Applied Mathematics Letters 106 (2020) 106350

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Applied Mathematics Letters

www.elsevier.com/locate/aml

A super Sawada–Kotera hierarchy

Bin-Fang Gao a , Q.P. Liu b ,∗, Kai Tian b
a
Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Shanxi University of Finance and
Economics, Taiyuan, 030006, People’s Republic of China
b
Department of Mathematics, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, People’s
Republic of China

article info abstract

Article history:
Received 17 February 2020
Accepted 18 March 2020
Available online 27 March 2020
Keywords:
Bi-Hamiltonian structure
Lax representation
Super integrable systems
In this paper, a super extension of Sawada–Kotera hierarchy is proposed. This
hierarchy is derived by considering a third order Lax operator with a weakly non-
local term. Bi-Hamiltonian structure is constructed for the super Sawada–Kotera
hierarchy.
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

The following fifth-order evolution equation

ut = u5x + 5uu3x + 5ux u2x + 5u2 ux (1)

made its first appearance more than four decades ago. In fact, this equation was proposed by Sawada and
Kotera [1], also by Caudrey, Dodd and Gibbon [2] independently, so it is referred to as the Sawada–Kotera
(SK) or Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon–Sawada–Kotera (CDGSK) equation in the literature. Much research on SK
equation has been implemented and a larger number of integrable properties have been established. We
mention that its Lax pair, Bäcklund transformation and infinitely many conserved quantities were obtained
in [3,4] shortly after its discovery, its bi-Hamiltonian structure was established by Fuchssteiner and Oevel [5],
a Darboux transformation was constructed by Levi and Ragnisco [6] and a nonlinear superposition formula
was built by Hu and Li [7]. For more results on SK equation, we refer to [8–16] and the references therein.
It is well known that for a large number of classical integrable systems, the corresponding super
and supersymmetric extensions have been constructed and studied. Supersymmetric sine-Gordon equa-
tion [17], supersymmetric Liouville equation [18], supersymmetric two-dimensional Toda lattice [19], super

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: qpl@cumtb.edu.cn (Q.P. Liu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2020.106350
0893-9659/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 B.-F. Gao, Q.P. Liu and K. Tian / Applied Mathematics Letters 106 (2020) 106350

or supersymmetric KdV equations [20–22], supersymmteric KP hierarchy [21], supersymmetric nonlinear

Schrödinger equation [23], supersymmetric two-boson system [24], supersymmetric Harry Dym equations
[25,26], super Camassa–Holm equations [27,28], among many others, are some examples. Accordingly, various
methods in the theory of classical integrable systems have been generalized to the super cases. Among
them are the AKNS scheme [29,30], prolongation structures [31], bi-Hamiltonian structures [32–35], the
Darboux–Bäcklund transformations [36,37], the bilinear approach [38–40], etc.
This paper is concerned with super extensions of the SK equation (1). To the best of our knowledge, there
exist three super SK equations up to now and they are all invariant under a supersymmetric transformation.
Carstea [39], based on Hirota bilinear form, proposed a supersymmetric SK equation, but its integrability
is not known. Two of the authors found the second supersymmetric SK equation which possesses a simple
Lax form and constructed its recursion operator and infinitely many conserved densities [41]. The third one,
decoupled as a triangle system, resulted from a symmetry classification [42]. In the present paper, we derive
a super extension of the SK hierarchy in which one of the flow equations is
{
9ut = − u5x − 5(uu2x )x − 5ux u2 + 10ξ4x ξ + 5ξ3x ξx − 10ξ(uξx )x ,
(2)
9ξt =9ξ5x + 15ξ3x u + 15ξ2x ux + 10ξx u2x + 5ξx u2 ,

where u = u(x, t) is a bosonic (even) variable, ξ = ξ(x, t) is a fermionic (odd) one and ukx denotes the kth
order partial derivative of u with respect to spatial variable x. It is easily checked that this system is not
supersymmetric, so it differs from the other known super SK equations mentioned above. When ξ vanishes,
(2) reduces to the SK equation (1) up to a scale transformation. As one of important properties for most
integrable systems, the bi-Hamiltonian structure of super SK hierarchy will be constructed.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we first consider a more general third order Lax operator
with a weakly nonlocal tail which may be reduced to L̂ in (3). Then from the Hamiltonian representations for
the general constrained KP hierarchy, we obtain a super Boussinesq hierarchy, which is bi-Hamiltonian with
a local Hamiltonian operator and a nonlocal one. In Section 3, through a reduction approach, we construct
the bi-Hamiltonian structure of the super SK hierarchy. Section 4 contains concluding remarks.

