Biochemistry

 Marfan syndrome Vs Homocystinuria

 Marfan has superiotemporal Lens dislocation.
 Homocystinuria has inferionasal lens dislocation.
 In homocystenuria there is low IQ
 In marfin there is high IQ comapred to homocysteinuria
 In marfin every thing is high
 In homocysteinuria everything is high except lens and IQ
DrKiM
Lipid Lowering Drugs
 Drugs that best lower TGs
 Fibrates > Niacin > Statins
 Drugs that best lower LDL cholesterol
 Statins > Ezetimibe > Bile Resins > Niacin
 Drugs that best Raise HDL
 Niacin > Fibrates > Statins > Fish Oil

High Yeild Cell Cycle

Cell cycle
 Chromosomes first appear in prophase
 Thickest and best studied at metaphase
 Parallel chromotids in prophase
 Radiosensitive G2/M phase
 Radioresistant is S phase
 Chemosensitive is S phase
 Longest phase G1 phase
 Shortest is M phase

Some Important BCQS

 Ribosomes produce Cytosolic proteins like mitochondrial
 RER produce secretery proteins
 Nucleosomes has no limitinG membrane
 Nucleosomes contain abundant RNa
 Proteosomes helps in break down of misfolded proteins
 Chaperons prevent misfolded protein formation.
 Exons are expressed.
 Introns are not expresses
 Peroxisomes help in break down of lonG chain fatty acids.
 SER is used for synthesis of steroid harmones and detoxification of Drugs and alcohol.
 ACtive cells that synthesize protein are light stained (euchromatin)
 Have Prominant nucleoi and are basophillic due to abundant RNA whichis basophillic
 Bar body is heterochromatin and is inactive
 Methylation makes DNA mute
 Frame shift mutation is more dangerous
 Dystrophin Gene is the largest gene
 Largest number of exons # Tintin gene
 Longest single exon # Tintin gene
 Longest coding sequence #tintin
 Longest primary transcript #Dystrophin Gene
Oncogens and proto-OnCogens
 Virus leads to cancer # By using # Oncogen
 By # Altering proto-oncogen
 By # Altering protein synthesis
 One option among them will be given as in my paper there was
# Virus leads to cancer by # Altering
 Proto - oncogen was not in option
 Protein synthesis was in option so i clicked protein synthesis
 Dont mix upp by putting all options in one mcq then u will be confused
Important about collagen in wound
 Pedominant collagen in Keloid ( Type III
 Predominant collagen in Scar ( Type I
 Collagen increasing the strength of wound ( Type I
 Collagen that is replaced during remodeling ( Type III)
 Collagen that replaces type III during remodeling ( Type I
Ref: Bailey & Love 26/e + Greenfield's surgery 5/e

Important Points to Remember in Biochemistry

 Miscellanious # Vitamins
Vit A used to treat Acni and measles
Vit A used to treat DIC in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Toxicity leads to pseudotumor cerebri, hepato toxicity
In pregnancy leads to cleft palate of new born
Vitamin E deficiency leads to featurs similar to b12 def such as neurologic symptoms but there
is no megaloblastic anemia instead there is hemolytic anemia and muscular dystrophy
B2 deficiency magneta tongue
B5 deficiency burning feet syndrome
B12 deficiency -Red beefy tongue
B3 deficinecy _pallegra
Carcinoid syndrome leads to niacin deficiency
FFP and vit k used to treat Warfarin toxicity
Essential fatty acids are collectively called VitF
Vitmin B7 is called Vitmin H
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Vitamin deficiencies_In Different Conditions

