the atomic structure of the following carbon compound.
3,7-dibromo-4,6-dichloro oct-5-en-1,2-diol (AS1) (TS March 2019)
A. Br Cl Cl Br OH
| | | | |
H3C – HC – C = CH – CH – CH – CH – CH2 – OH
2) Give the names of the functional groups. (AP March 2018)

(a) –COOR (b) –OH
A. (a) Ester (b) Alcohol
3) How do you explain the role of oxygen in combustion?
(TS March 2015)
A. Oxygen is a supporter of combustion. Combustion is the combination of
fuel, an oxidizer, and an input energy source such as heat as shown by
the combustion triangle. Here, oxygen works as an oxidizer
4) Name the simplest hydrocarbon. (AS1) (TQ)
(AP June 2015, TS June 2015)
A. Methane (CH4) is the simplest hydrocarbon.
5) What is Isomerism? What are Isomers? Give example.

(AP March 2016)
A. Isomerism:
1. The compounds which have the same molecular formula but
different properties are called Isomerism.
2. The compound that exhibits isomerism is called Isomers.
Ex : n-Butane (C4H10) and iso butane (C4H10)
n-Butane : CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
Iso-Butane : CH3 – CH – CH3
|
CH3
6) CH2 = CH2 + H2→ CH3 – CH3 is an addition reaction.
CH  CH + H2→ ? Predict and write the products?
(TS March 2016)
A. CH  CH + H2→ CH2 = CH2 + H2→ CH3 - CH3
Acetylene Ethylene Ethane
7) Write any two uses of nanotubes. (TS June 2017)
A. Uses of nano-tubes:
1. Nanotubes are used as molecule wires.
2. Nanotubes are used in integrated circuits.
3. Nanotubes are used to insert bio-molecules into a single cell.
8) Draw the simple figure of a soap molecule. (AP March 2016)
A. Soap molecule:
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9) What are micelles or associated colloids? Draw the shape of the
micelle. (AS5)
A. Micelle: A spherical aggregate of soap molecules in water is called a
micelle or associated colloids.
10) Name the simplest ketone and write its chemical formula. (AS1)
A. Acetone is an example of the simplest ketone.
O
॥
Formula: CH3 – C – CH3
11) Name the compound formed by heating ethanol at 443 K with an
excess of conc.H SO4. (AS1)
A. When ethanol is heated with excess of. Conc. H2SO4 at 443K „Ethane‟ is
formed.
CH3CH2OH + H2SO4  CH2= CH2 + H2O
(Ethanol) (Ethane)
12) What is meant by a bucky ball? (AS1)
A. Buckyballs: Spherical fullerenes are also called Buckyballs.
13) Name the acid present in vinegar. (AS1) (TQ)
A. 1. The acid present in vinegar is 5 - 8% ethanoic acid (Or) Acetic acid.
2. Its chemical formula is CH3COOH.
14) What do we call the carbon compounds containing double and
triple bonds?
A. Unsaturated hydrocarbons.
15) Give the name functional group (i) –CHO (ii) –C=O? (AS1) (TQ)
A. i. –CHO is Aldehyde. ii. –C=O is Ketone.
16) What is meant by allotropy? Write the allotropes of carbon. (AS1)
A. Allotropy: The occurrence of the same element in two or more different
forms is known as allotropy.
Ex: Diamond, graphite, C60, graphene etc.
17) What do we call the Self linking property of carbon? (AS1) (TQ)
A. Catenation:
1. The self-linking property of carbon is catenation.
2. Catenation is the phenomenon in which atoms of the same elements
join together to form a long chain.
18) Expand IUPAC? (AS1)
A. IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
19) What is the name of the compound which is a basic constituent of
many cough syrups?
A. Ethanol (or) Ethyl Alcohol.
20) What is meant by an Ester? (AS1)
A. 1. The organic compounds with the functional group are called
esters.
2. Its general formula R-COO-RI. Where R and RI are alkyls or phenyl
groups.
21) What are hydrocarbons?
A. Hydrocarbons: The compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen
in their molecules are called “hydrocarbons.”
22) Define functional group.
A. Functional group: The characteristic properties of an organic
compound depend mainly on an atom or group of atoms in its molecule
known as the “functional group.”
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23) Define isomerism. (AS1)
A. Isomerism: The phenomenon of possessing the same molecular
formula but different properties by the compounds is known as
“Isomerism.” The compounds that show isomerism is called “isomers”.
24) What is meant by homologous series?
A. Homologous series: The series of carbon compounds in which two
successive compounds differ by – CH2 unit is called “Homologous
series.” Ex : CH4, C2H6, C3H8 .
25) Define ―catalyst.‖
A. Catalyst: A catalyst is a substance which regulates the rate of a given
reaction without itself finally undergoing any chemical change.
Eg: In the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, Ni is used as a catalyst.
26) Give some examples of carbon compounds observed in your day-
to-day life. (AS1)
A. The food we eat, the clothes we wear, the cosmetics we use, diamond,
graphite and the fuels we use to run automobiles are all compounds of
carbon.
27) What is meant by Halo hydrocarbons? Give examples?(AS1)
A. Halo Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons containing halogen derivatives are
called Halo hydrocarbons
Ex: CH3Cl, CH3–CH2–Br, CH2Cl–CH2I, CH3 –CHCl2
28) Write the IUPAC name of the next homologous of CH 3 CH2 CH2OH.
(AS1)
A. 1. The next homologous of of CH3 CH2 CH2 OH is CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
2. Its IUPAC name is 1- butanol.
29) Write the chemical equation for the preparation of soap. (AS1)
A. (C17H33COO)3C3H5+NaOH→3C17H35COONa+ CH2OH–CHOH–CH2OH
Oleic Acid Sodium Stearate Glycerol
(fat) (Soap)
30) A very dilute solution of ethanoic acid is called _______________
A) Vinegar B) Soda water C) Ester D) Alcohol
A. A) Vinegar.
31) A sweet odour substance formed by the reaction of an alcohol and

