Accepted Manuscript

Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations for the discrete KP and

mKP hierarchies and their constrained cases

Jipeng Cheng, Jingsong He

PII: S1007-5704(18)30298-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2018.09.019
Reference: CNSNS 4646

To appear in: Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation

Received date: 23 August 2017

Revised date: 5 January 2018
Accepted date: 16 September 2018

Please cite this article as: Jipeng Cheng, Jingsong He, Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations for the
discrete KP and mKP hierarchies and their constrained cases, Communications in Nonlinear Science
and Numerical Simulation (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2018.09.019

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Highlights

• All the possible Miura and anti-Miura transformations between the discrete KP and discrete
modified KP hierarchies are considered. Also the corresponding constrained cases are dis-
cussed.
• All the possible auto-Backlund transformations for the discrete KP and discrete modified KP
hierarchies with their constrained cases are derived through the combination of the Miura and
anti-Miura transformations.

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• Some interesting examples are given, which shows that our results are powerful.

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MIURA AND AUTO-BÄCKLUND TRANSFORMATIONS FOR THE DISCRETE

KP AND MKP HIERARCHIES AND THEIR CONSTRAINED CASES

JIPENG CHENG†∗ , JINGSONG HE‡∗∗

† Department of Mathematics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116 , P. R. China
‡ Department of Mathematics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China

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Abstract. In this paper, the Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations for the dKP and mdKP

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hierarchies and their constrained cases are investigated. The combination of the Miura and reverse-
Miura transformations are used to derive the auto-Bäcklund transformations. Also some applications

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of above results are considered.
Keywords: the dKP and mdKP hierarchies; the cdKP and cmdKP hierarchies; Miura transforma-
tion; auto-Bäcklund transformation.
2010 MSC: 35Q51, 37K10, 37K40
PACS numbers: 02.30.Ik
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1. Introduction

The discrete Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (dKP) hierarchy [1,2], also called the differential-difference KP
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hierarchy and the semi-discrete KP hierarchy in other literatures (for example in [3,4]), is an important
research subject in the field of the discrete integrable system, which is defined by the difference operator
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∆ (see Section 2) instead of ∂x in the usual KP hierarchy [5]. Recently, many researches have been
done in this subject. For example, 1) the additional symmetry and the gauge transformation for
the dKP hierarchy and its constrained cases [4, 6–13]; 2) the squared eigenfunction symmetry (or
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the “ghost” symmetry) [14]; 3) the extended dKP hierarchy and its solutions [15]; 4) integrable
properties, symmetries, conservation laws and reductions of the dKP hierarchy [16, 17]. Another
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important discrete integrable hierarchy is the modified dKP (mdKP) hierarchy [1, 18–20], which is
gauge connected to the dKP hierarchy [18, 19] and related to the Kac-van Moerbeke systems [21, 22].
The Miura transformation [23] plays a vital role in the integrable systems, since it reveals the
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internal connections between different integrable properties such as the solution structures [23,24] and
the Hamiltonian structures [20, 25, 26]. There exist the Miura links between the q-KP and q-mKP
hierarchies [27]. The dKP and mdKP hierarchies own many similar properties to the q-deformed
case, for example, tau function [2], gauge transformation [4, 6, 19], additional symmetries [7–10] and
Hamiltonian structures [28], so the following interesting questions can be raised naturally, i.e., is

∗
Email: chengjp@mail.ustc.edu.cn and chengjp@cumt.edu.cn.
∗∗
Corresponding author. Email: hejingsong@nbu.edu.cn.
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there a Miura link between the dKP and mdKP hierarchies? How does the discrete variable n in
the dKP and mdKP hierarchies affect the Miura transformations and the corresponding solutions?
Inspired by the Miura link in the q-deformed case [27], we will establish the Miura link between the
dKP hierarchy and the mdKP hierarchy and their constrained cases, and then use the combinations
of the Miura and reverse-Miura transformations to construct the auto-Bäcklund transformations for
themselves in this paper. Moreover, the effect of the discrete variable n on these constructions will
also be discussed through the explicit examples. One important improvement in this paper is that

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the study of the Miura transformation between the dKP and mdKP hierarchies does not just use the
eigenfunctions [18, 19], but also use the adjoint eigenfunctions. Another important point is that the

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Leibniz rule of ∆ operator (see (4) in Section 2) is different from the one in the q-deformed case, which

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will bring many differences and difficulties when dealing with the discrete case.
This paper is organized in the following way. In Section 2, after brief review of the dKP and
mdKP hierarchies, the Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformation is constructed for the dKP and

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mdKP hierarchies. In Section 3, we study the Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations for the
constrained dKP and mdKP (cdKP and cmdKP) hierarchies. Section 4 and Section 5 are devoted to
the applications of Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations to the dKP and mdKP hierarchies and
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their constrained cases. At last, some conclusions and discussions are given in Section 6.

2. dKP and mdKP hierarchies

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In this section, we will firstly give a brief reviews of the dKP and mdKP hierarchies, and then
discuss the corresponding Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations. The reviews of the dKP and
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mdKP hierarchies can be found in [2, 3, 18].

