QATAR GENERAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION

SPECIFICATION FOR THE

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
OF WELDS

ES-S-60

27/4/99 4 Ammendments to Clauses 1.4.5; 2.1; QAI/2 QA

2.4.3 ; 2.5.1 ; 2.5.3; 2.5.4 and 5.2

DATE REV... DESCRIPTION COMPILED BY REVIEWED BY APPROVED

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REVISIONS: All revision 4 items are marked by a vertical line in the right hand border.

Distribution list :

CONTROL COPY REF. INDICATOR

NUMBER 1 OM(O)
NUMBER 2 OM(M)
NUMBER 3 OM(D)
NUMBER 4 MC(O)
NUMBER 5 MC(M)
NUMBER 6 MC(D)
NUMBER 7 EB
NUMBER 8 ED
NUMBER 9 EE
NUMBER 10 EF
NUMBER 11 EM
NUMBER 12 FS
NUMBER 13 DR
NUMBER 14 GS
NUMBER 15 MT
NUMBER 16 MCI(O)
NUMBER 17 MCI(M)
NUMBER 18 MCI(D)
NUMBER 19 QAC
NUMBER 20 QAC/1
NUMBER 21 QAC/2
NUMBER 22 QAI/1
NUMBER 23 QAI/2
NUMBER 24 QAI/3
NUMBER 25 ENE/8

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................5
1.1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 DEFINITIONS, LANGUAGE AND UNITS ................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 REFERENCED SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS .......................................................................................... 5
1.4.1 American Petroleum Institute. .................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2 American Society for Testing and Materials. .............................................................................. 6
1.4.3American Welding Society........................................................................................................... 6
1.4.4 British Standards . ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.5 Other Specifications.................................................................................................................... 6
2. METHOD OF OPERATION AND PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION ..................................................7
2.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE .......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 REPORTING............................................................................................................................................................ 7
2.4 NDT PERSONNEL .................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.4.1 NDT Co-ordinator ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.2 NDT Supervisor .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.3 NDT Operatives .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.5 QUALIFICATION OF NDT PERSONNEL ................................................................................................................ 8
2.5.1 Qualifications .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.5.2 NDT Co-ordinator ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.5.3 NDT Supervisor .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.5.4 NDT Operative............................................................................................................................ 8
3. MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION..............................................................................................9
3.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 MPI PROCEDURE................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 Procedure - General ................................................................................................................... 9
3.2.2 Procedure - Qualification ............................................................................................................ 9
3.3 TECHNIQUE IN GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.1 Surface Preparation.................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.2 Detecting Media.......................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.3 Magnetisation ............................................................................................................................. 9
3.3.4 Flaw Indicators and Field Strength Meters ................................................................................. 10
3.3.5 Inks ............................................................................................................................................. 10
3.4 PRACTICAL PROCEDURES................................................................................................................................... 10
3.4.1 Application of External Magnetic Field........................................................................................ 10
3.4.2 Application of Detecting Media ................................................................................................... 10
3.5 REPORTING............................................................................................................................................................ 10
3.6 CHECKS ON CONSUMABLES AND EQUIPMENT................................................................................................. 10
3.7 DEMAGNETISATION .............................................................................................................................................. 11
4. LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING.......................................................................................................12
4.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 PENETRANT PROCEDURES ................................................................................................................................. 12
4.3 TECHNIQUES IN GENERAL................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3.1 Penetrant - Consumables ........................................................................................................... 12
4.3.2 Approved Techniques................................................................................................................. 12
4.4 REPORTING............................................................................................................................................................ 12
4.5 CLEANING............................................................................................................................................................... 13
5. ALTERNATING CURRENT FIELD MEASUREMENT (ACFM) .........................................................14
5.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 NDT PERSONNEL .................................................................................................................................................. 14
5.3 EQUIPMENT............................................................................................................................................................ 14
5.3.1 Topside ....................................................................................................................................... 14
5.3.2 Sub-Sea...................................................................................................................................... 14
5.3.3 Probes ........................................................................................................................................ 14
5.3.4 Operational Test Block ............................................................................................................... 14

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5.4 SURFACE PREPARATION ..................................................................................................................................... 14

5.4.1 Magnetic State............................................................................................................................ 15
5.5 PRACTICAL PROCEDURES................................................................................................................................... 15
5.5.1 General Information .................................................................................................................... 15
5.5.2 Scan Data ................................................................................................................................... 15
5.5.3 Detailed Indication Record.......................................................................................................... 15
5.6 PROBE DEPLOYMENT........................................................................................................................................... 15
5.7 TEMPERATURE ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.8 MATERIALS............................................................................................................................................................. 15
6. ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION.........................................................................................................17
6.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2 NDT PERSONNEL .................................................................................................................................................. 17
6.3 EQUIPMENT............................................................................................................................................................ 17
6.3.1 Flaw Detector.............................................................................................................................. 17
6.3.2 Calibration Blocks ....................................................................................................................... 17
6.3.3 Ultrasonic Probes ....................................................................................................................... 17
6.4 PERFORMANCE MONITORING CHECKS ON ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT......................................................... 18
6.4.1 Flaw Detector.............................................................................................................................. 18
6.4.2 Probes ........................................................................................................................................ 18
6.5 ULTRASONIC TEST PROCEDURES...................................................................................................................... 18
6.5.1 Test Procedures in General........................................................................................................ 18
6.5.2 Test Procedures - Qualification .................................................................................................. 19
6.6 PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATION ..................................................................................................................... 19
6.7 SENSITIVITY ........................................................................................................................................................... 20
6.7.1 Scanning Sensitivity.................................................................................................................... 20
6.7.2 Reference Sensitivity .................................................................................................................. 20
6.8 REFERENCE CALIBRATION BLOCK ..................................................................................................................... 20
6.8.1 Calibration Block ......................................................................................................................... 20
6.9 SCANNING PATTERN ............................................................................................................................................ 20
6.10 DISCONTINUITY LOCATION ................................................................................................................................ 20
6.11 FLAW SIZE EVALUATION .................................................................................................................................... 20
6.12 DEFECT ACCEPTANCE LEVELS......................................................................................................................... 20
6.13 REPORTING OF FLAWS ...................................................................................................................................... 20
6.14 REPORT FORMAT ................................................................................................................................................ 21
7. X RAY AND GAMMA RADIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................22
7.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................... 22
7.2 RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................................. 22
7.2.1 Procedure - General ................................................................................................................... 22
7.2.2 Procedure Sheets ....................................................................................................................... 22
7.2.3 Qualification of Radiographic Procedure .................................................................................... 23
7.3 TECHNIQUE IN GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................... 23
7.3.1 Sources and Techniques ............................................................................................................ 23
7.3.2 Screens....................................................................................................................................... 23
7.3.3 Films ........................................................................................................................................... 23
7.3.4 Film Identification........................................................................................................................ 24
7.3.5 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)..................................................................................................... 24
7.3.6Exposure Geometry..................................................................................................................... 24
7.3.7 Focus to Film Distance ............................................................................................................... 24
7.3.8 Film Density ................................................................................................................................ 24
7.3.9 Film Overlap ............................................................................................................................... 24
7.4 FILM PROCESSING ................................................................................................................................................ 24
7.5 FILM STORAGE ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
7.6 INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING ................................................................................................................... 25
TABLE 1 - REFERENCE BLOCK THICKNESS...................................................................... 26