a carboxylic acid is…………………….
A. Ester.
32) Which gas is released when sodium metal is dropped in ethanol?
A. Hydrogen gas(H2).
33) What is the functional group present in methanol?
A. –OH (Alcohol).
34) IUPAC name of an alkene containing 3 carbon atoms is_________
A. Propene(C3H6)
35) The first member of the homologous series among alkynes
is_______
A. Acetylene or Ethyne(C2H2).
36) The product that is formed by dehydration of ethanol in conc.
sulphuric acid is________
A. Ethene(C2H6)
37) The suffix used for naming an aldehyde is ____________
A) -ol B) -al C) -one D) –ene
A. B) –al
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38) Which of the four test tubes containing the following chemicals
shows brisk effervescence when dilute acetic acid was added to
them?
i) KOH ii) NaHCO3 iii) K2CO3 iv) NaCl
A) i& ii B) ii & iii C) i & iv D) ii & iii
A. B) ii& iii
39) Which of the following solution of acetic acid in water can be used
as a preservative?
A) 5-10% B) 10-15% C) 15-20% D) 100%
A. A) 5-10%
40) Combustion of hydrocarbon is generally accompanied by the
evolution of………………………………
A) Heat B) Light C) both heat and light D) Electric current.
A. C) both heat and light.
(No Choice)
1) Based on the diagram answer the following.