Let F be an associative ring of functions defined in the way below
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F = {f (n) = f (n, t1 , t2 , · · · , tk , · · · , ); n ∈ Z, tk ∈ R} (1)

Denote Λ and ∆ be the shift and difference operators respectively, which are defined as follows:
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Λ(f (n)) = f (n + 1), ∆(f (n)) = f (n + 1) − f (n) = (Λ − 1)(f (n)) (2)

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Then there is an associate ring F (∆) of formal pseudo difference operators (PDO):
nX o
F (∆) = fj (n)∆j , fj (n) ∈ F, n ∈ Z (3)
j∞

with the multiplication of the difference operator and the function operators obeying the Leibniz rule
below:
∞  
X  
j j j j(j − 1) · · · (j − i + 1)
∆ f= ∆i (f (n + j − i))∆j−i , = (4)
i i i!
i=0
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P j
Here for A = j∞ fj (n)∆ ∈ F (∆) and f ∈ F , the symbol Af (or A · f ) will denote the operator
product of A and f , whereas the symbol A(f ) will indicate the action of A on f . What’s more, other
symbols maybe used is listed below.
X X
A≥k = fj ∆j , A<k = fj ∆j , A[k] = fk . (5)
j≥k j<k

The dKP hierarchy is defined as the following Lax equation

∂tk LdKP = [(LkdKP )≥0 , LdKP ]

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(6)

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with the Lax operator given by

LdKP = ∆ + u + u1 ∆−1 + u2 ∆−2 + u3 ∆−3 + · · ·

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(7)

If we eliminate u1 , u2 , · · · from (6), the remaining equation for the function u is

 

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∆ ut2 + 2ut1 − 2uut1 = (2 + ∆)ut1 t1

which is the dKP equation [3, 18]. The eigenfunction Φ and adjoint eigenfunction Φ̄ of the dKP
(8)
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hierarchy are defined as follows
   ∗
∂tk Φ = LkdKP (Φ), ∂tk Φ̄ = − LkdKP (Φ̄). (9)
≥0 ≥0
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The dKP hierarchy can also be expressed in terms of dressing operator, that is,

LKP = W ∆W −1 (10)
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where the dressing operator W is given by

W = 1 + w1 ∆−1 + w2 ∆−2 + · · · (11)

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and satisfies
   
∂tk W = − LkdKP W = − W ∆k W −1
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W (12)
<0 <0

Another important discrete integrable hierarchy is the mdKP hierarchy, which is defined through
the following Lax operator
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LmdKP = v∆ + v0 + v1 ∆−1 + v2 ∆−2 + · · · , (13)

satisfying
∂tk LmdKP = [(LkmdKP )≥1 , LmdKP ] (14)

Also by eliminating v0 , v1 , · · · from (14), the remaining equation is the mdKP equation

vt2 = vt1 t1 − 2vvt1 + 2v∆−1 (lnv)t1 t1 + 2vt1 ∆−1 (lnv)t1 (15)

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which is equivalent to the (2 + 1) dimensional Kac-van Moerbeke system [18,21,22]. The eigenfunction
Ψ and the adjoint eigenfunction Ψ̄ satisfy the identities below,
   ∗
∂tk Ψ = LkmdKP (Ψ), ∂tk Ψ̄ = LkmdKP (Ψ̄). (16)
≥1 ≥1

Similar to the case of the dKP hierarchy, the dressing operator for the mdKP hierarchy is defined by

LmdKP = Z∆Z −1 (17)

where Z is given by

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Z = z0 + z1 ∆−1 + z2 ∆−2 + · · · (z0−1 exists) (18)

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Then the Lax equation (14) is equivalent to
   

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∂tk Z = − LkmdKP Z = − Z∆n Z −1 Z. (19)
≤0 ≤0

In this paper, the Miura transformation is the one from the solution Z of the mdKP hierarchy to

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the solution W of the dKP hierarchy. And the inverse transformation is called the reverse-Miura
transformation. On the other hand, the transformation converting Z to Z 0 , or W to W 0 is called the
auto-Bäcklund transformation.
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Lemma 1. For any pseudo-difference operator A ∈ F (∆) and arbitrary functions Φ, Φ̄ ∈ F , one has
the following identities:
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(1) (Φ−1 AΦ)≥1 = Φ−1 A≥0 Φ − Φ−1 · A≥0 (Φ),

(2) (∆−1 Φ̄ · A · Φ̄−1 ∆)≥1 = ∆−1 Φ̄ · A≥0 · Φ̄−1 ∆ − ∆−1 · A∗≥0 (Φ̄) · Φ̄−1 ∆.
ED

Proof. The first identity can be derived in the following way,

(Φ−1 AΦ)≥1 = (Φ−1 A≥0 Φ)≥1 = (Φ−1 A≥0 Φ)≥0 − (Φ−1 A≥0 Φ)[0]
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= Φ−1 A≥0 Φ − Φ−1 A≥0 (Φ).