2. A super Boussinesq hierarchy

Our super SK system (2) has a Lax representation

[ ( 5) ] 1
L̂t = P≥0 L̂ 3 , L̂ , L̂ = ∂ 3 + u∂ + ux + ξx ∂ −1 ξ. (3)
3
Here the projection symbol P≥0 means taking the differential part of a given pseudo differential operator
and ∂ −1 stands for the inverse of the differential operator ∂ ≡ ∂x . The Lax operator L̂ is a reduction of the
following more general one
L = l + η∂ −1 ξ = ∂ 3 + u∂ + v + η∂ −1 ξ, (4)

under v = ux and η = 13 ξx . It is mentioned that the Lax operator L was considered by Kupershmidt [43]
and is of the constrained KP type [44]. The associated hierarchy reads as
[ n
]
Ltn = P≥0 (L 3 ), L , (5)

which possesses two compatible Hamiltonian structures defined by a linear structure

( )
dl δH dξ δH dη δH
= P≥0 [l, ] , =− , =− , (6)
dt δl dt δη dt δξ
 B.-F. Gao, Q.P. Liu and K. Tian / Applied Mathematics Letters 106 (2020) 106350 3

and a quadratic structure

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
dl δH δH δH −1 −1 δH
⎧
⎪
⎪ = P≥0 l l − lP≥0 l + P≥0 l η∂ ξ − P≥0 η∂ ξ l
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ dt δl δl δl δl
( ) ( )
δH δH −1
⎪
⎪
− P≥0 η∂ −1 l − P≥0 l
⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂ ξ ,
⎨ δη δξ
( ( )∗ ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (7)
⎪ dξ ∗ δH ∗ δH −1 δH −1 δH
⎪
⎪ = − P 0 l ξ − P 0 l − ξD η + ξD ξ ,
dt δl δη δη δξ
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
⎪ dη δH δH δH δH
+ ηD−1 η − ηD−1 ξ
⎪
⎪
⎩ = P0 l η − P0 l ,
dt δl δξ δη δξ
where δHδl stands for a pseudo
(∫ differential operator which
) will be specified later, the notion ∗ denotes formal
−1 1 x ∫ +∞
adjoint, D (f ) = 2 −∞ f (z) dz − x f (z) dz and P0 (A) = a0 for a pseudo differential operator
∑n ∑−1
A = 0 ai ∂ i + −∞ ∂ i ai . One should always keep in mind that ξ and η are anticommuting.
The first two nontrivial evolution equations in the hierarchy (5) are given by
ut2 = −u2x + 2vx ,
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2 2
⎨ vt2 = v2x − 3 u3x − 3 uux − 2(ξη)x ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
2 (8)
⎪ ξt2 = −ξ2x − uξ,
3
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ η = η + 2 uη,
⎪
⎪
⎪
t2 2x
3
which represents an extension of the Boussinesq equation [43], and
⎧
⎪
⎪ ut3 = −3(ξη)x ,
⎪
⎨ vt = −3(ξηx )x ,
⎪
3
⎪
⎪
⎪ ξt3 = ξ3x + (ξu)x − ξv,
⎪
ηt3 = η3x + uηx + vη.
⎩

Hence (5) constitutes a super Boussinesq hierarchy.