Alcoholics === Folate and Thiamine.
Smoking === Vitamin C due to used up by FR in smoke.
New born === Vitamin K due to sterile gut. Bcz MC source of Vitamin K is gut bacteria.
Hospitalized Pts === Vitamin K >>> Biotin. Bcz of antibiotics use that kills gut bacteria.
Renal Failure === Vitamin D. Due to failure of 1 alpha hydroxylation.
Rice as staple diet === B1 Deficiency. That's why it has been enriched with B1 in some
countries.
Perniciuos Anemia === Autoimmune atrophic gastritis === B-12 Deficiency.
Colostrum (Breast milk upto 4 days) === Deficient in Vitamin D.
Breast milk === deficient in D, C and pantothenic acid.
Goat milk === deficient in Vitamin B6, Folate.
Cow milk === deficient in Vitamin A, C, D.
Post menopauseal women === deficient in vitamin D (400 IU daily intake recommended).
Women strict vegetarian === B12 Deficiency in her and her baby if pregnant or not.
Pregnant lady === Folate deficiency. Bcz of its more excretion due to increased GFR and Fetal
tissue growth consumption.
Pregnant lady with alcohol consumption === MC Vitamin Deficiency === Folate. Increased
NTDs risk.
People having just maize their Staple diet === B3 NIACIN deficiency === risk of PELLAGRA,
diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis.
Celiac disease involves === Jejunum mostly === So Folate deficiency.
Crohns disease === Involves Ileum === so B12 deficiency.
Terminal ileal resection === B12 & Bile salts deficiency === Osmotic diarrhea and increased
water loss and bile salts (Ganong).
Cystic Fibrosis === ADEK fat soluble vitamins deficiency.
Total pancreatectomy === ADEK Deficiency.
Alcoholics == MC deficiency of Mg.
  High yield about amino acids
Imidazole group ( Histidine)
Protonation and deprotonation at neutral pH ( Histidine
Most basic AA ( Arginine)
Precursor of Heme ( Glycine)
Optically inactive ( Glycine)
Only ketogenic AA ( leucine, lysine).
Semi essential AA ( Arginine, Histidine).
Imino acid ( Proline/Hydroxyproline)

 Important intermediate filaments and Tumor Markers

Desmin # Muscle marker
# Epithelial marker
Vimentin # Mesenchymal marker
Neurobibrillin # Neuron marker
GFAP # Oligodendrocyte
S100 # Melanoma
Chromogranin or 5HIAA # Carcinoid
Neuronspecific enolase # Small cell cancer
Blue cells # Ewing + Medulloblastoma and kulchitsky cells of small cell lung cancer

Epithelial cell junction

► Cell- Cell Binding ( Cadherins
► Cell-Cell bindiNg (Desmosome) ( Desmocollins & Desmogelins
► Belta Desmosomes ( E-Cadherins
► Cytoskeleton - ECM ( Integrins
► Cell-Cell Desmosome ( Cadherins
Think of *Connexins*/ Connexons when # Gap Junctions are in Question
Think of Occludin, Claudin, Zonulin & Catenin ( when # Tight Junctions* are in question.
Cell to Basement membrane # Hemidesmosome (
Cell to cell # Desmosomes (

ECM & cytoskeleton communicate across the cell membrane = Integrins

The extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton communicate across the cell membrane through which
of the following?
Proteoglycans
Integrins
Cadherins
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Ans: B
The answer is B. The integrins are transmembrane heterodimers (integral membrane proteins) that act
as membrane receptors for extracellular matrix components. The best examples are the fibronectin
receptor and the laminin receptor. The receptor structure includes an intracytosolic portion that binds
to the actin cytoskeleton through the attachment proteins talin or α-actinin. The extracellular portion
has specificity for extracellular matrix molecules. Proteoglycans (answer a) are located on the
extracellular surface of the plasma membrane and throughout the extracellular matrix. The cadherins
(answer c) function as transmembrane glycoproteins involved in the formation of parts of the
intercellular junctional complexes. Cadherins are components of the desmosome and zonula adherens.
Intermediate filaments and microtubules (answers d and e) are found intracellularly and constitute the
cytoskeleton.
Referance: Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4/e. New York, Garland, 2002 by Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J.
Cytoskeleton connected to ECM through:
Intermediate filaments
cadherins
proteoglycans
integrins
Ans: D
Which structure binds cytoskeleton with ECM?
Proteoglycans (Wrong)
Intermediate filaments
Integrins
Ans: C
ECF connected to cytoskeleton:
Proteoglycan
Integrin
Cadherin
Intermediate filament
Ans: B
Most abundant intracellular protein # Actin

