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Issue: 01
Rev: 00
Date: 25/04/2014
© VAECO Training Center
Training Manual
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Lufthansa Technical Training
M15 GAS TURBINE ENGINE EJAMF
Gas Turbine Engine
MODULE 15
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
TURBINE TYPES AND COMPONENTS
The turbine provides power which is necessary to drive the engine compressor
and the accessory gear box.
The turbine extracts energy from the hot gases which come from the
combustion chamber.
There are 2 different types of turbines on gas turbine engines:
S one is the radial flow turbine and
S the other one is the axial flow turbine.
The 2 types of turbine have the same main components.
The first main component of a turbine is always a set of stationary vanes.
These vanes are named the turbine nozzle guide vanes.
The next component is a set of moving rotor blades on the turbine disc.
You can find turbines with one or more stages. Like the stages of a
compressor, a turbine stage is made up of a stator and of a rotor.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
OPERATION OF A TURBINE
The turbine converts the gas energy from the combustion chamber into torque.
The gas flow which comes from the combustion chamber must first pass
through the stationary turbine nozzle guide vanes.
The gas flow from the combustion chamber is accelerated because of the
convergent shape of the ducts between the nozzles guide vanes and deflected
towards the direction of rotation of the turbine blades.
The impact of the gas flow on the turbine rotor blades causes the turbine to
rotate. This makes the torque to drive the turbine shaft.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Figure 8 Creep
HAM US/F-4 SwD 01.04.2008 08|Turb Op Envrm/A/B1 Page 17
Lufthansa Technical Training
TURBINE SECTION EJAMF
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION Gas Turbine Engine
MODULE 15
Inserts
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Cooling Air
Holes
Fan Air
Compressor Air
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Introduction cont.
The passive clearance control method is used on some engines for the HP and
for the LP turbine.
Here the turbine cases are cooled by a continuous airflow that is not regulated.
Passive clearance control for the HP turbine uses air from the last stages of
the HP compressor as the cooling source.
This air passes through oversize bolt holes, slots and other flow passages in
the case of the HP turbine until it finally enters the gas flow path of the LP
turbine.
Passive clearance control for the LP turbine uses fan air as the cooling source.
The air is picked up at the fan discharge duct and sprayed on the LP turbine
case.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Fan Airflow
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Introduction cont.
Active clearance control systems use the same cooling air as passive
clearance control systems but they can control the quantity of air.
Many engines use fan air for the LP turbine and HP turbine.
Other engines use fan air for the LP turbine only and HP compressor bleed air
for the HP turbine.
If HP compressor bleed air is used for clearance control, it either comes from
the intermediate stages or from the last stages of the HP compressor.
In some operating conditions a mixture of cooling air from the two pick−ups is
used.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Spray Tube
Bleed Holes
HPT Cooling Tube Bleed Holes
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
CONSTRUCTION
OVERVIEW
The turbine section of a typical twin spool engine has
S a high pressure turbine (HPT),
S a low pressure turbine (LPT)
S and a turbine frame.
The high pressure turbine is surrounded by the high pressure turbine case.
The high pressure turbine rotor is fitted to the high pressure compressor rear
shaft. High pressure turbines are usually single or dual stage turbines.
The low pressure turbine is surrounded by the low pressure turbine case. The
turbine rotor is fitted to the low pressure turbine shaft. This shaft connects the
LPT rotor with the low pressure compressor rotor.
The turbine frame is behind the low pressure turbine. It carries the bearing
loads of the aft end of the low pressure turbine and transmits these loads to the
rear engine mount on the turbine frame.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
STATOR ASSEMBLY
A typical turbine stator assembly has the following components:
− the stator case,
− the nozzle guide vanes,
− sealing− and wall segments,
− and clearance control air manifolds.
The case of this high pressure turbine is bolted to the rear flange of the
combustion case. The case supports the nozzle guide vanes and the wall
segments opposite of the rotor blades.
High pressure turbine cases are usually made in 1 piece.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Wall Segments
Stage 1
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Rim
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
ROTOR ASSEMBLY
The high pressure turbine rotor is attached to the compressor rear shaft behind
the rear bearing.
The high pressure turbine rotor has the following main components:
S the turbine discs,
S the rotor blades,
S a rotating interstage seal,
S and forward and rear blade retainers.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Interstage
Seal
Rear Blade
Retainer
Forward
Blade Re-
tainer
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Interstage Seal
Blade Retainer
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Blade Retainer
Tip Shroud
TURBINE FRAME
The turbine frame is the aft major structural component of the engine. The
frame supports the turbine rotors. Depending on the engine, 1 or 2 rotors can
be supported by the frame.
The second function of the turbine frame is to provide attachment points for the
rear engine mount.
It also supports the engine exhaust components like the jet nozzle and the
exhaust cone.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Oil Supply
Line
Frame Strut
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
M15.06 GAS TURBINE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
TURBINE TYPES AND COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
OPERATION OF A TURBINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
TURBINE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
TURBINE COOLING METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
TURBINE CLEARANCE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
TURBINE CLEARANCE CONTROL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
TURBINE CLEARANCE CONTROL COMPONENTS . . 46
ACTIVE TURBINE CLEARANCE CONTROL OPERATION . . . . . .
50
CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
STATOR ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
ROTOR ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
TURBINE FRAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
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EJAMF M15.06 A E
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Turbine Types and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 36 LPT Vane Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Figure 2 Radial Flow Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 37 LPT Case Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Figure 3 Axial Flow Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 38 HPT Rotor Main Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Figure 4 Turbine Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 39 HPT Rotor Discs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 5 Impulse Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 40 HPT Rotor with Interstage Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Figure 6 Reaction Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Figure 41 HPT Rotor Blade Retainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Figure 7 Turbine Operating Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 42 HPT Rotor Blade Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Figure 8 Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 43 Different Type of HPT Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Figure 9 Opposing Factors of Turbine Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 44 Shrouded Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Figure 10 Turbine Cooling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 45 Turbine Discs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Figure 11 Convection Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Figure 46 HPT Blade Internal Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Figure 12 Impingement Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 47 Turbine Frame Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Figure 13 Film Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure 48 Turbine Frame Build Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Figure 14 HPT Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 49 Turbine Frame Struts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Figure 15 Tip Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 16 Effects of Tip Clearance Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 17 Material Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Figure 18 Relation between Engine Speed and Tip Clearance . . . . . . . 37
Figure 19 Air for Active Clearance Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 20 Tip Clearance Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 21 Passive Clearance Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figure 22 Active Clearance Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 23 Cooling Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 24 Clearance Control Valve and System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Figure 25 Diagram Tip Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Figure 26 Hydromechanical Tip Clearance Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 27 Tip Clearance Control on FADEC Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Figure 28 Turbine Section Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Figure 29 HPT Stator Assembly Main Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Figure 30 Wall Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Figure 31 HPT 1st Stage Nozzle Guide Vanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 32 HPT 2nd Stage Nozzle Guide Vanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 33 HPT Case Cooling Air Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 34 LPT Stator Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Figure 35 LPT Case Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
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