The concrete bi-Hamiltonian structure for the super Boussinesq hierarchy (5) may be obtained from the
−1 δH −2 δH
general formulae (6) and (7). Indeed, inserting l = ∂ 3 + u∂ + v and δH
δl = ∂ δv + ∂ δu into (6), one finds
the first Hamiltonian structure
⎛ ⎞
0 3∂ 0 0
δH ⎜3∂ 0 0 0⎟
Ut = J , J =⎜ ⎟, (9)
δU ⎝ 0 0 0 −1⎠
0 0 −1 0
with U = (u, v, ξ, η)T . For the second Hamiltonian formalism, it is necessary first to compute the quadratic
structure associated with more general Lax operator L = l + ξ∂ −1 η with l = ∂ 3 + w∂ 2 + u∂ + v.
−1 δH −2 δH −3 δH
Correspondingly, we have δH δl = ∂ δv + ∂ δu + ∂ δw . Inserting these operators into (7) and by tedious
but straightforward calculations, we find that the Hamiltonian representation evaluated at w = 0 for the
evolution equations of u, v, w, ξ and η can be expressed as
⎛ ⎞
( ) ( ) δH
U P Q0 ⎝ δU ⎠ ,
= (10)
w t Q1 −3∂ δH
δw
where the matrix operator P = (Pi,j )4×4 is given by
5∂ 3 + u∂ + ∂u
⎛ ⎞
⋆ ξ∂ + 2∂ξ η∂
⎜2∂ 4 + 2u∂ 2 + 2v∂ + ∂v a1 3∂ξ∂ + ξ2x + ξu −η(∂ 2 + u) ⎟
P=⎜
ξ∂ −1 ξ −1 ⎠
3
⎟
⎝ ⋆ ⋆ ∂ + ∂u − v − ξ∂ η
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ η∂ −1 η
4 B.-F. Gao, Q.P. Liu and K. Tian / Applied Mathematics Letters 106 (2020) 106350

with a1 = −(∂ 2 + u)∂(∂ 2 + u) + (vx − 2ξη)∂ + ∂(vx − 2ξη) and

Q0 = (−3∂ 2 , −∂ 3 − u∂, −ξ, η)T , Q1 = (3∂ 2 , −∂ 3 − ∂u, ξ, −η).

Here and in the sequel ⋆ is given by super skew-symmetry, namely

∗ ∗
Pij = Pji (3 ≤ i, j ≤ 4), Pij = −Pji (for other i, j).

To find the second Hamiltonian structure of the super Boussinesq hierarchy, we have to invoke the Dirac
reduction scheme to reduce (10) under the constraint w = 0. It may be deduced as follows
( )
1 −1 δH δH
Ut = P + Q0 ∂ Q1 ≡K ,
3 δU δU

where the operator K is given by

2∂ 3 + u∂ + ∂u
⎛ ⎞
⋆ ξ∂ + ∂ξ η∂ + ∂η
⎜∂ 4 + u∂ 2 + 2v∂ + ∂v a2 (ξ∂ + ∂ξ)∂ + 32 (∂ 2 + u)ξ 1 2 2 2
3 ∂ η − η∂ − 3 uη ⎟
⎟
K=⎜ 2 −1 3 2 −1 ⎠
⎝ ⋆ ⋆ 3 ξ∂ ξ ∂ + ∂u − v − 3 ξ∂ η
2 −1
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ 3 η∂ η

with a2 = − 23 (∂ 2 + u)∂(∂ 2 + u) + (vx − 2ξη)∂ + ∂(vx − 2ξη).

To sum up, the super Boussinesq hierarchy (5) is integrable and can be written in a bi-Hamiltonian form
δHn+3 δHn
Utn = J =K , (11)
δU δU
∑n ∑−1
with Hn = n3 res(Ln/3 )dx where for a pseudo differential operator A = 0 ai ∂ i + −∞ ∂ i ai , res(A) = a−1 .
∫

Its first few Hamiltonian functionals are computed as

∫ ∫ ∫
H1 = u dx, H2 = v dx, H3 = ηξ dx,
∫
1
H4 = (2uv + 3ξx η − 3ξηx ) dx,
∫ 6
1
H5 = (3u2x − u3 + 9v 2 − 9ux v + 27ξx ηx − 18ξηu) dx,
∫ 27
1
H6 = (ξx η2x − ξ2x ηx + ξx ηu − ξηx u + ξη(ux − 2v)) dx.
2