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
This specification defines the requirements for conducting non destructive testing of welds and materials
in structural steelwork, pipelines, process piping, pressure vessels, etc., for QGPC Installations in the
Arabian Gulf.
1.2 DEFINITIONS, LANGUAGE AND UNITS
The following definitions apply throughout this specification:
EMPLOYER Shall mean QATAR GENERAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (QGPC) or
appointed MANAGING CONSULTANT
CONTRACTOR The party which entered into contract with the EMPLOYER for the execution of
activities as mentioned in a written agreement.
The following use of language applies throughout this specification:
i) 'shall' is used where a provision is mandatory,
ii) 'should' is used where a provision is preferred,
iii) 'may' is used where alternatives are equally acceptable.
The term 'approve' as applied to the EMPLOYER is used where the EMPLOYER does not wish work
to proceed unless certain features have been agreed in writing with the CONTRACTOR. This does
not mean that all the details of a document have been considered by the EMPLOYER and does not
absolve the CONTRACTOR of his responsibilities.
All communication both documentary and spoken shall be in the English Language and all
dimensions and weights shall be in SI (Systeme International d' Unites) units.
1.3 ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations are used throughout this specification:
API American Petroleum Institute
ACFM Alternating Current Field Measurement
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASNT American Society for Non-Destructive Testing
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BS British Standard
DAC Distance Amplitude Correction
IQI Image Quality Indicator
LPI Liquid Penetrant Inspection
MPI Magnetic Particle Inspection
NDT Non-Destructive Testing
PCN Personnel Certification in Non Destructive Testing
QA Quality Assurance
QC Quality Control
RT Radiographic Testing
UT Ultrasonic Testing

1.4 REFERENCED SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS

The following standards are referenced in this specification. A reference in this specification to these
documents involves the latest published issue together with any amendments.

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1.4.1 American Petroleum Institute.

API RP 2X Ultrasonic Examination of Offshore Structural Fabrication and Guidelines for
Qualification of Ultrasonic Technicians.
1.4.2 American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM A435 Straight Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates.
ASTM E94 Standard Recommended Practice for Radiographic Testing.
ASTM E142 Standard Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing.
ASTM E165 Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Inspection Method.
ASTM E709 Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination.
ASTM E747 Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing Using Wire Penetrameters.
ASTM E1032 Radiographic Examination of Weldments.
1.4.3 American Welding Society
AWS A2.4 Symbols for Welding and Non Destructive Testing.
1.4.4 British Standards .
BS 2704 Specification for Calibration Blocks for use in Ultrasonic Flaw Detection.
BS 3683 Glossary of Terms used in Non Destructive Testing.
BS 4069 Specification for Magnetic Flaw Detection Inks and Powders.
BS 4331 Guidance on the In-Service Monitoring of Probes (excluding immersion probes)
BS 4489 Method for Measurement of UV-A Radiation (black light) used in NDT.
BS 6072 Method for Magnetic Particle Flaw Detection.
BS EN 462-1
BS EN 571-1
BS EN 1435
BS EN 1714
BS EN 1060
1.4.5 Other Specifications.
ASNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Non Destructive Testing.
PCN/GEN/97 App E2 Requirements for PCN Certification of Personnel engaged in Liquid Penetrant
Iss 32 inspection.
PCN/GEN/927 App E1 Requirements for PCN Certification of Personnel engaged in Magnetic Particle
Iss 3 Inspection.
PCN/GEN/W/97 Specific requirements for PCN Certification of Personnel engaged in the
RT1App C2 (Alt) Iss Radiographic Testing of Welds.
390
PCN/GEN/97W/UT1 Specific requirements for PCN Certification of Personnel engaged in the
App C1 Iss 3.90 Ultrasonic Testing of Fusion Welded Ferritic Steels.