As for the second one, according to (∆−1 B≥0 )<0 = ∆−1 · (B≥0
∗ ) ,
[0]
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(∆−1 Φ̄ · A · Φ̄−1 ∆)≥1 = (∆−1 Φ̄ · A≥0 · Φ̄−1 )≥0 · ∆

= ∆−1 Φ̄ · A≥0 · Φ̄−1 ∆ − (∆−1 Φ̄ · A≥0 · Φ̄−1 )<0 · ∆

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= ∆−1 Φ̄ · A≥0 · Φ̄−1 ∆ − ∆−1 · A∗≥0 (Φ̄) · Φ̄−1 ∆.

Proposition 2. There are two kinds of elementary reverse-Miura transformations dKP→ mdKP,
that is, let L be the Lax operator of the dKP hierarchy, and Φ and Φ̄ be the eigenfunction and the
adjoint eigenfunction of the dKP hierarchy respectively, then (1) L̃ = Tm (Φ)LTm (Φ)−1 or (2)L̃ =
Tn (Φ̄)LTn (Φ̄)−1 , with Tm (Φ) = Φ−1 and Tn (Φ̄) = ∆−1 Φ̄, satisfy ∂tk L̃ = [(L̃)k≥1 , L̃].
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Proof. For the first case, according to the first identity in Lemma 1

∂tk L̃ = −∂tk Φ · Φ−2 LΦ + Φ−1 ∂tk LΦ + Φ−1 L∂tk Φ

= [−(Lk )≥0 (Φ) · Φ−1 + Φ−1 (Lk )≥0 Φ, Φ−1 LΦ] = [(L̃)k≥1 , L̃]

As for the second case,

∂tk L̃ = ∆−1 ∂tk Φ̄ · L · Φ̄−1 ∆ + ∆−1 Φ̄ · ∂tk L · Φ̄−1 ∆ − ∆−1 Φ̄ · L · Φ̄−2 ∂tk Φ̄∆
 ∗
= [∆−1 Φ̄ · Lk≥0 · Φ̄−1 ∆ − ∆−1 · Lk≥0 (Φ̄) · Φ̄−1 ∆, ∆−1 Φ̄ · L · Φ̄−1 ∆] = [(L̃)k≥1 , L̃],

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where the second identity in Lemma 1 is used. 

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Corollary 3. Assume W, Φ1 , Φ̄1 be the dressing operator, eigenfunction, adjoint eigenfunction of the

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dKP hierarchy respectively, and Z, Ψ, Ψ̄ be the ones for the mdKP hierarchy respectively, then under
the reverse-Miura transformation,
m m m
(1) W −→ Z = Φ−1 W , Φ1 −→ Ψ = Φ−1 Φ1 , Φ̄1 −→ Ψ̄ = ΦΦ̄1 ;
n
→ Z = ∆−1 Φ̄∆, Φ1 −
(2) W −
n
→ Ψ = ∆−1 (Φ̄Φ1 ), Φ̄1 −
US n
→ Ψ̄ = ∆Λ−1 (Φ̄−1 Φ̄1 ).

The results in Corollary 3 are summarized in Table I.

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Table I. Reverse-Miura transformation dKP→ mdKP
W →Z Z= T = Ψ= Ψ̄ =
m Φ−1 W Φ−1 Φ−1 Φ1 ΦΦ̄1
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n ∆−1 Φ̄W ∆ ∆−1 Φ̄ ∆−1 (Φ̄Φ1 ) ∆Λ−1 (Φ̄−1 Φ̄1 )

Proposition 4. There are two kinds of elementary Miura transformations mdKP→ dKP, that is,
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assume Z be the dressing operator of the mdKP hierarchy, and z0 be the coefficient of ∆0 -term in Z,
then (1) µ case: W = z0−1 Z or (2) ν case: W = Λ(z0−1 )∆Z∆−1 , satisfy ∂tk W = −(W ∆k W −1 )<0 W ,
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i.e., W is the dressing operator of the dKP hierarchy.

Proof. (1)Firstly, we need to show that z0−1 is the eigenfunction of the dKP hierarchy in µ case. Since
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−(Z∆k Z −1 )≤0 Z = −(z0 W ∆k W −1 z0−1 )≤0 z0 W

= −z0 (W ∆k W −1 )<0 W − z0 (W ∆k W −1 )≥0 (z0−1 ) · z0 W,

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where the first identity in Lemma 1 is used, thus the ∆0 -term of (19) will lead to

∂tk z0 = −z02 (W ∆k W −1 )≥0 (z0−1 ) (20)

that is
∂tk (z0−1 ) = (W ∆k W −1 )≥0 (z0−1 ) (21)
Then according to (21)

∂tk W = ∂tk (z0−1 Z) = ∂tk (z0−1 ) · Z + z0−1 · ∂tk Z

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= (W ∆k W −1 )≥0 (z0−1 ) · Z − z0−1 (Z∆k Z −1 )≤0 Z

= (W ∆k W −1 )≥0 (z0−1 ) · Z − z0−1 (z0 W ∆k W −1 z0−1 )≤0 Z

= (W ∆k W −1 )≥0 (z0−1 ) · Z − (W ∆k W −1 )<0 z0−1 Z − (W ∆k W −1 )+ (z0−1 ) · Z

= −(W ∆k W −1 )<0 W

where the first identity in Lemma 1 is also used.