(AP March 2019)
(1) Write the name of the compound?
(2) Write the name of the functional group in the structure?
A. (1). 2,3- di ethyl cyclo hexane -1-ol (OR) 2,3-di ethyl cyclohexanol
(2) Alcohol (-OH)
2) A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell
why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used? (AP March 2017)
A. 1.Air- Acetylene (ethyne) produces a flame temperature of around
40000F.
2. This heat is not enough to weld metals like iron and steel.
3. When acetylene is burned in the presence of pure oxygen, the flame
temperature may be as high as 57300C or 31660C.
4. This heat is enough to weld metals.
5. Hence the mixture of Ethyne and Oxygen burnt is used for welding.
3) a) Why are vegetable oils healthy as compared to vegetable ghee?
b) Write the IUPAC name CH3-CH-CH=CH2 (TS March 2015)
|
Cl
A. a) Vegetable ghee contains unsaturated fatty acids. They are easily
digestible.
b) 3-chloro butene.
4) Allotropy is a property shown by which class substances: elements,
compounds or mixtures? Explain allotropy with suitable examples.
(TS March 2016)
A. Allotropy:
1. The occurrences of the same element in two or more different forms
are known as allotropy.
2. Allotropy is a property shown by elements only.
Ex: Graphite and diamond.
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5) What are alkenes? Write the general formula of alkenes. Give an
example for alkenes. (TS June 2017)
A. Alkenes: The unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-
carbon double bond are called alkenes.
General formula: Cn H2n
Example: Ethene(C2H4)
6) Write the uses of nanotubes. (AS4)
A. Uses of nanotubes:
1. Nano tubes are used as electrical conductors and molecular wires.
2. In integrated circuits nanotubes are used instead of copper to
connect the components.
3. Scientists inserted biomolecules into nanotubes to inject them into a
single cell.
7) Describe with chemical equation how ethanoic acids may be
obtained from ethanol. (AS1)
(OR)
What is the name of the substance formed when ethanol is oxidized
by alkaline KMnO4 or acidified K2Cr2O7?
A. Ethanol undergoes oxidation to form the product Acetaldehyde and
finally Acetic acid.
( )
CH3CH2OH → CH3CHO→ CH3COOH
Ethyl alcohol Acetaldehyde Acetic acid
8) What are oxidation reactions? Explain with an example.
A. Oxidation reactions: Though combustion reactions are oxidation
reactions. Oxidation reactions may be carried out using an oxidizing
agent.
Eg: Ethyl alcohol undergoes oxidation to form the product acetaldehyde
and finally acetic acid.
( )
CH3CH2OH  CH3CHO → CH3COOH
Ethanol Ethanal Ethanoic acid
(Ethyl alcohol) (Acetaldehyde) (Acetic Acid)
9) What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped into
ethanol? (AS2)
10) What are absolute Alcohol and denatured alcohol?
A. Absolute alcohol: Pure ethanol is called absolute (100%) alcohol.
Denatured alcohol: The impurities like methanol, methyl isobutyl
ketone, aviation gasoline etc. are in ethanol called denatured alcohol.
11) Write the chemical equation representing the preparation of urea
from ammonia cyanate. (AS1)
A.
12) Why we are advised not to use animal fats for cooking? (AS1)
A. 1. Animal fats contain saturated fatty acids. They are in a solid state at
body temperature.
2. They cause heart disease and obesity.
3. They are harmful to human health and not eatable.
Ex: Palmitic acid (C15 H31COOH)
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13) What is meant by soap? (AS1)
A. Soap: Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of a higher fatty acid like
palmitic acid (C15H31COOH), stearic acid (C17H35COOH), oleic
acid (C17H33COOH) etc.
General formula: RCOONa or RCOOK, where R = C15H31 ; C17H35 etc.
14) If the two organic compounds of A and B are C3H8 and C3H6
respectively. Which of the two compounds undergoes an addition
reaction? Explain? (AS2)
A. C3H6 undergo an addition reaction.
Reason: C3H6 is an alkene. Generally, alkenes undergo addition
reactions.
Ex: CH2CH-CH3 + H2→ CH3-CH2-CH3
15) What is meant by a grain of alcohol? (AS1)
A. Grain Alcohol: Grains such as corn, wheat and barley are common
sources of ethanol. Therefore, it is also called grain alcohol.
Cooking grain + Sprouted barley Glucose Ethanol + CO2
(starch) (called Malt)

(No Choice)
1) Define homologous series of carbon compounds. Mention any two
characteristics of homologous series. (AS1) (TQ)
2) Suggest a test to find the hardness of water and explain the
procedure. (AP March 2016)
3) Observe the above table and answer the following questions.
(TS March 2019)
Organic
Methane Ethane Propene Butene Pentyne Hexyne
compound
Formula CH4 C2H6 C3H6 C4H8 C5H8 C6H10
(1) Write the general formula of Alkanes?
(2) Mention the names of unsaturated hydrocarbons?
(3) Write the homologous series of Alkynes?
(4) Write the formula of Hexyne?
A. (1) Cn H2n+2
(2) Propene(C3H6), butane(C4H8), Pentyne (C5H8) and Hexyne(C6H10).
(3) Pentyne (C5H8) and Hexyne(C6H10).
(4) C6H10
4) Write the types of Allotropes of carbon. Give any three examples in
each. (TS March 2016)
A. Allotropy:
1. The occurrences of the same element in two or more different forms
are known as allotropy.
2. Allotropy is a property shown by elements only.
Eg: The allotropes of carbon are classified into two types they are,
1. Amorphous form: Coal, Coke, Camp black etc,
2. Crystalline form: Diamond, Graphite, and Buck minster
fullerene.
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5) O
||
H3C – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – OH (AP June 2018)
|
CH3
Observe the structure and answer the following.