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2. METHOD OF OPERATION AND PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION
This section of the specification defines the requirements for conducting non destructive testing of welds
& materials and the minimum qualification requirements for CONTRACTOR NDT personnel engaged in
ultrasonic, radiographic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant testing and ACFM where applicable..
2.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE
Before the commencement of work on the contract, the CONTRACTOR shall submit the following
documentation for approval by the EMPLOYER:
a) An organigram which defines the role of the CONTRACTOR's staff responsible for NDT.
b) An internal quality manual relating to NDT operations.
c) Written NDT procedures, including procedure qualification tests.
d) A list of NDT operatives and supervisory staff, supported by relevant certification and
supplementary evidence.
e) A list of equipment to be used under the contract.
The effectiveness of the quality system and quality plan used by the CONTRACTOR will be subject to
monitoring by the EMPLOYER and in addition may be audited following an agreed period of notice.
2.3 REPORTING
The CONTRACTOR shall be responsible for the accuracy and the validity of all NDT reports submitted
to the EMPLOYER. Site NDT reports produced during the contract shall be collated, processed by the
CONTRACTOR and used to produce a post contract report. The style and the format of the post
contract report shall be subject to approval by the EMPLOYER.
2.4 NDT PERSONNEL
Personnel offered for work on the EMPLOYER contracts shall fully comply with the requirements given
in Clause 2.5. Authenticated copies of original certification of all personnel shall be submitted to the
EMPLOYER for approval prior to the commencement of operations. Verification of claims of experience
shall be by copies of log books, references and certificates which shall be submitted by the
CONTRACTOR. Details of NDT training and performance shall be available for EMPLOYER scrutiny to
confirm adequate job experience.
2.4.1 NDT Co-ordinator
The CONTRACTOR shall employ an NDT co-ordinator who will liaise with the EMPLOYER on all
operational and technical matters related to NDT. The responsibilities of the NDT co-ordinator are as
follows:-
a) Submission of necessary documents.
b) Specification and running of procedure qualification tests.
c) Control of all NDT activities.
d) Data collection and reporting.
2.4.2 NDT Supervisor
Supervision of all NDT operatives on sites shall be carried out by NDT supervisors, who may also be the
NDT co-ordinator described in Clause 2.4.1. Their function is to:-
a) Endorse all NDT reports issued by the NDT operatives.
b) Ensure and witness that the mandatory checks on NDT equipment and consumables is
carried out and reported in accordance with EMPLOYER specifications.
c) Ensure that the examination coverage satisfies the requirements defined in the specifications.
2.4.3 NDT Operatives
The EMPLOYER will assess the suitability of any NDT operatives prior to his being accepted for
contract duties. AAt the discretion of the EMPLOYER’S sponsoring department this assessment shall
be carried out in the form of a trade test. The ttests shall be conducted by the EMPLOYER or an

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independent inspection agency approved by the EMPLOYERY. The EMPLOYER may audit the
performance of all NDT personnel as necessary and instruct the CONTRACTOR that he ceases to use
personnel whose performance is considered unsatisfactory.
2.5 QUALIFICATION OF NDT PERSONNEL
2.5.1 Qualifications
Either of the following qualifications shall be accepted by the EMPLOYER:
a) CSWIP/PCN Level II with a minimum of 2 years post qualifying experience.
b) ASNT recommended practice SNT-TC-1A to Level II proficiency with a minimum of 2 years
post qualifying experience.
NNo consideration shall be given to any other qualifications without the EMPLOYER’s approval.
NNDT operatives qualified in accordance with ASNT recommended practice SNT-TC-1A Level II shall
be ccertified, prior to his being acceptable for contract duties, by an ASNT Level III certifiedqualified
pperson acceptable toapproved by the EMPLOYER. The EMPLOYER at its discretion may seek
independent certification iif operational circumstances dictate.
All personnel shall be required to furnish proof of having been examined in the preceding 12 months by
a competent medical authority to prove a natural or corrected near vision acuity for reading J-1 letters on
Jaegers Standard Test Chart at a distance of not less than 300mm, a natural or corrected distance
acuity of not less than 20/40 and colour blindness to ISHIHARA for all NDT techniques iin this
specification.
2.5.2 NDT Co-ordinator
The NDT co-ordinator shall have ultrasonic or radiographic qualifications conforming to the
requirements of Clause 2.5.1. When the NDT co-ordinator takes on the function of the NDT supervisor,
the minimum qualification requirements shall be as that of the NDT supervisor.
2.5.3 NDT Supervisor
The NDT supervisor shall have full ultrasonic, radiographic, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant and
ACFM qualifications, applicable to the scope of work given within the schemes given in Clause 2.5.1;
plus at least 5 years site experience since qualifying. NDT supervisors shall have a thorough knowledge
of the CONTRACTOR's Quality Assurance Documentation.
2.5.4 NDT Operative
The NDT operative shall have relevant qualifications in accordance with Clause 2.5.1. Further
requirements for approval of ACFM and ultrasonic operatives are specified in Clauses 5.2 and 6.2
respectively.

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3. MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section covers the site inspection of plate, pipe and structural weld connections by wet and dry
magnetic particle inspection (MPI) methods. The techniques and procedures used shall be in
accordance with BS 6072 or ASTM E709 except as modified herein.
3.2 MPI PROCEDURE
3.2.1 Procedure - General
A written procedure shall be submitted to the EMPLOYER for approval, and shall include the following
information:
a) Surface preparation.
b) Magnetic ink and method of application.
c) Means of external magnetisation and the equipment used.
d) Means of ensuring the adequacy of the magnetic flux density.
e) Consumables and equipment tests and their frequency.
f) Technique sketch indicating the direction, coverage of the applied magnetisation and the
probing pattern.
g) Reporting format.
h) Acceptance levels.
i) Operator qualifications.
3.2.2 Procedure - Qualification
The approved procedure shall be qualified by the CONTRACTOR in the presence of the EMPLOYER.
The following techniques, when employed, shall be qualified on sample pieces of relevant geometry:
a) Any technique to be used for examination of variable geometry welds.
b) Flexible cable or coil techniques.
c) Permanent Magnet.
d) Electromagnet (AC/DC Yoke).
e) Fluorescent ink technique.
The qualification tests shall demonstrate:-
a) Satisfactory surface preparation including the application of contrast coating.
b) Provision of an adequate magnetisation level and direction, see Clause 3.4.1.
If required by the EMPLOYER, the CONTRACTOR shall provide test pieces containing weld flaws so as
to demonstrate the sensitivity of the technique.
3.3 TECHNIQUE IN GENERAL
3.3.1 Surface Preparation
The tested surface shall be free from grease, oil, scale, rust, flux, spatter and any form of protective
coating. If necessary the surfaces shall be dressed out with a light grinding so that the surface
roughness or irregularities present do not interfere with the interpretation. The grinding direction shall not
coincide with the expected orientation of the flaws. Proprietary contrast coats shall be used to enhance
the area under inspection. The coating shall tightly adhere to the surface, forming a thin and coherent
film.
3.3.2 Detecting Media
Magnetic and fluorescent inks shall comply with the requirements of BS 4069 or ASTM E709.
3.3.3 Magnetisation
The preferred techniques for applying the external magnetic field are: -
a) A.C. yoke with adjustable pole pieces.

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b) Flexible cable or coil carrying a.c. or d.c.