(2)ν case. According to the second identity in Lemma 1

T
−(Z∆k Z −1 )≤0 Z = −(∆−1 · Λ(z0 )W ∆k W −1 Λ(z0−1 ) · ∆)≤0 ∆−1 · Λ(z0 )W ∆

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= −∆−1 · Λ(z0 )(W ∆k W −1 )<0 W ∆ − ∆−1 · (W ∆k W −1 )∗≥0 (Λ(z0 ))W ∆,

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Therefore from the ∆0 -term of (19), one can derive
 
∂tk z0 = −Λ−1 (W ∆k W −1 )∗≥0 (Λ(z0 )) , (22)

that is US
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∂tk (Λ(z0 )) = −(W ∆k W −1 )∗≥0 (Λ(z0 )), (23)

i.e.,Λ(z0 ) is the adjoint eigenfunction of the dKP hierarchy. Then by the second identity in Lemma 1,
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∂tk W = ∂tk (Λ(z0−1 )∆Z∆−1 ) = ∂tk (Λ(z0−1 )) · ∆Z∆−1 + Λ(z0−1 )∆ · ∂tk Z · ∆−1

= Λ(z0−2 ) · (W ∆k W −1 )∗≥0 (Λ(z0 )) · ∆Z∆−1 − Λ(z0−1 )∆ · (Z∆k Z −1 )≤0 Z · ∆−1

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= Λ(z0−2 ) · (W ∆k W −1 )∗≥0 (Λ(z0 )) · ∆Z∆−1

−Λ(z0−1 )∆ · (∆−1 Λ(z0 )W ∆k W −1 Λ(z0−1 )∆)≤0 Z · ∆−1

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= Λ(z0−2 ) · (W ∆k W −1 )∗≥0 (Λ(z0 )) · ∆Z∆−1 − (W ∆k W −1 )<0 · Λ(z0−1 )∆Z∆−1

−Λ(z0−1 ) · (W ∆k W −1 )∗≥0 (Λ(z0 )) · Λ(z0−1 )∆Z∆−1

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= −(W ∂ k W −1 )<0 W


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Corollary 5. Assume Ψ, Ψ̄ be the eigenfunction and adjoint eigenfunction for the mdKP hierarchy
respectively, and Φ, Φ̄ be the ones of the dKP hierarchy respectively, then under the Miura transfor-
mation,
µ µ
→ Φ = z0−1 Ψ, Ψ̄ −
(1) Ψ − → Φ̄ = z0 Ψ̄;
ν ν
→ Φ = Λ(z0−1 )∆(Ψ), Ψ̄ −
(2) Ψ − → Φ̄ = Λ(z0 ∆−1 (Ψ̄)).

We collect the results in Proposition 4 and Corrollary 5 in Table II.

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Table II. Miura transformation mdKP → dKP

Z→W W = T = Φ= Φ̄ =
µ z0−1 Z z0−1 z0−1 Ψ z0 Ψ̄
ν Λ(z0−1 )∆Z∆−1 Λ(z0−1 )∆ Λ(z0−1 )∆(Ψ) Λ(z0 ∆−1 (Ψ̄))
We put together various elementary Miura and reverse-Miura transformations to get the elementary
reverse−M iura M iura
auto-Bäcklund transformations in Tables III and IV, through W −−−−−−−−−−→ Z −−−−→ W 0 and
M iura reverse−M iura
Z −−−−→ W −−−−−−−−−−→ Z 0 .

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Table III. Auto-Bäcklund transformations dKP → dKP
W → W0 W0 = T = Φ01 = Φ̄01 =

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m followed by µ W 1 Φ1 Φ̄1
n followed by µ Λ−1 (Φ̄−1 )∆−1 Φ̄W ∆ Λ−1 (Φ̄−1 )∆−1 Φ̄ ∆−1 (Φ̄Φ1 )/Λ−1 (Φ̄) Λ−1 (Φ̄) · ∆Λ−1 (Φ̄1 /Φ̄)
m followed by ν Λ(Φ)∆Φ−1 W ∆−1 Λ(Φ)∆Φ−1 Λ(Φ) · ∆(Φ1 /Φ) Λ(∆−1 (ΦΦ1 )/Φ)
n followed by ν W 1
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Table IV. Auto-Bäcklund transformations mdKP → mdKP
Φ1 Φ̄1
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Z → Z0 Z0 = T = Ψ01 = Ψ̄01 =
µ followed by m Ψ−1 Z Ψ−1 Ψ−1 Ψ1 ΨΨ̄1
ν followed by m ∆(Ψ)−1 ∆Z∆−1 ∆(Ψ)−1 ∆ ∆(Ψ1 )/∆(Ψ) ∆(Ψ) · Λ∆−1 (Ψ̄1 )
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µ followed by n ∆−1 Ψ̄Z∆ ∆−1 Ψ̄ ∆−1 (Ψ̄Ψ1 ) ∆Λ(Ψ̄1 /Ψ̄)