Most abundant protein in human body # Collagen

BCQs

1. Two siblings with osteogenesis imperfecta, but their parents are normal. Mechanism of
2. inheritance is:
Anticipation
Genomic imprinting
Germ line mosaicism
 New mutation
Ans: C
3. Autosomal recessive differentiates from dominant:
Heterozygous
More in male
More in female
Disease present as 1 out of 4 children
Ans: D
4. Difference b/w autosomal dominant and recessive?
Complete pentrance
Its expressed in heterozygous state
Ans: B
5. Father autosomal dominant, mother normal, what is true?
50 percent children will be heterozygous
25 percent children will be diseased
One of the parents was diseased
Ans: A
6. Autosomal dominant is different fron autosomal recessive:
Only male carrier
Complete penetrance is common
Heterozygous is affected
Only female affected
Ans: C
7. Rh negative mother married to homozygous Rh positive:
All Rh +ve children
All Rh –ve children
25% offspring will be Rh –ve
8. All homozygous positive
50% Rh +ve 50% Rh –ve
Ans: A
9. Rh incompatibility occurs in mother if she has:
Rh -ve fetus
Rh +ve fetus
Ans: B
10. A pregnant lady Rh positive and husband Rh negative. She has come for advice. How will
you counsel them?
Hemolytic disease of newborn may occur
Antigen Antibody complexes in post natal life
Antigen may transfer to mother's circulation
No need to worry
Ans: D
11. Common cause of ist trimester miscarriages is:
Trisomy
Monosomy
Aneuploidy
Tetraploidy
Ans: C
12. Most sensitive sonological indicator for aneuploidy is:
Gestational sac volume
Crown-rump length
Nuchal translucency
Serum B HCG level
Ans: C
13. T Hemoglobin TauT hemoglobin (tense) low affinity For Oxgen✔
14. R Hemoglobin Relax has more affinity for oxygen✔
15. .Basement membrane will repel by which negative charge due to:
Laminin
Fibronectin
Type 4 collagen
Heparan sulfate
Ans: D
16. Alcohlic man presented e hypoglycemia. Initial treatment:
Iv dextrose
Thiamine
Oral glucose
Ans: B
17. .Alchoholic patient, encephalopathy:
Niacin
Thiamine
Methocobalmin
Riboflavin
Ans: B
18. Thiamine ( Necessary for carbohydrate metabolism
Biotin ( Necessary for fats metabolism
Riboflavin ( Necessary for protein metabolism
19. Ophthalmoplegia is caused by deficiency of:
Niacin
Thiamine
Pyridoxine
Pantothenic acid
Ans: B
20. Dermatitis, Alopecia and adrenal insufficiency seen in which of following vitamin
deficiency?
 Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine
Niacin
Riboflavin
Ans: A
21. Severe deficiency of which vitamin lead to malignant carcinoid syndrome:
Pantothenic acid
Pyridoxine
Niacin
Riboflavin
Ans:C
22. Pellagra occurs in population depe ndent on:
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Milk
Ans: C
23. Magneta tongue is seen in deficiency of which vitamin? Riboflavin B2
24. Ciliary movement caused by:
Microtubule
Dynein
Actin and dynin
Myosin and microtubules
Microtubules and dynein
Ans: E
25. Normal form of DNA
A form
B form✔
Z form
26. TaUt HB T Hb low affinity for oxygen
27. Relexed HB or R Hb high affinity for oxygen
About RNA
tRNA is ( Tiny )
mRNA is ( massive )
rRNA is ( Rampant) (Abundandant)

Iron
✔10% of dietary iron is absorbed
✔ferrous form muCh better absorbed
✔absorption enhanced by VitaminC and gastric acid☠
✔decreased by ppis ,achlorhydria
✔Transfer Mechanism for Iron across the placenta (to fetus) by Endocytosis
✔total body iron 4 gm
✔total iron content of adult femal 2gm
✔total iron contant of adult male 6gm
✔iron requirement in pregnancy 800mg
✔calcium requirent in pregnancy 1200mg
✔hB contains 70%of iron
✔ferritin and hemosiderin 25%
✔myoglobin4%
✔plasma iron 0.1%
✔transport in plasma as ferric form bound to transferrin
✔stored as ferritin
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