The use of permanent magnet yokes shall require the approval of the EMPLOYER.
A.C. prods shall not be used.
3.3.4 Flaw Indicators and Field Strength Meters
Burma-Castrol type II flaw indicators (or other type approved by the EMPLOYER), and portable field
strength meters shall be used on each length of weld examined. Before fillets or variable geometry
welds are examined, two flaw indicators orientated at right angles to each other shall be attached flat
onto the vertical plate surface as near to the weld as possible. When magnetised and sprayed with ink
all three lines on each flaw indicator shall be clearly visible.
3.3.5 Inks
All MPI shall be conducted using wet inks. The use of fluorescent inks is allowed in those work areas
which can be shaded so as to reduce the ambient light level to below 10 lux.
The use of dry powder techniques shall only be permitted for hot checks with the approval of the
EMPLOYER.
3.4 PRACTICAL PROCEDURES
3.4.1 Application of External Magnetic Field
The direction of magnetisation shall be such as to detect both longitudinal and transverse orientated
weld flaws. The maximum pole spacing of the yoke shall not exceed 170mm. The area of magnetic
coverage of a yoke is considered to be a circle inscribed between the pole pieces, except that the zone
adjacent to the poles having a width of 15mm shall not be evaluated. The degree of overlap of
successive areas during examination shall be 25% minimum.
3.4.2 Application of Detecting Media
The magnetic media shall be applied during continuous magnetisation of the part. Inspection shall be
carried out whilst the magnetic field is present. Excess magnetic particles may be removed by blowing
of the area under inspection.
3.5 REPORTING
All indications shall be assessed in accordance with the acceptance levels given in the appropriate
QGPC application specification. Indications which are not permitted shall be reported and may be
further investigated either by repeating the test or by light dressing (not exceeding a depth of 1mm)
followed by an MPI retest. If the retest shows that the indication still remains outside the code
requirements, any subsequent surface treatment shall be classed as a weld repair.
The results of MPI shall be recorded and the report shall contain at least the following information:
a) Date and time of inspection
b) Name of Inspection Company.
c) Identification of the workpiece.
d) State if edge or weld; for the latter, the welding process and stage of inspection.
e) Surface conditions.
f) Technique number and essential parameters.
g) The commercial name of the examination medium and the identification number of the
magnetising medium.
h) Inspectors name and signature.
i) Level of inspectors qualification.
j) The test results.
3.6 CHECKS ON CONSUMABLES AND EQUIPMENT
Where magnetic inks are prepared on site, their concentration shall be tested at a minimum of once per
day and the containers shall be appropriately marked to record the test.

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Variable current transformers shall be checked at agreed intervals and the results recorded. The
intensity and wavelength of black light at the surface shall be in accordance with BS 4489 or ASTM
E709. These shall be tested at intervals agreed by the EMPLOYER and the results of the test recorded.
At the beginning of each shift the lifting power of the electromagnetic yokes shall be tested and the
results of the test recorded in the calibration log. The lifting power shall exceed 4.5 Kg for the maximum
pole spacing. For permanent magnets the lifting power shall exceed 18Kg for the maximum pole
spacing, if this is greater than 75mm or 0.24Kg per millimetre of pole spacing , if this is less than 75mm.
3.7 DEMAGNETISATION
If the component to be tested exhibits residual magnetism then demagnetisation shall be carried out in
accordance with Clause 22 of BS 6072 or ASTM E709.

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4. LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This section of the specification covers the inspection of welded and brazed joints by Liquid Penetrant
Inspection (LPI) methods. The techniques and procedures used shall be in accordance with BS 6443 or
ASTM E165, except as where modified herein.
4.2 PENETRANT PROCEDURES
A written procedure shall be submitted to the EMPLOYER for approval and shall include the following
information:
a) Penetrant inspection materials.
b) Application range of the procedure.
c) Surface preparation.
e.g., the pre-cleaning method, cleaning agent, allowable range of controllable parameters (i.e.
temperature range, surface roughness)
d) Application of penetrant.
e.g., the method of application, range of permissible contact times, range of permissible temperatures
for the component and the penetrant.
e) Removal of penetrant.
e.g., the cleaning agent and method of application, range of permissible temperatures for the
component, criteria that define the completion of the operation.
f) Developing:-
e.g., the developer used, method of application, range of permissible development times.
g) Control tests of penetrant inspection materials.
h) Reporting format.
i) Operator qualifications
If required by the EMPLOYER , the procedure shall be qualified on relevant test pieces.
4.3 TECHNIQUES IN GENERAL
4.3.1 Penetrant - Consumables
All LPI materials, including cleaning agents, shall be of the same manufacture and belong to the same
group.
The halogen content of consumables shall be limited to 1%, except that for examination of austenitic
stainless steels, halogen free materials, as certified by the penetrant manufacturer, shall be used.
4.3.2 Approved Techniques
LPI shall be carried out by either the visible or the fluorescent solvent removable penetrant techniques,
o
used in the temperature range 15 - 60 C , or within the temperature range specified by the
manufacturer. Any deviation shall require the approval of the EMPLOYER.
4.4 REPORTING
All indications shall be assessed in accordance with the acceptance levels given in the referencing
code. Rejectable indications shall be reported. A retest is permitted, provided that no additional surface
preparation to that specified in the original test procedure is to be applied. The indications shall not be
dressed out by grinding or other abrasive method without the approval of the EMPLOYER. The results
of LPI shall be recorded and the report shall contain at least the following information:
a) Date and time of inspection
b) Name of Inspection Company.
c) Identification of the workpiece.
d) State if edge or weld; for the latter, the welding process and stage of inspection.
e) Surface conditions.

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f) Technique number and essential parameters.

g) The commercial name of the examination medium.
h) Inspectors name and signature.
i) Level of inspectors qualification.
j) The test results.

4.5 CLEANING
Upon completion of the examination, all tested parts shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove all traces of
the Penetrant inspection material.

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5. ALTERNATING CURRENT FIELD MEASUREMENT (ACFM)

5.1 INTRODUCTION
This section highlights the procedural requirements for the use of Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)
for the Non Destructive Testing of welds. ACFM can be used for detection and sizing (length & depth) of surface
breaking cracks in metal structures, components or welds. As a detection tool ACFM can be considered as a
replacement for MPI.