ν followed by n ∆−1 · Λ∆−1 (Ψ̄) · ∆Z ∆−1 · Λ∆−1 (Ψ̄) ·∆ Ψ1 ∆−1 (Ψ̄) ∆Λ−1 (Λ∆−1 (Ψ̄1 )
ED

−∆(Ψ1 Λ(Ψ̄)) /Λ∆−1 (Ψ̄))

Remark 1: Denote Tµm means the T derived through µ followed by m, and the others are the same.
Since 1 is one eigenfunction for the mdKP hierarchy, thus one have
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T1 = Tνm Tµm (Ψ)(1) Tµm (Ψ) = ∆(Ψ−1 )−1 · ∆Ψ−1 , (24)
 
T2 = Tµm Tµn (Ψ̄)(1) Tµn (Ψ̄) = ∆−1 (Ψ̄)−1 · ∆−1 Ψ̄, (25)
CE

where are derived in [19].

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3. cdKP and cmdKP hierarchies

The cdKP hierarchy is defined through by restricting the Lax operator of the dKP hierarchy to the
following form:
LcdKP = ∆N + uN −1 ∆N −1 + · · · + u1 ∆ + u0 + Φ∆−1 Φ̄ (26)

which satisfies
 
k/N
∂tk LcdKP = [ LcdKP , LcdKP ]
≥0
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   ∗
k/N k/N
∂tk Φ = LcdKP (Φ), ∂tk Φ̄ = − LcdKP (Φ̄) (27)
≥0 ≥0

The Lax operator of the cmdKP hierarchy is defined by

LcmdKP = vN ∆N + vN −1 ∆N −1 + · · · + v1 ∆ + v0 + ∆−1 Ψ̄, (28)

whose involution equation is describe by

 
k/N
∂tk LcmdKP = [ LcmdKP , LcmdKP ] (29)

T
≥1
 ∗
k/N
∂tk Ψ̄ = − LcmdKP (Ψ̄) (30)

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≥1

In the last Section, we present the Miura and reverse-Miura transformations for the dKP and mdKP

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hierarchies. Now it is natural to ask whether there are similar transformations for the constrained
cases. The crucial point is that the corresponding transformations must keep the forms of the Lax
operators for the cdKP and cmdKP hierarchies.
In fact, according to (A≥0 f )[0] = A≥0 (f ),

Tm (Φ)LcdKP Tm (Φ)−1
US
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= Φ−1 (LcdKP )≥0 Φ + Φ−1 · (Φ∆−1 Φ̄) · Φ

= Φ−1 ΛN (Φ) · ∆N + · · · + (lnΦ)tN + ∆−1 Φ̄Φ

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has the form of the Lax operator for the cmdKP hierarchy with

vN = Φ−1 ΛN (Φ), v0 = (lnΦ)tN , Ψ̄ = ΦΦ̄.

ED

(31)


Similarly by (∆−1 A≥0 ∆)[0] = Λ−1 (A∗≥0 )[0] , which can be derived through a direct computation, and
(∆−1 A≥0 )<0 = ∆−1 · (A∗≥0 )[0] ,
PT

Tn (Φ)LcdKP Tn (Φ)−1



CE

= ∆−1 Φ̄(LcdKP )≥0 Φ̄−1 ∆ + ∆−1 Φ̄(LcdKP )≥0 Φ̄−1 ∆ <0 + ∆−1 Φ̄ · Φ∆−1 Φ̄ · Φ̄−1 ∆
≥0
 
 
= Λ−1 (Φ̄ΛN (Φ̄−1 )) · ∆N + · · · − Λ−1 (lnΦ̄)tN + ∆−1 Λ−1 ∆ lnΦ̄ t + Φ̄Φ
N
AC

still has the form of (28) with



vN = Λ−1 (Φ̄ΛN (Φ̄−1 )), v0 = −Λ−1 (lnΦ̄)tN , Ψ̄ = Λ−1 ∆ lnΦ̄ tN
+ Φ̄Φ. (32)

These results are collected into Table V. Note that the ∆N -term of the both side of (29) gives

ln(vN )tN = (ΛN − 1)v0 . (33)

Therefore (31) and (32) provide a consistent check.

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Table V. Reverse-Miura transformation cdKP→ cmdKP

LcdKP → LcmdKP T = v0 = Ψ̄ =
m Φ−1 (lnΦ)tN ΦΦ̄


n ∆−1 Φ̄ −Λ−1 (lnΦ̄)tN Λ−1 ∆ lnΦ̄ t + Φ̄Φ
N

On the other hand, for the Miura transformation, we have

Tµ LcmdKP Tµ−1 = z0−1 (LcmdKP )+ z0 + z0−1 ∆−1 Ψ̄z0

T
and

IP
Tν LcmdKP Tν−1

= (Λ(z0−1 )∆LcmdKP ∆−1 Λ(z0 ))≥0 + (Λ(z0−1 )∆(LcmdKP )≤0 ∆−1 Λ(z0 ))<0

CR
 
= (Λ(z0−1 )∆LcmdKP ∆−1 Λ(z0 ))≥0 + Λ(z0−1 )∆(v0 + ∆−1 Ψ)∆−1 Λ(z0 )
<0
 
−1 −1 −1 −1
= (Λ(z0 )∆LcmdKP ∆ Λ(z0 ))≥0 + Λ(z0 ) ∆(v0 ) + Ψ ∆ Λ(z0 ),

US
which preserve the form of the Lax operator of the cdKP hierarchy. We summarize these results in
Table VI.
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Table VI. Miura transformation cmdKP→ cdKP
LcmdKP → LcdKP T = Φ= Φ̄ =
µ z0−1 z0−1 z0 Ψ̄
M