a) Write the name of the principal functional group present in the
compound?
b) Identify the parental chain in the compound?
c) What are the constituents in the above compound?
d) Name the above compound as per IUPAC nomenclature?
A. a) Ketone (C=O).
O
||
b) H3 C – C – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 –
OH |
CH3
c) Methyl(CH3) and alcohol(-OH)
d) 7-hydroxy-5-methyl heptan-2-one.
6) Explain the structure of a diamond in terms of bonding and give
one property based on this structure. (AS1)
A.1.In diamond each carbon atom undergoes a tetrahedral environment in
its excited state sp3 hybridisation.
2. The reactive index of a diamond is 2.41 and its density is 3.51
gm/cm3.
3. It is too difficult to synthesize the diamond in the laboratory.
4. It is a bad conductor of heat and electricity.
5. As C-C bonds are very strong any attempt to distort the diamond
structure requires a large amount of energy.
6. Hence diamond is one of the hardest materials known.
7. Due to its hardness it is used as a glass cutter.
7) How do you appreciate the role of ethanol as a fuel? (AS6)
A.1. Ethanol is used as fuel for energy in automobiles.
2. The petrol and gasohol are also extracted from ethanol.
3. Many gasoline stations provide a blended fuel, which typically is 10
percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline.
4. Vehicles do not need any modifications to use this blend of fuel.
5. So, I appreciate the role of ethanol used as a fuel.
8) Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding?
(AS1) (TQ)
9) An organic compound ‗X‘ with a molecular formula C 2H6O
undergoes oxidation in the presence of alkaline KMnO4 and forms
the compound ‗Y‘, which has the molecular formula C2H4O2. (AS3)
a. Identify ‗X‘ and ‗Y‘
b. Write your observation regarding the product when the
compound ‗X‘ is made to react with compound ‗Y‘ which is used
as a preservative for pickles.
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1. HEAT
TH
PROJECT WORK-1 (10 CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P)
FACTORS EFFECT ON EVOPORATION
Name of the project: Factors effect on evaporation.
Class : X
Time Frame: 5days
Aim of the project: To know the factors effect on evaporation.
Hypotheses: The process of escaping molecules from the surface of a liquid at any temperature
is called evaporation.
Assessment Activities: We work this activity as a project based.
Material required: Internet, samples of cloths, cups, saucer, petrol, water, etc.,
Procedure:
1) we collect information from various books and internet about the factors effect on
evaporation.
2) We observe various incidents in our daily life situations about evaporation process.
3) We collect the data about the factors which depend on evaporation in our daily life.
❶ ❷❸
Collection of information:
The factors depend on evaporation:
1) Speed of air: evaporation depends on speed of air. If the speed of air increases
evaporation also increases. Ex: wet cloths dry in the air of fan. ❹❺
2) Increase of temperature : if the temperature in atmosphere increases, rate of
evaporation also increases. Ex: wet cloths dry quickly in summer because temperature
increases of temperature in atmosphere. ❻
3) Surface area: If the surface area increases, the rate evaporation also increases.
Ex: The rate of evaporation different in different vessels which have different surface. The
water in saucer evaporates quickly than cup. ❼
4) Humidity: If the humidity increases in air, the rate of evaporation decreases.
Ex: Wet cloths do not dry quickly in rainy season. ❽
5) Nature of the liquid: Evaporation of liquids depends on the nature of the liquid. If the
density of liquid increases, the rate of evaporation decreases. Ex: rate of petrol more than
water.
Observations:
 We observe the rate of evaporation of a floor increased in the presence of air of a fan.
 We observe the rate of evaporation of water in wet cloths increased in summer season
than rainy season.
 The tea which in saucer cools quickly than the cup.
 We observe the rate of evaporation of water In wet cloths decrease in more humidity in
air.
 We observed that the rates of evaporation of various liquids are different.
Precautions:
 We should store petrol in air tight containers to prevent evaporation.
 We should cool the hot liquids in vessels which have more surface area.
Acknowledgement: Thanks to guide teachers.
References: Tenth class text book and my Physical science teacher. ❾
సూచన: ఈ పేజీ నందు రండ్ చేయబడిన నంబరు వద్ద బొమ్మలు పెట్టాలి. అందుకు కావలసిన బొమ్మలు 7వపేజీలో కలవు. వాటిని
కట్ చేసి అంటించుకోగలరు.
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iii) Presbyopia
Presbyopia is caused as part of the natural ageing process of the eye. The ciliary muscles lose their
ideal functioning power over time and do not work effectively. Even the crystalline lens loses its
flexibility over time (it starts hardening), thereby affecting it focusing power. Even if someone has
never had any vision problems in their life, they may still very well be subject to the effects of
presbyopia. It occurs between the ages of 40 – 60.
Rectification of Presbyopia:
To correct this type of defect of vision we need bi-focal lenses which are formed using both
concave and convex lenses. Its upper portion consists of the concave lens and lower portion
consists of the convex lens. ❺❻
సూచన: ఈ ప్రాజెకుా పేజీ నందు రండ్
Project outcomes:
1. This project is exhibit in our school and explains the చేయబడిన నంబరు వద్ద బొమ్మలు
types of eye defects and their rectifications to my పెట్టాలి. అందుకు కావలసిన బొమ్మలు
friends.
11వపేజీలో కలవు. వాటిని కట్ చేసి
2. We share our ideas and views with our friends.
Resources: Internet, Text book, science magazines. ❼❽ అంటించుకోగలరు.
12. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