3. Bi-hamiltonian structure of the super SK hierarchy

The Boussinesq hierarchy (5) has a non-trivial reduction

1
v = ux , η= ξx , (12)
3
and then is reduced to [ ( 2n+1 ) ]
L̂t2n+1 = P≥0 L̂ 3 , L̂ . (13)

It is noticed that only equations with odd n in the hierarchy (5) permit this reduction. This section mainly
focuses on the construction of bi-Hamiltonian structure for above hierarchy.
The t3 -flow in the hierarchy (13) has the form

ut3 = ξ2x ξ, ξt3 = ξ3x + uξx .

 B.-F. Gao, Q.P. Liu and K. Tian / Applied Mathematics Letters 106 (2020) 106350 5

Next flow in the hierarchy (13) is the super SK equation (2) with
5
9P≥0 (L̂ 3 ) = 9∂ 5 + 15u∂ 3 + 30ux ∂ 2 + (25u2x + 5u2 + 5ξx ξ)∂ + 10u3x + 10uux + 5ξ2x ξ.

Thus we may call (13) the super SK hierarchy. To obtain its super bi-Hamiltonian formulation, we first
rewrite super Boussinesq hierarchy the (11) as
δHn+3 δHn
Ũtn = J˜ = K̃ ,
δ Ũ δ Ũ
where Ũ = (u, ξ, v − ux , η − 13 ξx )T and
⎛ ⎞
1 0 0 0
⎜ 0 0 1 0⎟
J˜ = ∆J ∆∗ , K̃ = ∆K∆∗ , ∆=⎜
⎝−∂
⎟.
1 0 0⎠
0 0 − 13 ∂ 1

The operators J˜ and K̃, evaluated under the constraint (12), may be expressed as
⎛ ⎞
0 0 3∂ 0
⎜0 0 0 −1⎟
J˜ = ⎜
⎝3∂ 0
⎟ , K̃ = (K̃i,j )4×4 ,
0 0⎠
0 −1 0 0
where
2∂ 3 + u∂ + ∂u
( ) ( )
K̃11 K̃12 ξ∂ + ∂ξ
= 2 −1 ,
K̃21 K̃22 ξ∂ + ∂ξ 3 ξ∂ ξ
1
∂ 2 (∂ 2 + u)
( ) ( )
K̃13 K̃14 3 ∂(ξ∂ + ∂ξ)
= ,
K̃23 K̃24 −∂ 2 ξ + 13 ξ(∂ 2 − 2u) ∂ 3 + u∂ − 94 ξ∂ −1 ξx
− 3 (∂ + u∂ −1 )
( ) ( 2 2
)( 3 3 1
)
K̃31 K̃32 3ξ 2∂ 2 ∂ξ
= ,
K̃41 K̃42 − 29 ξ∂ −1 − 23 ∂ 1
2 ξ∂
2
3 ξ∂
−1
ξ + 32 (∂ 2 + u)
− 3 (∂ + u∂ −1 )
( ) ( 2 2
)( )
K̃33 K̃34 3ξ K̃13 K̃14
= .
K̃43 K̃44 − 29 ξ∂ −1 − 23 ∂ K̃23 K̃24

Now taking (12) into consideration and employing a Dirac reduction for the operator K̃ yield
( ) [( ) ( )( )−1 ( )] ( δH̃ )
u K̃11 K̃12 K̃13 K̃14 K̃33 K̃34 K̃31 K̃32 δu
= − δ H̃
ξ t K̃21 K̃22 K̃23 K̃24 K̃43 K̃44 K̃41 K̃42 δξ
2n+1
(1 3 1
) ( δH̃ ) ( )
δ H̃
∂ + u∂ + ∂u ξ∂ + 2 ∂ξ
= 2 δu ≡ D δδu
∂ξ + 12 ξ∂ − 32 (∂ 2 + u) δ H̃
δξ δξ
H̃