ν Λ(z0−1 )∆ Λ(z0−1 )(∆(v0 ) + Ψ̄) Λ(z0 )

reverse−M iura M iura M iura reverse−M iura
Then LcdKP −−−−−−−−−−→ LcmdKP −−−−→ L0cdKP and LcmdKP −−−−→ LcdKP −−−−−−−−−−→
ED

L0cmdKP give the auto-Bäcklund transformations for the cdKP and cmdKP hierarchies. These re-
sults are summarized in Table VII and VIII.
Table VII. Auto-Bäcklund transformations cdKP → cdKP
PT

LcdKP → L0cdKP T = Φ0 = Φ̄0 =

m followed by µ 1 Φ Φ̄
CE

n followed by µ Λ−1 (Φ̄−1 )∆−1 Φ̄ Λ−1 (Φ̄−1 ) Λ−1 (Φ̄)(Φ̄Φ + Λ−1 ∆(lnΦ̄)tN )
m followed by ν Λ(Φ)∆Φ−1 Λ(Φ) · (ΦΦ̄ + ∆(lnΦ)tN ) Λ(Φ−1 )
AC

n followed by ν 1 Φ Φ̄

Table VIII. Auto-Bäcklund transformations cmdKP → cmdKP

LcmdKP → L0cmdKP T = v00 = Ψ̄0 =
µ followed by m 1 v0 Ψ̄
ν followed by m (Ψ̄ + ∆(v0 ))−1 ∆ Λ(v0 ) + ln(∆(v0 ) + Ψ̄)tN ∆(v0 ) + Ψ̄
µ followed by n ∆−1 Ψ̄ Λ−1 (v 0) − Λ−1 (lnΨ̄)tN Ψ̄ + Λ−1 ∆(lnΨ̄)tN − Λ−1 ∆(v0 )
ν followed by n 1 v0 Ψ̄
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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

In Table VIII, the following fact is used.

ln(z0 )tN = −v0 , (34)

which can be derived by the ∆0 -term of the both sides in (19).

Remark 2: Different from the case of the mdKP hierarchy in Table IV , there are only two nontrivial
auto-Bäcklund transformations for the cmdKP hierarchy in Table VIII, since the choices of Φ and Φ̄
for the reverse-Miura transformation in Table V is unique due to keeping the form of (28). And this

T
implies that the m-transformation is inverse of the µ-transformation and vice versa. Similar statement
holds for the n-transformation and ν-transformation.

IP
Remark 3: The factor (Ψ̄ + ∆(v0 ))−1 in Table VIII can be expressed as (∆(Ψ))−1 , where Ψ ≡
∆−1 (Ψ̄) + v0 is the eigenfunction of the cmdKP hierarchy, that is,

CR
∂tk Ψ = Bk (Ψ). (35)
 
k/N
with LcmdKP
≥1

∂tk v0 = Bk , LcmdKP
i US
= Bk . In fact from (29), one has
h h
= Bk , ∆−1 Ψ̄ + v0
i
AN
[0] [0]
−1

−1


= Bk ∆ Ψ̄ [0] + (Bk v0 )[0] − ∆ Ψ̄Bk [0]

= Bk ∆−1 (Ψ̄) + Bk (v0 ) + (∆−1 · Bk∗ )(Ψ̄)

M

= Bk ∆−1 (Ψ̄) + v0 − ∆−1 (∂tk Ψ̄),

which is just (35). Here (∆−1 A≥0 ∆)[0] = Λ−1 (A∗≥0 )[0] is used.
ED

4. Applications to the dKP and mdKP hierarchies

In this section, we will consider the applications of the Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations
PT

to the dKP and mdKP hierarchies.

According to (10) and (17), one can express coefficients in LdKP and LmdKP in terms of the dressing
CE

operators W and Z,

u = −∆(w1 ), u1 = −∆(w1 ) − ∆(w2 ) + w1 ∆(w1 ), · · · (36)

AC

v = z0 /Λ(z0 ), v0 = z0 /Λ(z0 ) − 1 − ∆(z1 /z0 ), · · · . (37)

Then under the Miura transformation of µ type, one can get w1 = z1 /z0 . Further by (36) and (37)

u = −∆(w1 ) = −∆(z1 /z0 ) = v0 − v + 1. (38)

So at last according to the following relation

∂t1 v = v∆(v0 ), (39)