5.2 NDT PERSONNEL

Experienced topside operator with a pass certificate from one of the following approved courses:

1. Lloyds Register approved training course for topside operators for the inspection of tubular joints.
2. CSWIP (ACFM)
3. PCN/GEN/97 App C3B.

For sub-sea operations the diver is not required to be ACFM qualified. The diver should hold CSWIP 3.1U and must
be briefed by the ACFM operator on probe handling and scanning procedure.

For two man topside operation (e.g. rope access), the probe handler should ideally be experienced in general NDT
but is not required to be ACFM qualified. The ACFM operator must brief the probe handler on probe handling and
scanning procedures.

5.3 EQUIPMENT
ACFM is proprietary equipment of TSC Ltd, Milton Keynes, UK. Several models exist, however the most relevant for
general NDT purposes in QGPC are as follows:

5.3.1 Topside
The Crack Microguage Model U9b is the latest version of the portable unit. This unit can be battery or mains
operated. The software QFM version 2.2 should be used with this instrument. This instrument can be used in ACFM
and ACPD modes.

The U9a together with QFMv1.1 is also capable of performing ACFM and ACPD measurements.

5.3.2 Sub-Sea
The ACFM Crack Microguage Model U21R is the latest version of the subsea model. This version has been
ruggedised to withstand harsh local conditions. The unit should be used with WAMI version 4.4 or later. The
standard U21R is ACFM only.

The predecessor to the U21, the U11 is capable of performing ACFM and ACPD measurements. The software
packages WAMIv3.8 (ACFM) and QPDv1.1 (ACPD) should be used.

5.3.3 Probes
All ACFM / ACPD probes should be approved by manufacturer.

5.3.4 Operational Test Block

ACFM does not require calibration. However the contractor should verify correct system operation using an
operational test block. This usually consists of a flat welded plate with semi-elliptical EDM slots of 50x5mm and
20x2mm.

5.4 SURFACE PREPARATION

The use of ACFM does not require the removal of coatings prior to inspection. This includes coatings several mm
thick. However smooth probe travel over the surface is required. Anything likely to interfere with probe travel should
be removed. This included loose paint and rust.

For subsea applications the removal of hard marine growth is required. This can usually be achieved using a high
pressure water jet. It is NOT necessary to clean to bright shiny metal.

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5.4.1 Magnetic State

It must be ensured that the surface being inspected is in an unmagnetised state. Remnant magnetisation (e.g. from
previous MPI inspection) can produce signals that may be mistaken for defect signals. Therefore the procedure for
any previous magnetic technique must include demagnetisation of the surface.

5.5 PRACTICAL PROCEDURES

It is essential that a detailed written record be maintained for all ACFM inspection. Failure to do so will severely limit
the usefulness of the electronically stored ACFM scans and will render off-line interpretation difficult. Each data
sheet should include the following information

5.5.1 General Information

Date
Operators Name
Probe Operator’s Name
Component ID
Probe ID
Probe File

5.5.2 Scan Data

Filename
Page Number (WAMI / QFM)
Position on Weld (e.g. Brace toe, Chord toe, Weld Cap)
Scan direction (A or C)
Clock or tape positions
Inspection Summary

5.5.3 Detailed Indication Record

Filename
Page number
Position on Weld
Start of Defect (Tape reference)
End of Defect (Tape reference)
Length of Defect (mm)
Depth of Defect (mm)
Remarks
Sketch of Geometry

5.6 PROBE DEPLOYMENT

A standard weld probe has a scan width of approximately 20mm. The recommended scan speed is 10 to
20mm/sec. Where the weld cap is greater than 20mm multiple passes should be made. ACFM requires that the
probe be scanned along a line parallel to the defect. Defects that lie at an angle greater than approximately 25º to
the weld may not be detected. In general defects are constrained to a weld toe and this does not represent a
problem. However if transverse cracking is suspected then procedures for the detection of transverse cracking have
been developed and should be adopted.

5.7 TEMPERATURE
ACFM is routinely used on live plant at elevated temperatures. Special probes are available for operation at
temperatures in excess of 500ºC.

5.8 MATERIALS
ACFM can be used on magnetic and non-magnetic materials. When used on non-magnetic materials, defect
detection and signal interpretation is similar to that for magnetic materials although the display scaling may need to
be adjusted. The ACFM defect sizing routines only apply to carbon steels and the use of ACFM to size defects in

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non-magnetic material requires some calibration to be conducted. The equipment manufacturers are able to offer
advice on these aspects.

6. ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
This section of the specification covers manual ultrasonic examination (UT) of full penetration butt
welds, structural joints and tubular intersections in thicknesses of 6mm and greater.

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The ultrasonic techniques used shall be in accordance with this specification and the appropriate
construction/fabrication specification.
6.2 NDT PERSONNEL
All ultrasonic operatives shall be qualified in the relevant test category as stated below (for ASNT
Qualified Personnel this shall be in addition to their qualification) :-
a) Plate.
b) Butt weld (including longitudinal and girth weld seams in tubulars 610mm diameter and above).
c) Pipe welds.
d) Structural T-welds
e) Nozzle welds.
f) Tubular intersections.
They will be required to produce evidence of relevant site experience of at least 6 months in the 12
months preceding the date of the assignment.
6.3 EQUIPMENT
6.3.1 Flaw Detector
The A-scan flaw detector shall comply with the requirements of BS 4331 : Part 1 or ASME V, Article 4,
Section T- 431.
6.3.2 Calibration Blocks
The following test blocks shall be used by the operatives during the test:-
A2 Block (either type) )
A4 Block ) to BS 2704
A5 Block )
A7 Block ) to BS 2704
Reference Block (see Clause 6.8)
6.3.3 Ultrasonic Probes
All probes shall be marked with a unique probe identification number. The following data shall be
recorded for each probe on a separate probe sheet:-
a) Date of issue.
b) Probe manufacturer.
c) Nominal beam angle.
d) Nominal frequency.
e) Toe-in angle (twin crystal probes).
f) Size and shape of crystal.
g) Vertical plane beam profile along the 20dB lines.
h) Results and dates of mandatory probe checks (see Clause 6.4.2).