PROJECT WORK-4 (10TH CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P)
ARTIFICIAL RIPENING OF FRUITS
1. Name of the project : Artificial ripening of fruits by ethylene.

2. Class : X
3. Time frame : Four days
4. Objectives :We study the different types of science magazines and books from library for this
project.
5. Assessment Activities : We work this activity as a project based and daily life observations.
6. Materials Required: Drawing sheets, Tenth class science Textbook, science Magazines, Journals,
gum and scissors and library.
7. Procedure:
1. Natural repining of fruits is due to the release of natural harmone ethylene is a slow process
which leads to high weight loss and desiccation of fruits.
2. For the rapid development of fruit trade, artificial repining is essential for fruit traders.
3. The method used by fruit traders for the artificial repining of fruit smoking and calcium
carbide (CaC2) treatment.
4. Artificial repining gives attractive coloured surface on the fruit but inferior in taste, flavor and
spoil faster.
5. Government of India banned the use of CaC2 for artificial repining of fruits.
6. Govern has to take serious action on fruit sellers who are using the above said methods.
8. Project Outcome:
 From this project we learnt about the artificial ripening of fruits by ethylene.
 This project is exhibit in our school with the help of my teachers.
9. Acknowledgement: Thanks to guide teachers.
Thanks to my parents and my friends.
10. References: Refer to 10th class text book, science Magazines and Library.
సూచన: ఈ పేజీ నందు బొమ్మలు పెట్టాలి. అందుకు కావలసిన బొమ్మలు 13వపేజీలో కలవు. వాటిని కట్ చేసి
అంటించుకోగలరు.
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1. HEAT
❶ ❷ ❸
❹ ❺ ❻
❼ ❽
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1. HEAT
TH
PROJECT WORK-1 (10 CLASS PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P)
ఈ ప్రాజెకుా చిత్రములు గల పేజీ లోని బొమ్మలనుకత్తిరంచి,2 వపేజీలో గల
ప్రాజెకుానందు గల నంబర్ల వద్దఅంటించవలెను.
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3. REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES
APPLICATIONS OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
ఈ ప్రాజెకుా చిత్రములు గల పేజీ లోని బొమ్మలనుకత్తిరంచి,3 వపేజీలో గల
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5. HUMAN EYE AND COLOURFUL WORLD
THE INFORMATION OF EYE DEFECTS
ఈ ప్రాజెకుా చిత్రములు గల పేజీ లోని బొమ్మలనుకత్తిరంచి,4,5 వపేజీలలో గల
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III. Answer any ONE of the following Questions. 1×4=4M
7. What are the factors that affect rate of evaporation. Explain with suitable examples?
IV. Answer any ONE of the following Questions. 1×8=8M
8. Suggest an experiment to prove that rate of evaporation of liquid depends on its surface area and
vapour already present in surrounding air?
(OR)
How do you appreciate the role higher specific capacity value of water in stabilizing atmospheric
temperature during winter and summer seasons?