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

which is derived from the Lax equation (14) of the mdKP hierarchy, one can get the Miura transfor-
mation of µ type
u = ∆−1 (vt1 /v) − v + 1 (40)
As for the Miura transformation of ν type, one has w1 = Λ(z0−1 )∆(z0 ) + Λ(z1 /z0 ) = 1 − z0 /Λ(z0 ) +
Λ(z1 /z0 ). Through (36) (37) and (39),

u = −∆(w1 ) = ∆(v) − Λ∆(z1 /z0 )

= ∆(v) + Λ(v0 − v + 1)

T
= −v + 1 + Λ(v0 )

IP
= Λ∆−1 (vt1 /v) − v + 1 (41)

CR
(40) and (41) are the Miura transformations from the mdKP equation (8) to the dKP equation
(15).
Next we consider the sequence of Miura and reverse-Miura transformations, starting from the
vacuum solution W = 1 and according to Table I and II
m
W = 1 −→ Z = Φ−1 −
ν
US
→ W 0 = Λ(Φ)∆Φ−1 ∆−1 −→
m
AN
 −1
ν
Z 0 = ∆(Φ−1 Φ1 ) · ∆Φ−1 ∆−1 −→
   −1
W 00 = Λ Λ(Φ) · ∆(Φ−1 Φ1 ) ∆ · ∆(Φ−1 Φ1 ) · ∆Φ−1 ∆−2 (42)
M

where Φ and Φ1 are the eigenfunctions of the dKP hierarchy corresponding to W = 1. (42) contains
the following sequence as a subset:
ED

m ν m
u = 0 −→ v = Λ(Φ)/Φ − → u0 = ∆(Λ(Φ)/Φ) −→
   
ν
v 0 = Λ Λ(Φ) · ∆(Φ−1 Φ1 ) / Λ(Φ) · ∆(Φ−1 Φ1 ) −→
PT

u00 = ∆(v 0 ) + Λ∆(Λ(Φ)/Φ). (43)

Here (36) and (37) are used.

CE

We next discuss the eigenfunctions Φ of the dKP hierarchy corresponding to W = 1, according to

the evolution equation (9), that is,

∂tk Φ = ∆k (Φ),
AC

k = 1, 2, · · · (44)

which can be generally solved by

Z Z
Φ= dλ ∧ dλ̄g(λ, λ̄)(1 + λ)n eξ(λ,t) (45)
C

with ξ(λ, t) = λt1 + λ2 t2 + λ3 t3 + · · · and g(λ, λ̄) is arbitraty function. The special form of (45) will
be used next, that is,
X
Φ= gi (1 + λi )n eξ(λi ,t) (46)
i
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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Now we choose a specific eigenfunction

Φ = (1 + p)n eξ(p,t) + d(1 + q)n eξ(q,t) (47)

By substituting (47) into (43), one can obtain

p−q
v =1+q+  n (48)
1+q
1+d 1+p eξ(q,t)−ξ(p,t)

which is a solution for the mdKP equation (15), and

T
(p − q)2
u0 =   n   n  (49)

IP
1+p 1+p 1+q
1+q+ d 1+q e−ξ(q,t)+ξ(p,t) 1 + d 1+p eξ(q,t)−ξ(p,t)

which is a solution for the dKP equation (8).

CR
5. Applications to the cdKP and cmdKP hierarchies

US
The applications of the Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations to the cdKP and cmdKP hier-
archies are considered in this section. Here we only consider the simplest case, that is, (26) and (28)
for N = 1.
AN
For N = 1, the Lax operator (26) of the cdKP hierarchy is given by

LcdKP = ∆ + u0 + Φ∆−1 Φ̄ (50)

M

The first two nontrivial flows are

u0t1 = ∆(ΦΛ−1 (Φ̄))

ED

Φt1 = ∆(Φ) + u0 Φ

Φ̄t1 = ∆Λ−1 (Φ̄) − u0 Φ̄ (51)

PT

and
 
u0t2 = ∆2 + 2u0 ∆ + ∆(u0 )∆ + u0 + ∆(u0 ) − Λ−1 (u0 ) (ΦΛ−1 (Φ̄))
CE

 
− 2∆ + ∆2 (ΦΛ−2 ∆(Φ̄))
 
Φt2 = ∆(u0 ) + u20 + 2ΦΛ−1 (Φ̄) + ∆(ΦΛ−1 (Φ̄)) (Φ)
AC

 
+∆2 (Φ) + 2u0 + ∆(u0 ) ∆(Φ)
 
Φ̄t2 = − ∆(u0 ) + u20 + 2ΦΛ−1 (Φ̄) + ∆(ΦΛ−1 (Φ̄)) (Φ̄)
 
−∆2 Λ−2 (Φ̄) + ∆Λ−1 (2u0 + ∆(u0 ))(Φ̄) (52)

On the other hand, the Lax operator of cmdKP hierarchy for N = 1 is given by

LcmdKP = v1 ∆ + v0 + ∆−1 Ψ̄ (53)

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

The corresponding first two flows are

v1t1 = v1 ∆(v0 )

v0t1 = v1 ∆(v0 ) + ∆Λ−1 (v1 Ψ̄)