All ultrasonic probes shall meet the following requirements:-

6.3.3.1 Resolution
All compression and shear wave probes shall have been checked and certified capable of resolving the
smallest step in the resolution block A7 in accordance with BS 3923:Part 1. The steps are said to be
resolved when the echoes from the two radii are clearly separated at half maximum echo height or
below.

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6.3.3.2 Overall Gain

All compression wave probes shall have been checked and certified to have at least 50dB of gain
remaining with the first echo from the 25mm dimension of the A2 block set to half screen height.
All shear wave probes shall have been checked and certified to have at least 50dB of gain remaining
with the first echo from the 100mm radius of the A2 block set to half screen height.
6.3.3.3 Probe Internal Echoes
All probes shall have been checked as follows:
Compression Wave Probes
At testing ranges above 15mm for twin probes and 30mm for single probes the gain required to bring
the internal probe echoes to 10mm in height shall exceed the setting obtained under Clause 6.3.3.2 by
at least 40dB.
Shear Wave Probes
At testing ranges above 5mm for twin probes and 30mm for single probes the gain required to bring the
internal probe echoes to 10mm in height shall exceed the setting obtained under Clause 6.3.3.2 by at
least 40dB.
6.4 PERFORMANCE MONITORING CHECKS ON ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT
6.4.1 Flaw Detector
The following equipment checks shall be carried out at the intervals specified:-
a) Time base calibration at every change of probes, change of location, after each switching on of
the instrument.
b) Time base linearity and amplifier gain (BS 4331:Part 1) to be checked after 24 hours of operation
or once in a working week, whichever is the shorter period.
6.4.2 Probes
The results and dates of the probe performance tests specified below shall be recorded:-
a) Every working shift or every 8 hours of operation, whichever is shorter:
• probe index (+ 1mm),
•
o
beam angle (+ 2.0 change),
• beam width in vertical plane (+ 2mm),
•
o
beam alignment (squint) (within 5 ),
(tests (i) - (iv) carried out to BS 4331 : Part 1).
b) Every working shift:
• resolution,
• overall gain,
• reverberation.
c) Complete beam profile (BS 4331:Part 3) shall be checked and redrawn at least once in a working
week or whenever a significant change of index, beam angle, squint or width indicates that it may
be required.
Note that all tests shall be carried out with the noise suppression circuitry switched off.
6.5 ULTRASONIC TEST PROCEDURES
6.5.1 Test Procedures in General
Written test procedures, which shall be subject to approval by the EMPLOYER, shall be in accordance
with the requirements of this specification and contain a statement to this effect. They shall be devised
to detect the defects specified by the agreed acceptance criteria, and shall be qualified on test
specimens of relevant geometry in accordance with Clause 6.5.2.
The following information shall be included in the test procedures:-

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a) List of equipment to be used.

b) Details of surface preparation and ultrasonic couplant to be used.
c) Individual and numbered technique sheets for each technique specified. The selection of
techniques provided shall be sufficient to cover the examination of all types of welded joints which
are to be covered under the scope of the procedure. The following information shall be given:-
• Parent material and weld material designation
• Material thickness and curvature (range)
• Weld configuration and edge preparation
• Welding process
• Type of probes to be used
• Sketch showing the joint configuration, beam coverage, accessible external surfaces from
where the scan shall be conducted, extent of probe scan and examination coverage.
d) Means of setting up the reference and scanning sensitivity levels, including measurement of
transfer correction and the distance amplitude curve.
e) Means of weld marking and fit-up checks for root face location.
f) Scanning patterns to be used.
g) Means of discontinuity location (taking into account the effect of curvature).
h) Flaw reporting levels.
i) Flaw acceptance levels (referencing code).
j) Format of the test report.
6.5.2 Test Procedures - Qualification
The requirement to qualify ultrasonic test procedures applies for the examination of: -
a) Variable geometry welds such as tubular intersection welds and branch to pipe connections.
b) Partial penetration welds and fillet welds.
c) All closing welds.
d) Transitional welds of unequal thickness.
e) Longitudinal and circumferential welds in tubulars where the thickness to diameter ratio exceeds
0.03
When required the CONTRACTOR shall submit details of test pieces of relevant geometry and
dimensions. The welds shall contain artificial and natural defects relevant to the type and position of the
welding. The qualification tests, which will be witnessed by the EMPLOYER, shall demonstrate that:-
a) The specified weld coverage can be achieved by the techniques proposed in the procedure.
b) All reportable defects can be found at the specified sensitivity.
c) The flaws can be classified and dimensioned to decide their acceptance or rejection in
accordance with the acceptance criteria.

6.6 PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATION

The ultrasonic operative shall make himself thoroughly familiar with the weld edge preparation geometry
by reference to the specification and the construction/erection/fabrication and isometric drawings. Prior
to ultrasonic weld examination, the operative shall carry out visual inspection of the weld in so far as to
detect and note any surface and weld imperfections which would interfere with a meaningful ultrasonic
examination. He shall clearly record any individual areas not covered due to scan limitations, indicating
whether the obstruction is temporary or permanent.
In order to facilitate weld root location in critical T, K and Y connections and single sided closure welds in
tubular braces, the member from which the scanning is to be performed shall, prior to the welding of the