8. Explain with a neat activity of water of crystallization?
(OR)
Compounds such as alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen but are not categorized as acids.
Describe an activity to prove it?
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PHYSICAL SCIENCE – A.P 2023-24
Chapter: 3. Refraction of light at plane surfaces
Class: 10 Marks: 20 Time:45 min
I. Answer the following Questions. 4×1=4M

1. Why it is too difficult to shoot a fish swimming in the water?
2. What are the factors that influence refractive index?
3
3. If refractive index of glass is then what is speed of light in glass?
2
4. What is the critical angle of a diamond?

II. Answer the following Questions. 2×2=4M
5. Why does a diamond shine more than a glass piece cut to the same shape?
6. When we sit at a camp fire, objects beyond the fire are seen swaying. Give the reason for it?
7. What is the angle of deviation produced by a glass slab? Explain with ray diagram?
- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - -

Chapter: 4. Refraction of light at curved surfaces

1. Can a virtual image be photographed by a camera?
2. A man wants to get a picture of a zebra. He photographed a white donkey after fitting a glass,
with black stripes, on to the lens of his camera. What photo will he get? Explain?
3. Assertion(A): Virtual images are always erect.
Reason (R) : Virtual images are formed by diverging lenses only.
4. Can virtual image be photographed by a camera?
5. Distinguish between Convex lens and concave lens?
6. A person is viewing distant object. If a converging lens is placed in front of his eye. Will he feel
that the size of object has increased? Why?
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Chapter: 9. ELECTRIC CURRENT

1. What is the value of 1KWH in Joules?
2. Are the headlights of a car connected in series or parallel? Why?
3. What is electric shock?
4. Define Ohm’s Law?
5. What are ohmic and non-ohmic conductors? Give some examples for them?
6. Explain over loading of household circuits?
7. Write the difference between potential difference and emf?
- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - -

Chapter: 10. Electromagnetism

1. What is a solenoid?
2. State the Lenz’s law?
3. Which energy we get from an electric motor? Write any two daily life applications of the electric
motor?
4. Name the device which converts electrical energy into Mechanical energy?
5. Are the magnetic lines closed? Explain?
6. Which of the various methods of current generation protects the nature well? Give examples to
support your answer?
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8. Deduce the expression for equivalent resistance of three resistors connected in series?
(OR)
Write the difference between potential difference and emf?

7. How do you verify the experiment “the magnetic field lines are closed loops”?
IV. Answer any ONE of the following Questions. 1×8=8M
8. How can you verify that current carrying wire produces magnetic field with the help of
experiment?
(OR)
Explain the working of electric motor with a neat diagram?
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7. Classification of elements – Periodic table, 8. Chemical bonding
9. Electric current
I. Answer the following questions: 2X1=2

1. Observe the given figure and answer the following question. Which group
of elements is it shown?
H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
2. Fill the below table by drawing in your answer sheet.