Ψ̄t1 = ∆Λ−1 (v1 Ψ̄) (54)

and

T
v1t2 = v1 Λ(v1 ) · Λ∆(v0 ) + v1 Λ(v1 Ψ̄) − v12 Λ(v0 ) + v1 Λ(v02 ) + v12 v0 − v1 v02 − v1 Λ−1 (v1 Ψ̄)
  

IP
v0t2 = v1 Λ(v1 )∆2 (v0 ) + v1 Λ(v1 )∆(Ψ̄) + v1 ∆(v1 ) + v1 Λ(v0 ) + v1 v0 ∆(v0 ) + Ψ̄
   

CR
Λ−2 ∆ Ψ̄v1 Λ(v1 ) − Λ−1 Ψ̄(v1 ∆(v1 ) + v1 Λ(v0 ) + v1 v0 )
 
Ψ̄t2 = −Λ−2 ∆2 (v1 Ψ̄Λ(v1 )) + Λ−1 ∆ Ψ̄(v1 ∆(v1 ) + v1 Λ(v0 ) + v1 v0 ) (55)

US
We next starting from the trivial eigenfunction Φ = 0 of the dKP hierarchy and u0 = 0. Then by
(27) the adjoint eigenfunction Φ̄ satisfies
AN
∂tk Φ̄ = (−1)k+1 Λ−k ∆k (Φ̄) (56)

which has the general solution given by

M

Z Z
Φ̄ = dλ ∧ dλ̄g(λ, λ̄)(1 + λ̄)−n e−ξ(λ̄,t) . (57)
C
ED

Here we only used the special form of the adjoint eigenfunction, which is
X
Φ̄ = gi (1 + λi )−n e−ξ(λi ,t) . (58)
i
PT

If we choose a specific form of the adjoint eigenfunction

CE

Φ̄ = (1 + p)−n e−ξ(p,t) + d(1 + q)−n e−ξ(q,t) , (59)

then by using the reverse-Miura transformation n listed in Table V and (32),

AC

p−q
v1 = 1 + q +  n , (60)
1+p
1+d 1+q eξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)
p−q
v0 = q +  n−1 , (61)
1 + d 1+p
1+q eξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)

(1+q) n
(q − p)2 deξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t) (1+p) n−1
Ψ̄ =   n    n−1 , (62)
1+p ξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t) 1+p ξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)
1 + d 1+q e 1 + d 1+q e
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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

which are solutions of (54) and (55). Further by the Miura transformation µ listed in Table VI or the
auto-Bäcklund transformation derived through n followed by µ in Table VII,

(1+q) n
(q − p)2 deξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t) (1+p) n−1
u00 =   n    n−1 , (63)
1+p ξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t) 1+p ξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)
1 + d 1+q e 1 + d 1+q e

eξ(p,t) (1 + p)−n+1
Φ0 =  n−1 , (64)
1 + d 1+p e ξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)

T
1+q

(q − p)2 de−ξ(q,t) (1 + q)−n

Φ̄0 =

IP
 n , (65)
1 + d 1+p
1+q eξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)

CR
which are solutions for (51) and (52). Here u00 is derived by (38) with u = u0 and v = v1 .
Next, since v1 and u00 vanish in the classical case, thus here we only analyse the effects of the discrete
variable n in the solutions of v0 , Ψ̄, Φ0 and Φ̄0 , whose corresponding values in the classical case are
shown below [26],

p−q
US 2 ξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)
ˆ = (q − p) de
AN
v̂0 = q + , Ψ̄
2 , (66)
1 + deξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t) 1 + deξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)
eξ(p,t) 2 −ξ(q,t)
Φ̂0 = , ˆ 0 = (q − p) de
Φ̄ . (67)
1 + deξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t) 1 + deξ(p,t)−ξ(q,t)
M

6. Conclusions and Discussions

ED

Elementary reverse-Miura and Miura transformations between dKP and mdKP hierarchies are given
in Table I and II. The compositions of the reverse-Miura and Miura transformations, leading to the
basic auto-Bäcklund transformations for the dKP and mdKP hierarchies, are showed in Table III
PT

and IV. The corresponding Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations for the constrained cases are
presented in Table V-VIII. The examples of Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations are listed in
CE

Section 4 and Section 5. And analysis of the discrete effect in the solutions are done in Section 5.
These results show that there indeed exists the Miura link between the dKP and mdKP hierarchies,
which indicates that the structure of the Miura link is ubiquitous in the integrable system. Compared
AC

to the usual KP and mKP hierarchies [26, 29, 30], the different Leibniz rule (4) of ∆ operator brings
many differences to the construction of the Miura and auto-Bäcklund transformations for the dKP
and mdKP hierarchies, for example, the existences of u-term in LdKP (7), v∆-term in LmdKP (13)
and Λ in T (see Table I-VIII), which are the discrete effects. What’s more, for example, the terms
 n  n
1+q 1+p
1+p and 1+q in the solutions of (48) and (49) are also the effects of the discrete variable n.
Acknowledgements: This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Uni-
versities (Grant No. 2012QNA45).
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M
ED
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CE
AC

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