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root pass, be scribed at a specific surface distance from the root face under the supervision of the
EMPLOYER. Joints requiring this reference marking will be identified by the EMPLOYER.
6.7 SENSITIVITY
6.7.1 Scanning Sensitivity
The sensitivity used for the parent material scanning shall be the primary reference sensitivity plus 6dB.
6.7.2 Reference Sensitivity
6.7.2.1 Buried Indications
The reference reflector shall be a 1.6mm diameter side drilled hole at least 22mm long in a calibration
block which corresponds to the specified thickness range. A distance-amplitude correction curve (DAC)
shall be prepared, to cover the beam path lengths between the minimum and maximum range to be
used in the test. The thickness of the block and the position of the holes shall be as stipulated in Clause
6.8.1. A correction in instrument sensitivity is required to compensate for differences between reference
standard surface roughness, contact area and acoustical attenuation characteristics.
6.7.2.2 Surface Breaking or Near Surface Defects
The reference reflectors shall be API RP 2X V-notches at least 22mm long.
6.8 REFERENCE CALIBRATION BLOCK
6.8.1 Calibration Block
Where examination involves beam path trajectory along the curved cross section of the tested part, the
reference block should represent the curvature of the tested part if either the diameter is smaller than
500mm or the thickness to diameter ratio exceeds 0.03.
A single curved reference block may be used to examine parts whose curvature is between 0.9 and 1.5
times the reference block curvature.
The thickness of the reference block shall be the same as that of the tested part, or as specified in
Table 1.
6.9 SCANNING PATTERN
Scanning patterns shall include a separate examination of weld root. Welds shall be examined for both
longitudinally and transversely orientated flaws. Submerged arc weld metal shall be examined for
o
transverse (chevron) cracking using a 45 probe positioned on the cap.
The speed of probe movement shall not exceed 100mm/sec.
6.10 DISCONTINUITY LOCATION
Where appropriate, an allowance shall be made for the effect of curvature on beam angle and sound
path distance.
6.11 FLAW SIZE EVALUATION
Flaw size assessment shall be based upon beam boundary intercept methods (6dB and 20dB drops),
and maximum amplitude technique, as necessary. Generally the 6dB technique shall be used for
measurement of defect length.
6.12 DEFECT ACCEPTANCE LEVELS
Defect acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with the referencing code, except that no cracks or
planar defects, such as lack of fusion or lack of penetration are allowed.
6.13 REPORTING OF FLAWS
All discontinuity echoes equal to or greater than the 50% reference level shall be located, sized for
length, through thickness dimension (if 3mm or greater) and recorded, giving their maximum amplitude
as a percentage of the reference level.
Reportable flaws shall be classed as follows:-
a) Cracks,

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b) Inclusions,
c) Porosity,
d) Planar indications.
If a flaw is found to exceed either the reportable or rejectable acceptance criteria specified, additional
information shall be provided to identify all responses from all surfaces used to assess the defect. When
a transverse indication is found in submerged arc weld metal it shall be recorded irrespective of signal
amplitude and a second examination shall be performed by the NDT supervisor.
6.14 REPORT FORMAT
The amount of information given on a test report shall be sufficient to reproduce the test conditions and
all the relevant test parameters of the original examination.
The information provided shall include:-
a) Weld and welder identification,
b) Type of weld, weld preparation and joint geometry,
c) Material thickness,
d) Technique and procedure number,
e) Referencing code for acceptance criteria,
f) Type of ultrasonic probes and their identification number,
g) Effective probe angles on curved surfaces,
h) Type of flaw detector and couplant used,
i) Time base setting for each probe,
j) Scanning sensitivity, including transfer correction,
k) Calibration block used,
l) Any restrictions or departures from the approved procedure,
m) Sketch of the weld showing the position and dimensions of all reportable flaws,
n) Amplitude of reportable indications for each probe used in the examination.
o) Results of examination.
Prior to being submitted to the EMPLOYER, the ultrasonic reports shall be checked and endorsed by
the NDT supervisor.

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7. X RAY AND GAMMA RADIOGRAPHY

7.1 INTRODUCTION
The EMPLOYER will approve the safe working procedures established for the transport, storage and
use of radioisotopes. Copies of certificates of authorisation relevant to the use of radioisotopes shall be
provided by the CONTRACTOR.
This section of the specification covers RT of structural piping, vessel, pipeline butt welds in the
thickness range 5 - 50mm. The radiographic techniques used shall be in accordance with BS 2600:Part
1, BS 2910 or ASTM E1032 for structural members, except as modified herein .
7.2 RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE
An RT procedure containing the information required in Clauses 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 shall be submitted to
the EMPLOYER for approval, after which the procedure shall be qualified by submitting radiographs
produced by such a procedure for EMPLOYER approval. The details of each qualified radiographic
procedure shall include the complete results of tests and radiographs qualifying the procedure in
accordance with Clause 7.2.3.
7.2.1 Procedure - General
The general part of the procedure shall include the following information:-
a) Scope.
b) Equipment.
c) Density and sensitivity.
d) Intensifying screens.
e) Masks and filters.
f) Film type and format.
g) Type of penetrameter (IQI) and their placing.
h) Limit of film coverage and film overlap.
i) Processing and viewing conditions.
j) Reference code and defect acceptance criteria.
k) Operator qualifications.
l) Format of radiographic report and marking of radiographs.
7.2.2 Procedure Sheets
The detailed part of the procedure shall consist of a number of procedure sheets covering the range of
diameters and thicknesses to be examined. Each procedure sheet shall cover only one group of the
essential parameters shown below; a change in any of these will require a new procedure sheet. The
essential parameters are:-
a) Type of radiation source (X-ray or type of gamma source).
b) Type of film (grade and type of cassette used).
c) Intensifying screen thickness and material.
d) Film shielding and beam collimation.
e) Source dimensions or focal spot size.
f) Tube voltage or type, minimum isotope activity and the corresponding minimum exposure time
for the top of the thickness range.
g) Exposure geometry.
h) Number of exposures per completed weld or maximum length radiographed.
i) Number of penetrameters per film or exposure.
j) Material type (carbon steel, low alloy steel, stainless steel, cupro-nickel, etc..).
k) Material thickness
l) Maximum focal spot size.