Molecule Hybridisation
BeCl2
NH3
II. Answer the following questions: 2X2=4

3. What is the bond angle of the following?
a) Angle of HOH in the water molecule.
b) Angle of HNH in Ammonia.
4. Explain the overloading of the household circuit.
- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - - - -  - - - - -- - - -

10. Electromagnetism, 11. Principles of metallurgy,
12. Carbon and its compounds
I. Answer the following questions: 2X1=2

1. Which device converts electrical energy into mechanical energy?
2. Mention daily life applications of the thermite process.
II. Answer the following questions: 2X2=4

3. Write short notes on the froth flotation process.
4. What are the general molecular formula of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes?
III. Answer the following question: 1X4=4
5. Give a few applications of Faraday’s law of induction in daily life.
(OR)
6. What is the difference between Roasting and Calcination? Give one
example each.
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III. Answer the following question: 1X4=4
5. Write the lab activity to show that the ratio V.I (Ohm’s law) is a constant
for a conductor.
(OR)
Write down the characteristics of the elements having atomic number 17

a) Element name
b) Electronic configuration
c) Period number
d) Group number
e) Element family
f) Valency
g) No. of valence electrons.
h) Metal or non-metal
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GENERAL SCIENCE, Paper-I & II
(English Version)
Time: 3 Hours, 15 Minutes Maximum Marks: 100

Instructions:
1. This paper consists of Part-A and Part B.
2. Part-A contains questions from Physical Science and Part-B contains fromBiological
Science.
3. Part-A and Part-B contains 4 sections each.
4. There are 33 Questions in the paper.
5. There is an internal choice in Section IV of Part-A and Part-B.
6. Write all the questions visibly and legibly.
7. 15 minutes are given for reading the question paper.
PART – A (PHYSICAL SCIENCE)

SECTION I 6X1=6
Notes: 1. Answer all the questions.
2. Each question carries 1 mark.
1. Write the name of any metal that is helpful in our daily life.
2. Answer the following questions based on the below table:
Material Silver Iron Drinking Water Air

Specific Resistance
1.59 x 10-8 1 x 10-7 2 x 10-1 1.3 x 1016
(Ω-m) at 20oC
a) In which material the electric current is more?
b) What is the SI unit of Specific Resistance?
3. Write the simplest hydrocarbon.
4. Which rule is used in the working of a motor?
5. Convert 25°C into Kelvin scale.
6. Assertion (A): Antacids are used for getting relief from acidity and indigestion.
Reason (R): Antacids react with HCl present in the stomach and reduces its strength.
(Choose the correct option and write it in your answer booklet)
A) A is correct and R is wrong
B) A is correct, R is correct and R is the correct explanation for A
C) A is correct, R is correct and R is not correct explanation for A
D) A is wrong and R is correct
SECTION II 4X2=8
2. Each question carries 2 marks.
7. Look at the picture,

a) What is the refractive index of the denser medium?
b) Find the refractive index of a denser medium with respect to rarer medium
8. What is nlx method? How is it useful?
9. How do you appreciate the working of ciliary muscles in the eye?
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10.
From the above molecules which two molecules forms by covalent bond?
SECTION III 3 X 4 = 12
11. Give a few applications of Faraday’s law of induction in daily life.

12. Explain the cleansing action of Soap?
13. The pH of four solutions A, B, C and D showed as 4, 1, 7 and 11 when tested with universal
indicator, then which solution is
a) neutral b) strongly alkaline c) strongly acidic d) weakly acidic
SECTION IV 3 X 8 = 24
3. Each question has internal choice.
14. How do you verify experimentally that the focal length of a convex lens is increased when it is
kept in water?
or
Write the lab activity to show that the ratio V/I (Ohm’s law) is a constant for a conductor.
15. What is Ionization Energy? Explain the factors that affect Ionization Energy.
or
Draw a neat diagram of the Reverberatory furnace.
16. Explain the correction of the eye defect Hypermetropia.

or
What is hybridization? Explain the formation of BF3 molecules using hybridization
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10) Write the physical properties of Ethanoic acid. (AS1)
A. Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid, CH3COOH):
1. Ethnoic acid is a colourless liquid with a characteristic unpleasant
odour.
2. It is soluble in water and more acidic than H2O or ethanol, but less
acidic than mineral acids.
3. Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid.
4. 5 - 8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is used
widely as a preservative in pickles.
(Internal Choice)
1) With a suitable example explain how substitution reactions take