with H̃ = H̃2n+1 = H2n+1 ⏐(v=ux ,η=ξx /3) . It is remarked that this operator D also appears in the classification
⏐

result of certain local Hamiltonian operators [45]. However, the operator J˜ cannot be reduced this way. To
obtain a second Hamiltonian structure of the super SK hierarchy, following the method used in [46–48], we
consider the reduction of the symplectic structure
δH
J˜−1 K̃J˜−1 Ũt = .
δ Ũ
Under the constraint (12), Ũ reduces to (u, ξ, 0, 0), thus we just select the upper left 2 × 2 block of the
matrix operator J˜−1 K̃J˜−1 . By direct calculation, a symplectic structure of the super SK hierarchy reads
as ( ) (δ)
u
E = δuδ H̃2n+7 ,
ξ t δξ 2n+1
6 B.-F. Gao, Q.P. Liu and K. Tian / Applied Mathematics Letters 106 (2020) 106350

where the elements of the symplectic operator E = (Eij )2×2 are listed below

2 (
E11 = −(∂ + ∂ −1 u)∂(∂ + u∂ −1 ) + ξx ξ∂ −1 + ∂ −1 ξx ξ ,
)
27
2 ( 2
E12 ∂ ξ + ∂ξ∂ − 3∂ −1 ξ∂ 3 + ∂ −1 u(∂ξ − 2ξ∂) ,
)
=
27
2 2 2 8
E22 = − ∂ 4 − ∂u∂ − ξx ξ + ξx ∂ −1 ξx . E21 = E12 ∗
.
3 3 9 27
We summarize above discussions as

Theorem 1. The super SK hierarchy (13) is a bi-Hamiltonian system, namely it may be written as
( ) ( δ ) ( ) ( δ )
u u
=D δu H̃
δ 2n+1 , E = δu H̃
δ 2n+7 .
ξ t δξ ξ t δξ
2n+1 2n+1

1
∫
For the super SK equation (2), the corresponding Hamiltonian functionals are given by H̃5 = 27 (3u2x − u3 +
6ξ3x ξ − 3ξ2x ξx + 6ξx ξu) dx, and
∫ [ ( )
1 2 2 2 5 2 3 4 6
H̃11 = 3u4x − 21u3x u − 16(2u2x + 3u )u3x ux − (18ux − 5u )u2x u + u
729 2 3
( )
1 8 4 7 2
+ ξ5x ξ4x − ξ4x ξ3x u + ξ3x ξ2x 13u2x + 5u2 − ξx ξ − ξ3x ξ u2 2x
( )
3 9 27 9 81
10 2
+ ξ2x ξx (21u2x − 4u3 ) + ξ2x ξ(u5x − 14u2x ux + 10ux u2 )
243 243 ]
8 2
+ ξ3x ξx (7u3x + 13ux u) − ξx ξ(3u22x − 30uu2x + 5u4 ) dx.
81 729

Based on the two operators D and E , one immediately arrives at the recursion operator R = DE of the
super SK equation, which may generate infinitely many higher order commuting flows. Also, setting ξ = 0,
the operators D and E allow us to recover two Hamiltonian structures of SK equation found by Fuchssteiner
and Oevel [5].

4. Conclusion

We have constructed a new super SK hierarchy and worked out its bi-Hamiltonian structure. Our
results show that this hierarchy and the super SK equation (2) in particular are integrable. As integrable
systems always have rich mathematical properties, it is interesting to study further the super SK hierarchy.
For instance, a Darboux transformation and related Bäcklund transformation [49] were obtained for the
supersymmetric SK equation proposed in [41], similar study for the present super SK equation would be
desirable. This and other properties for the system considered in this paper are under investigation.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) (Grant Nos.
11931017, 11871471 and 11505284), the Yue Qi Outstanding Scholar Project, People’s Republic of China
and the Yue Qi Young Scholar Project, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing (Grant Nos. 00-
800015Z1177 & 00-800015Z1201) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, People’s
Republic of China (Grant No. 2011QS02).
 B.-F. Gao, Q.P. Liu and K. Tian / Applied Mathematics Letters 106 (2020) 106350 7

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