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m) Minimum film to source distance.

n) Maximum calculated geometrical unsharpness.
o) Typical range of exposure times for any X-ray source.
7.2.3 Qualification of Radiographic Procedure
Each RT procedure shall be qualified by radiographs produced to that procedure. Generally, one (1)
radiograph shall be sufficient to qualify a procedure sheet, however, for each pipe size below NPS 2 a
specific qualification shall be required.
The qualification radiographs submitted to the EMPLOYER for approval shall demonstrate that the
following criteria have been satisfied:-
a) The required sensitivity with the IQI on the source side (and if required, the film side) can be
produced at the minimum density allowed.
b) The weld length being examined is covered by interpretable film in one or more views.
7.3 TECHNIQUE IN GENERAL
7.3.1 Sources and Techniques
a) Preference shall be given to X-ray equipment. Where the use of X-ray equipment is not
practicable, iridium 192 sources may be used.
b) Preference shall always be given to a single wall technique if this is possible.
c) Preference shall be given to a source inside/film outside technique if this is possible.
d) If a double wall technique is necessary, it shall be with X-ray whenever possible.
e) Where there is a choice between gamma-ray source inside/single wall and X-rays outside/double
wall/single image, the former is preferable.
7.3.2 Screens
Lead intensifying screens shall be used for RT at the thickness indicated below :
Radiation Screen Material Front Screen Back Screen
Thickness (mm) Thickness (mm)
X-ray
< 120 kV Lead None 0.1min..
120kV to 250kV Lead 0.02 to 0.125 0.1min..
250kV to 400kV Lead 0.05 to 0.16 0.1min..
Gamma-ray
192
Ir Lead 0.02 to 0.16 0.16min..
The amount of back- scattered radiation shall be checked by placing a lead letter 'B' at the back of each
cassette. Fluorometallic screens may be used, subject to the approval of the EMPLOYER. Fluorescent
salt screens shall not be used.
7.3.3 Films
Fine-grain high contrast film shall be used in conjunction with X ray sources. Ultra fine grain high
contrast film shall be used for gamma radiography and may be used with X-ray equipment.
In cases where the film is to be held flat or where the weight of the component is partly or fully taken by
the cassette, rigid metal cassettes shall be used. For curved surfaces, where the film is to be curved,
flexible cassettes may be used provided adequate precautions are taken to ensure good film-screen
contrast.
Where ready packed film cassettes are used, it is necessary to ensure that the thickness of the packed
lead screens is adequate, see Clause 7.3.2. Films packed with lead foil of 0.02mm thickness shall only
be used if vacuum packed and provided that the material thickness does not exceed 40mm.

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7.3.4 Film Identification

Each radiograph shall have suitable symbols affixed to identify the job, the joint and the section of the
joint. Radiographs of weld repairs shall be identified by the letter 'R' followed by the number of times the
repair has been attempted, e.g. R1, R2 etc..
7.3.5 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
a) Type of IQI
Wire type IQI's conforming to BS 3971 or ASTM E747 shall be used with each radiograph. The
minimum sensitivity achieved shall be in accordance with BS 3971.
b) Placement of IQI
Where possible, IQI's shall be placed on the source side of the weld. If the surface of the weld facing the
radiation source is inaccessible for placement of an IQI, the procedure outlined in 13.2 of BS 2910 shall
be followed. IQI's shall be placed on the weld at the edge of the area of interest with the wires orientated
transversely to the fusion line, with the thinnest wire to the outside. The thickness of the material under
an IQI shall be within 10% of the maximum thickness under examination. If the thickness range to be
covered is large, an appropriate IQI shall be placed on both the maximum and minimum thickness to
appear on each radiograph.
c) Number of IQI's
The requirements for structural welds shall be two (2) IQI's, one at each extremity of the area to be
inspected or one at the centre of the radiation beam and one at the extremity of the area to be
o
inspected. For panoramic exposures, at least three IQI's shall be used spaced 120 apart. When a
length less than 125mm is inspected, only one (1) IQI is required, located at the extremity of the area to
be inspected.
7.3.6 Exposure Geometry
"
The double wall, single image technique for outside diameters above 24 NPS shall only be used when
no access to the bore surface is possible.
When branches are subjected to RT they shall be radiographed using a multiple single exposure
technique. Panoramic exposure of branch connections shall not be permitted.
The length of weld under examination at each exposure shall be such that the thickness of the material
at the extremities, measured in the direction of the incident beam, does not exceed, by more than 10%,
the actual thickness at that point.
7.3.7 Focus to Film Distance
The minimum values of focus to film distance shall be such that the calculated geometrical unsharpness
shall approach the inherent unsharpness of the film screen combination, but in any case the
unsharpness value shall not exceed 0.2mm for X-ray and 0.4mm for gamma ray radiography.
7.3.8 Film Density
The film density over the entire weld length should lie within the range 2.0 to 3.0. Viewing conditions
shall be suitable for viewing films of density upto 3.5.
7.3.9 Film Overlap
The minimum film overlap shall be 20mm
7.4 FILM PROCESSING
Radiographs shall be processed to allow storage of the film without deterioration for the duration
specified in the relevant fabrication specification. The method of demonstrating this shall be identified in
the procedures submitted in Clause 7.2.1.
The radiographs shall be free from imperfection due to processing or other defects which would
interfere with satisfactory interpretation.
The radiographic contractor may be required at any time to demonstrate that the film can be processed,
using the site facilities, to have a fog level of not more than 0.3.

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Radiographs should be stored in individual plastic pockets, in an environment with temperature and
relative humidity controlled to levels recommended by the film manufacturer.
Storage of radiographs in a microfilm form shall not be acceptable.
7.5 FILM STORAGE
All unexposed films shall be stored in a clean dry place where the surrounding conditions will not
detrimentally affect the emulsion. Open packages of film should be stored in a controlled environment at
a temperature and relative humidity recommended by the film manufacturer. If there is any concern
about the condition of the unexposed film, the EMPLOYER may request that the sheets from the front
and back of each package (or a 900mm length from the front of each roll) be processed without
exposure and shall satisfy the above stated fog level.
7.6 INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING
All films shall be interpreted in the dry condition.
Prior to being submitted to the EMPLOYER for final acceptance the radiographs and radiographic
reports shall be accepted/rejected by the Radiographic Interpreter and reviewed by the
CONTRACTOR's Inspector and endorsed.
The radiographic report shall include the following information:-
a) Procedure number.
b) Radiographic number.
c) Job identification.
d) Date
e) Weld & welder identification
f) Radiographers name & qualifications
g) Interpreters name & qualifications
h) Strength of source
i) Sensitivity.
j) Density.
k) details of screens, technique and film type.
l) Results of examination.

TABLE 1 - REFERENCE BLOCK THICKNESS

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MATERIAL THICKNESS CALIBRATION BLOCK 'T' HOLE LOCATION

T <= 25mm 20mm T/2

25 < T <= 50mm 35mm T/4 & T/2

50 < T <= 100mm 75mm T/4 & T/2

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