place.
A. Substitution reaction: Alkanes undergo substitution reactions.
Example:
1. Methane (CH4) reacts with chlorine in the presence of sunlight.
2. Hydrogen atoms of CH4 are replaced by chlorine atoms.
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
Methane Methyl Chloride
CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 + HCl
Methyl Chloride Methylene Chloride
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 + HCl
Dichloro methane Chloroform
CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl
Chloroform Carbon Tetra chloride
2) Explain the cleansing action of Soap. (AS1) (TQ) (AP March-2023)
3) Write IUPAC names for the following carbon compounds.
CH3 OH (AP June 2016)
| |
a). H3C – CH – CH – CH2 –CH3
CH3 OH
| |
b). H3C – CH2 – CH – CH – CH2 – COOH
Br
|
c). H3C – CH = C – CH3
CH3 CH3
| |
d). H3C – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH3
A. a) 2-methyl pentan-3-ol.
b) 3-hydroxy-4-methyl hexan-1-oic acid.
c) 2-bromo but-2-ene.
d) 2,5-dimethyl hexane.
4) Explain the structure of graphite in terms of bonding and give one
property based on this structure.
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6th To 10th

Q1 = m Lv = 1 X 540 = 540 cal/gm.

B 30K 30oC 0oC 300K

1. What happened to the water when wet clothes dry? (AS1)

2. For the same mass (m) of water, the change in temperature is

Q. No: 14-16: 8 Marks Questions

Q1 = m siceT = 12g × 0.5 cal/g-oC × [0-(-10)] = 12×0.5× 10 = 60 cal

A) 4 = -log [H+]  [H+] = 10-4 B) 1 = -log [H+] [H+] = 10-1

Q. No: 14-16: 8 Marks Questions

A. See Textual Question Number – 1

3. Refractive index of glass relative to water is . What is the

Refractive index of water relative to glass = = .

6. Observations: From the above table we observe that = constant.

8. Conclusion: is a constant is verified.

Observation: We will find the angle of refraction is more than angle of

11. Collect the information on working of optical fibres. Prepare a

QUESTIONS FOR PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS

10. x: Refractive index n = c/v

i) In which material, the speed of light is high?

Q. No: 14-16: 8 Marks Questions

Correction of myopia: To correct one's myopia, we need to select

2. How do you correct the vision defects hepermetropia? (AS1) (TQ)

Correction of hypermetropia: To correct one's hypermetropia, we need

9. What is nl x method? How it is useful? (AS1) (TQ) (AP March 2016)

N (z=7) = (AS1) (TQ)

3. What does „l‟ indicates in the nlx method?

A. See Textual Question Number – 10

Group Name of the family

c. Chlorine (Cl2): Each Chlorine atom has seven electrons in their

12. Represent each of the following atoms using Lewis notation:

b. Calcium: Calcium has two valence electrons.

c. Lithium: Lithium has one valence electrons.

(b) Calcium chloride(CaCl2):

(c) Carbon dioxide(CO2):

(d) Carbon dioxide (CO2) contains double bond.

ii) Carbon combines with hydrogen to form methane (CH4).

b) The Lewis structure of CH4 is,

15. How Lewis dot structure helps in understanding bond formation

3. Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons in the „P‟ orbital.

3. Oxygen has two unpaired electrons in the „P‟ orbital.

18. What is hybridisation? Explain the formation of the following

3. Excited state electronic configuration of „Be‟ is,

3. Excited state electronic configuration of „B‟ is

QUESTIONS FOR PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS

9. Represent the molecule H2O using Lewis notation? (AS5) (TQ)

1) What is the bond angle of the following? (AP SCERT 2022)

1) A chemical compound has the following Lewis notation:

4) Distinguish between a sigma and a pi bond.

5) Bring out the difference between ionic and covalent bonds.

Q. No: 14-16: 8 Marks Questions

7. This ordered motion of electrons is called electric current.

7. The large number of electrons in the conductor near the positive

EX: S.No Hydrocarbon Formula

3.CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH ⇔ 3. (C17 H33COO)3 C3 H5 + 3 Na OH →

25. An organic compound with molecular formula C2H4O2 produces

2) Give the names of the functional groups. (AP March 2018)

5) What is Isomerism? What are Isomers? Give example.

31) A sweet odour substance formed by the reaction of an alcohol and

1) Based on the diagram answer the following.

Q. No: 11-13: 4 Marks Questions

Observe the structure and answer the following.

12. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS