Design of RCC Retaining wall South Bay appron

Chainage pdf report1

Equivalent live load surcharge

UDL q = 10 kN/m²
1340.030 i= 0.00 deg
0.6 i slope = 1 V: N/A
0.00

5.90 max 5.90 Ø1 = 29 deg

5.03 min γ1 = 21 kN/m³
Ground levels
between chainags a
1335.000 1334.130
Ø2 = 29 deg
1.60 b γ2 = 21 kN/m³
D = 3.0
f g 1331.130
1.40 0.7 e c d 0.7 1.40
A 2.30 1.50 3.60 D
_
B = 7.40 Allowable bearing capacity
__ qa = 302 kN/m²

CG of the wall. The length of wall taken as 1.0 m

Area, m² CG wrt point D
Horizontal Vertical
a 4.5 4.8 5.15
b 3.375 4.2 3.90
c 2.1 4.35 0.7
d 2.52 1.8 0.35 8.9
e 1.61 6.25 0.35
f 0.805 5.87 0.93 2.55
g 1.26 2.40 0.93
Total 16.17 A X D
Horizontal CG = 4.16 m 3.24 4.16
Vertical CG = 2.55 m

Superimposed Dead load (if any) 0.00 kN/m

Superimposed Live load (if any) 0.00 kN/m
(The live load effect has been considered as surcharge load)

Average thickness of the base slab, t = 1.05 m

Coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka =

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Where,
Where, Above GL Below GL
Ø= Angle of internal friction of soil 29 29 deg
θ= Angle of inner face of the wall with the vertical plane = 6.8 6.8 deg
δ= Angle of friction of soil with the wall 19 19 deg
β= Angle of slope of filling = i 0 deg

For backfill soil Ka1 = 0.36

For soil below natural ground surface Ka2 = 0.36

Coefficient of passive earth pressure, kp =

Kp = 4.47

Estimated base width B = H * sqrt((Ka*cos i) /(1-m)(1+3m))

Where,
H = Total depth = 8.9 m β = γ2 * (H - t)/qa = 0.546
m = 1- 3/(8*β) = 0.313

Hence approximate base width, B = 4.64 m

Adopted base width 7.40 m ok

Height of ground at location of the heel end point, Hs = 5.90 m

Average height of ground above heel 5.90 m

P1 = Ka1*q*Hs h1 = 5.95 m
P2 = 0.5*Ka1*γ1*Hs² h2 = 4.97 m
P3 = Ka2*(γ1*Hs+q)*D h3 = 1.50 m
P1 P2 P4 = 0.5*Ka2*γ2*D² h4 = 1.00 m

P3 P4

Resultant force:
P1 = 21.3 kN Resultant height of action
P2 = 132.2 kN Fom base level at heel point (B)
P3 = 145.3 kN
P4 = 34.18 kN h' = Σ(Pi*hi) / ΣP = 3.11 m
ΣP = 333.0 kN

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Horizontal component of this force, PH = ΣP*cos i = 333.0 kN
Vertical component of this force, PV = ΣP*sin i = 0.0 kN

Resistance to sliding by soil at the toe

Pp = 0.5*γ*Kp*h² Where h = depth of soil at toe bottom = 3.0 m

Hence, Pp = 422.0 kN

Seismic coefficients for retaining wall horizontal Ah = 0.12

vertical Av = 0.08

Soil pressure due to seismic effect

(Following Mononobe-Okabe analysis. Ref. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2004. App. A11.1)

Seismic active pressure coefficient

Where, Above GL Below GL

Ø= Angle of internal friction of soil = 29 29 deg
θ= arctan(Ah / (1-Av)) 0.13 0.13 rad
β= Slope of the wall to the vertical = 6.8 6.8 deg
δ= Angle of friction between soil and abutment = 19 19 deg
i= Backfill slope angle 0 0 deg

Dynamic coefficient of soil presure, Ka_e 0.46 0.46

Pe1 = 27.3
Pe2 = 168.9
Pe3 = 185.7
Pe4 = 43.7
ΣPe = 425.5

Dynamic increment 92.5 kN

Horizontal component = 92.5 kN
Vertical component = 0.0 kN
Point of application (1/2 height of the wall) = 4.45 m

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Forces acting on the wall/soil (Taking the length of the wall 1.0 m)

Component Load/Force, kN Lever arm, m Moment, kN.m

Vertical Horizontal wrt point X

Weight of stem 189

Wight of retaining wall (Total) 388.08 3.24 1257.7

Weight of soil over heel

above G.L. including surcharge 482.0 5.6 2699.4
below G.L. 120.96 5.6 677.4

Weight of soil over toe 77.28 1.2 88.9

Earth pressure horizontal 333.0 3.11 1035.6

Earth pressure vertical 0.0
Total static forces 1068.4 333.0 5759.0

Seismic forces
Retaining wall 31.0 46.6 3.24 2.55 219.2
Dynamic increment horizontal 92.5 4.45 411.7
Dynamic increment vertical 0.0

Total seismic forces 31.0 139.1 630.9

Design of stem wall

CG of stem only Hor. vert.
Summary of forces 2.86 3.21

Non-seismic case Increment factor for allwoable stress 1

Particular Load Vertical Horizontal Lever Bending Increment
factor for
coefficient force (kN) force (kN) arm, m moment,
allowable
* kN.m stress
Superimposed DL 1 0.00
Live load 1 0.00 0.00
Retaining wall stem 1 189.00
Soil mass over toe 1 Neglected
Earth pressure behind wall 1 333.0 1.71 569.4
Braking force (vehicle/vesseles) 1 0.00 8.9 0.0
Frictional force (if any) 1 0.00 8.9 0.0

Total 189.0 333.0 569.4

Seismic case Increment factor for allwoable stress 1.5

Particular Load Vertical Horizontal Lever Bending
coefficient force (kN) force (kN) arm, m moment,
* kN.m
Non-seismic forces
Superimposed DL 1 0.0

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Live load 1 0.0 0.0
Retaining wall 1 189.0
Soil mass over toe 1
Earth pressure 1 333.0 1.71 569.4
Braking force (vehicle/vesseles) 1 0.0 8.90 0.0
Frictional force 1 0.0 8.90 0.0

Additional seismic forces

Superimposed DL 1 0
Retaining wall stem 1 15.12 22.68 3.21 72.9
Backfill soil mass 1 92.5 3.75 347.0

Total 204.1 448.2 989.3

Design of stem as vertical cantilever

(The vertical load on wall neglected)

Let's use Non seismic Seismic case

Concrete grade, fck 25 25 N/mm²
Steel Grade fe 500 500 N/mm²
Allowable compressive stress in concrete Scbc 8.33 12.5 N/mm²
Allowable tensile stress in steel Sst 240 360 N/mm²
Modular ratio m 11.2 7.5

Let, Scbc/(Sst/m) = A = 0.389 0.259

Neutral axis factor, Xc = A*d/(1+A) = 0.280 0.206 d
Lever arm, Z = d-Xc/3 = d(1-Xc/3) = 0.91 0.931 d
Moment of Resistance, Mr=B*Xc*(Scbc/2) * Z
Assuming B = 1 m, Mr = 1057.8 1198.5 d²
Equating Mr = M, Approximate effective depth 734 909 mm
Provided overall depth = 1500 1500 mm
Let the clear cover be, 50 50 mm
Main tensile bars diameter 25 25 mm
Hence the actual effective depth 1437.5 1437.5 mm, ok

Area of steel required, Ast=M/(Z*d_eff*Sst) 1820 2053 mm²

Provide 9 nos per meter Ø 25 mm bars. (ST)

Provided tensile steel area = 4418 mm² ok
Approximate spacing = 111 mm c/c ok
(These bars continue into the toe bottom)
Compression bars (SC)
Provide 9 nos per meter Ø 20 mm bars.
Provided compression steel area = 2827 mm²
Approximate spacing = 111 mm c/c ok
(These bars continue into the heel bottom)
Distribution bars (back side) Provide Ø 12 mm @ 150 mm c/c (SD1)
Distribution bars (front side) Provide Ø 12 mm @ 150 mm c/c (SD2)

Total area of distribution bars 11310 mm², i.e. 0.14 % of gross area ok

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Check for shear
Seismic Non seismic
Maximum shear force 333.0 448.2 kN
Shear stress developed = 0.222 0.299 N/mm²
Percentage of provided longitudinal steel 0.48 0.48 %
Allowable shear stress 0.305 0.457 N/mm²
ok ok
No additional shear reinforcement required

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TIA extension. South Bay Appron

Design of Footing

Analysis of forces
Non-seismic forces

Horizontal forces, kN Lever arms, m

Vertical Horizontal
Braking force of vehicles/vessels : 0.00 0.00
Lateral force due to frictional resistance of bearings, 0.00 0.00
Static earth pressure = 333.0 3.11
Resistance by

Vertical forces, kN

Superimposed vertical dead loads 0.00 0.00

Superimposed vertical live loads 0.00 0.00
Deal load of retaining wall 388.08 3.24
Weight of soil mass (above GL) including LL surcharge = 482.04 5.60
Weight of soil mass (below GL) = 120.96 5.60
Weight of soil mass (over the toe) = 77.28 1.15

Buyoncy
Width of stem at HFL = 0.00 m
Volume of submerged part of abutment stem = 0.00 m³
Volume of the footing base= 0.00 m³
Volume of submerged part of abutment = 0.00 m³
Upward pressure due to buyoncy = 0.00

Seismic forces Lever arms, m

Vertical Horizontal
Horizontal seismic coefficient = 0.12
Vertical seismic coefficient = 0.08

Horizontal seismic forces:

Superstructure: 0.00 0.00
Retaining wall & footing 46.57 2.55
Backfill soil mass: 92.52 4.45
(This force acts at 0.5*H) 4.45
Soil mass over the toe 9.27 1.50

Vertical seismic forces:

Superstructure: 0.00 0.00
Retaining wall & footing 31.05 3.24
backfill soil mass: 0.00 5.60
Soil mass over the toe 6.18 6.25

Summary of forces
Non-seismic case
Particular Load Vertical Horizontal Overturning Stabilizing
coefficient * force (kN) force (kN) moment moment
(kNm) (kNm)
Superimposed DL 1 0.00 0.00
Live load 1 0.00 0.00
Retaining wall 1 388.08 1257.67
Soil mass over toe 1 77.28 88.9
Soil mass above GL 1 482.04 332.99 1035.6 2699.42

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Soil mass below GL 1 120.96 677.38

Frictional force 1 0.00 0.00
Resistance by toe soil 1 0 -422.04

Total 1068.36 -89.04 1124.50 4634.47

Seismic case
Particular Load Vertical Horizontal Overturning Stabilizing
coefficient * force (kN) force (kN) moment moment
(kNm) (kNm)
Non seismic forces
Superimposed DL 1 0.00 0.00
Live load 1 0.00 0.00
Retaining wall 1 388.08 1257.67
Soil mass over toe 1 77.28 88.87
Soil mass above GL 1 482.04 332.99 1035.62 2699.42
Soil mass below GL 1 120.96 677.38
Frictional force 1 0 0.00
Resistance by toe soil 1 0.000 -422.0

Additional seismic forces

Superimposed DL 1 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00
Retaining wall 1 31.05 46.57 118.6 100.61
Backfill soil mass 1 0.00 92.52 411.7 0.00
Soil mass over toe 1 6.18 9.27

Total 1105.59 59.32 1654.83 4735.08

Summary of load cases

(Taken for 1 meter strip at the footing base) Total length= 1m

Load case Vertical Horizontal Overturning Stabilizing Increment

force, V force, H Moment, moment, factor for
(kN) (kN) MO (kNm) MS (kNm) allowable
stresses **

Non seismic case 1068.36 -89.04 1124.50 4634.47 1.0

Seismic case 1105.59 59.32 1654.83 4735.08 1.5

Max 1105.59 59.32 1654.83 4735.08

Check for Stability and Bearing Pressure

Factors of safety
Non-seismic Seismic
Against overturning 2 1.5
Against sliding 1.5 1.25
Against deep seated failure 1.25 1.15

We have, Non seismic Seismic

Total length of the footing B = 7.40 B/6 = 1.233 1.233
Frictional coefficient f= 0.5
Maximum Allowable Bearing Pressure kN/m² qa = 302.0 347.30
(From Geotechnical report)

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Non seismic case Non seismic case Seismic case

Stability against overturning (MS/MO) 4.121 ok 2.861 ok
Stability against sliding (f*V/H) -5.999 ok 9.318 ok
Eccentricity e1 = B/2 - (MS-MO)/V < B/6 0.415 ok 0.914 ok
Max net pressure = (V/B)*(1+6e/B) < q 192.91 ok 260.12 ok
Min net pressure = (V/B)*(1- 6e/B) > 0 95.84 ok 38.69 ok

Design of footing slab

7.40 Thickness of footing (m) = 1.400 0.7

Density of concrete (kN/m³)= 24
5.10 Density of backfill (kN/m³) 21

2.30 3.60

Toe side Heel side

A B C D
σh σt
σmin

σmax
Calculation of moments and shear forces at the footing due to base pressure

Non seismic case Seismic case

Effective moment, M = (MS-MO) 3509.97 3080.25

Critical downward load, V = 1068.36 1105.59
Distance of CG of forces, X = M/V 3.285 2.786
Eccentricity, e=(B/2)-X 0.415 0.914
Maximum pressure at Toe, σmax = 192.91 260.12
Minimum pressure at Heel, σmin = 95.84 38.69

Upward pressure (shear) at B, σh = 162.74 191.29

Upward pressure (shear) at C, σt = 143.06 146.41

Moment at B due to upward pressure 483.64 627.33

Moment at C due to upward pressure 723.03 483.40

Calculation of moments and shear forces at the footing due to retaining wall and soil

Forces at B Non seismic case Seismic case

Weight of Toe slab 57.96 57.96
Lift due to buyoncy
Soil mass 0 0
Seismic loads 4.64

Forces at C
Weight of heel slab 90.72 90.72
Lift due to buyoncy
Soil mass 603.00 603.00
Seismic loads 7.26

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Downward forces (shear) at B = 57.96 62.60

Downward forces (shear) at C = 693.72 700.98

Downward moments at B = 66.65 71.99

Downward moments at C = 1248.70 1261.76

Resultant forces at Toe and Heel Non Seismic cases Seismic cases

Net Bending moment at B (Toe side) = 416.99 555.34

Net Bending moment at C (Heel side) = -525.66 -778.36

Net Shear force at B = 104.78 128.70

Net Shear force at C = -550.66 -554.57

Design Non seismic Seismic case

Concrete grade, fck 25 25 N/mm²
Steel Grade fe 500 500 N/mm²
Allowable compressive stress in concrete Scbc 8.33 12.5 N/mm²
Allowable tensile stress in steel Sst 240 360 N/mm²
Modular ratio m 11.2 7.5

Let, Scbc/(Sst/m) = A = 0.389 0.259

Neutral axis factor, Xc = A*d/(1+A) = Xc = 0.280 0.206 d
Lever arm, Z = d-Xc/3 = d(1-Xc/3) = Z= 0.91 0.931 d
Moment of Resistance, Mr=B*Xc*(Scbc/2) * Z
Assuming B = 1 m, Mr = Mr = 1057.8 1198.5 d²
Equating Mr = M, d (min) = 628 681 mm
Provided overall depth = 1400 1400 mm
Let the clear cover be, Top cover = 60 60 mm
Bottom cover= 60 60 mm
Hence the actual effective depth d_eff = 1334 1334 mm, ok
Area of steel required, Ast=M/(Z*d_eff*Sst)

Design of Toe
Non seismic case Seismic case
Required tensile steel area Ast (toe) = 1437 1242 mm²/m

Continued bars from stem 4418 mm² Sufficient (ST)

Diameter 25 mm 9 nos Spacing = 111 mm approx

No additional bars required, ignore the following calculations

Provide additional bars 4 nos of Ø 12 mm bars per meter (TA)

Additional Area provided (zero if not required) 0 mm²

Total tension bars provided 4418 mm²

Total number of bars per meter = 9 nos
Approx final spacing 111 mm c/c ok
Development length = 720 mm

Compression bars
Provide 9 nos of Ø 16 mm bars per meter 111 mm c/c approx
Area of compression bars 1810 mm² (TC)

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Check for shear Non seismic Seismic

Maximum Shear stress developed at toe side= 0.07 0.09 N/mm²
Total longitudinal reinforcement provided = 6227 mm², i.e., 0.44 %
Allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.29 0.44
ok ok
No additional shear reinforcement required

Design of Heel
Non seismic case Seismic case
Required tensile reinforcement = 1811 1740 mm² /m

Provide 9 nos Ø 25 mm bars, provided area= 4418 mm² ok

Approximate spacing 111 mm ok (HT)

Compression reinforcement
Continued bars from stem 2827 mm² (SC)
Diameter 20 mm 9 nos Spacing = 111 mm approx

Additional compression reinforcement (if required)

Provide 0 nos Ø 12 mm bars, provided area= 0 mm² (HC)

Total compression bars 9 nos/meter Total area = 2827 mm²

Approximate final spacing 111 mm c/c

Check for shear Non seismic Seismic

Maximum Shear stress developed at heel side= 0.39 0.40 N/mm²
Total longitudinal reinforcement provided = 7245 mm², i.e., 0.52 %
Allowable shear stress without shear reinforcement = 0.31 0.47
!!! ok
Additional Shear Reinforcement is required!

Shear reinforcement

Shear resisted by the longitudinal steel and concrete section = tc * B * d_eff = 418215 627322
Shear force to be resisted by shear reinforcement, (Vus) = 106484 -98900
Providing
1 leg(s) of 16 mm Ø bars per meter, the shear steel area, Asv: 201.1 mm²

Non seismic Seismic

Pitch of bars Sst * Asv *d_eff / Vus = 605 -976 mm along heel
1000 1000 mm
__
To keep within the effective depth, take minimum of 605 and 1330
take 600

Height of the bar = 1257.5 to 557.5 mm. Total nos per meter 7 nos
Hook length = 160 907.5 mm (average)
Radius of hook = 64 1355.5 mm total (average)

Distribution bars @ 30% of the longitudinal bars. Lets provide Ø 16 mm bars

Approx Spacing Nos
At toe side top face (FD1) 543 mm²/m 300 mm c/c 9
At toe side bottom face (FD2): 1325 mm²/m 150 mm c/c 27

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At heel side top face (FD3): 1325 mm²/m 150 mm c/c 25

At heel side bottom face (FD4): 848 mm²/m 230 mm c/c 17

Chainage: pdf report1

Bar bending schedule
Bar Approx. Dia Nos/meter Length/m ** Unit wt. Weight/m
Spacing

100
(ST)

8765 111 25 9 13.1 3.854 454.39

580 3655

100

(SC) 8770 111 20 9 14.41 2.466 319.82

4960 580

(SD1) 1000 /m 150 12 51 1.00 0.888 45.29

(SD2) 1000 /m 150 12 51 1.00 0.888 45.29

(TA) 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.000 0.00

This bar is not provided
Provided in between bars (ST)

3260
(TC) 580 111 16 9 3.84 1.579 54.57

5100
(HT) 100 580 111 25 9 5.78 3.854 200.49

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Bar Approx. Dia Nos/meter Length/m ** Unit wt. Weight/m

Spacing

(HC) 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.000 0.00

This bar is not provided
Provided in between bars (SC)

(FD1) 1000 /m 300 16 9 1.00 1.579 14.21

(FD2) 1000 /m 150 16 27 1.00 1.579 42.63

(FD3) 1000 /m 150 16 25 1.00 1.579 39.48

(FD4) 1000 /m 230 16 17 1.00 1.579 26.84

Max Min 600 along heel

(SH) 1257.5 557.5 1000 along wall
average
16 7 1.3555 1.579 14.98
Hook radius = 64
hook length = 160 These shear bars to be hooked on main longitudinal reinforcement

** The lengths are provided for the section with maximum height Total kg/m 1258.0
Lengths to be adjusted to suit the varying sections of the wall MT/m 1.258
Laps are not included in the length and weight.
If required, laps= 60xdia of the bar. To be staggered properly

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Back fill Ø = 29 deg.

1340.030 q allowable= 302 kN/m²
0.6 0.00 deg

Granular backfill material up to

Max 5.9 11 m from back of the wall
Min 5.03 shall have φ not less than 29 degrees

Max 1335.000
Ground level Min 1334.130

3.00 1.60

1.40 1331.130
0.7 0.7 1.40
2.30 1.50 3.60

7.40

Number of rebars shown for

one meter strip of the wall.

9 nos Ø 20 @ 111 c/c (SC)

9 nos Ø 25 @ 111 c/c (ST)

51 nos Ø 12 @ 150 c/c (SD2) M 25

51 nos Ø 12 @ 150 c/c (SD1)

9 nos Ø 25 @ 111 c/c (HT)

9 nos Ø 16 @ 111 c/c (TC)
25 nos Ø 16 @ 150 c/c (FD3)

9 nos Ø 16 @ 300 c/c (FD1) Ø 16 (SH)

7 nos along heel
M 25 equally spaced and
1000 c/c along wall

17 nos Ø 16 @ 230 c/c (FD4)

(ST) + 0 nos Ø 0 @ 0 c/c (TA)
27 nos Ø 16 @ 150 c/c (FD2) (SC) + 0 nos Ø 0 @ 0 c/c (HC)

The shear bars to be hooked on to the main reinforcement

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