Due to the changing climatic conditions that is happening all over the globe, development

processes are being undertaken in order to adapt to the climate change that requires the building

of resilience and flexibility in planning in order to promote growth in the community and ensure

quality life for all citizens. This is in order for the respective authorities to give climate

information that needs to be presented and made useful to the citizens and establish its relevance

that evaluates local experience that could be help for future development. Although, it must be

made clear that there will be lack of information that leads to uncertainty then towards

vulnerability especially to communities that are considered in high-risk [ CITATION Cas15 \l 1033 ].

Vulnerability in this context was defined as a synthesis of political-economy and human ecology

approaches to nature-society relationships. Understanding human vulnerability is a product of

physical exposure to natural hazard, and human capacity to prepare for or mitigate and to recover

from (cope with) any negative impacts of disaster. Thus, vulnerability is a product of access to

economic, political, social, environmental and geographical assets [ CITATION Pel01 \l 1033 ].

Resilience, on the other hand, was described as a quality that enables an organization, ecological

system, household or nation to recover quickly from disaster shock.

The goal of disaster resilience has been described in many official and academic

discussions in order to prevent confusion while still encompassing the wide range of thought put

into it, community resilience to disasters can be described in operational and broad terms in the

context before, through and after a disaster. This contain the capacities to absorb stress or

harmful forces through resistance or adaptation, manage or uphold certain basic utilities and

structures during disastrous events and recover or “bounce back better” after an event [ CITATION

CCS \l 1033 ]. In this case, the notion is that small islands have high disaster risks that is why it is

essential to point out that hazards are not automatically disasters. Many of what we consider as
hazards are natural phenomena that are essential to supporting life and maintaining the balance

of the ecosystem. Disasters happen only when people and resources are exposed to the hazard. A

typhoon does not cause a disaster when its path does not cross the small island. The degree of the

disaster is aggravated by the vulnerabilities of those exposed to it. If both the rich and the poor

are affected by floods, the rich can easily rebuild their homes and assets while the poor are

pushed deeper into poverty. Therefore, disaster risk is the convergence of hazards, exposure and

vulnerability [ CITATION CCS \l 1033 ].

In a research that was conducted by Pelling and Uitto on the natural disaster vulnerability

concerning small island developing states (SIDS) and the effect of globalization on the nature of

vulnerability of such states, it was found that vulnerability is dependent on the size, insularity

and remoteness, environmental factors, limited disaster mitigation capability, and demographic

and  economic structure of the islands. This was used by United Nations Human Development

Index as an indicator to generate information about the tentative patterns in vulnerability

between island groups. The study concluded that larger and least globally connected island states

tends to be the most severely affected ones by disaster. Meanwhile, the effects of globalization

shows that it may have a negative influence on small island states. However, it was shown that

there are instances where globalization also produce a positive effect. Examples are

institutionalized cooperation at the global scale, urbanization, foreign direct investment, and

cultural modernization. These can be used to facilitate the enhancement of resilience and

promote greater cooperation between states. The study noted that:

Perhaps most critical of all for island states is that a rising focus on building local

resilience does not detract from international efforts to reduce economic and

environmental pressures resulting in risk for small island states. [ CITATION Pel01 \l 1033 ]
 The UNISDR further discuss on the SIDS' vulnerability to natural hazards such as

hurricanes, storms and tsunamis, as well as global environmental hazards such as climate change

and how these natural hazards are being further exacerbated by emerging new threats such as

urbanization and environmental degradation. This is done in order to reduce the vulnerability of

SIDS require the joint-international assistance of many mainland countries as the emerging new

threats are an outcome of development activities that invariably affect the small island

communities far worse that the mainland countries. In their diverse and scattered geographical

locations, such as archipelagos, there are special needs required for the development of

administration and government. This, in turn, restricts that opportunities of small island

communities for developing the proper social, economic and technological advancements that

these countries are in extreme need of. The paper targets such vulnerabilities and needs so that it

can create a proper strategy that will encompass the needs of SIDS in terms of governance, risk

reduction management and instruments as well as emergency managements.

In addition, SIDS also face these extreme levels of risk without enough financial, social

and economic resources to be able to sustain the need of the people and the land. Identifying,

averting, reducing and managing these hazards enable the SIDS to reduce their losses both in

economic, social and labor resources. This allows them more freedom and power to focus on

building the foundations of their states and governments, as well as more freedom to be able to

craft a defense strategy towards the environmental impacts of disasters. The UNISDR's

contribution to these communities are propositions in the form of Strategy for Disaster and

Climate Resilient Development or SRDP. This is the main strategy that will enable the small

states to take a lead role in addressing important topics such as Climate Change and Disaster

Risk Management that both great affect their livelihood and safety. This includes frameworks
that promote sustainable tourism and joint leveraging of opportunities through partnerships with

other nearby islands as well as region-to-region assistances. It also aims to further expand the

early warning and disaster preparedness of SIDS so that they will be able to progress and catch

up to the needs of the people and technology.

In a wider perspective, climate change is causing an escalation in the gravity of

geographical disasters, mainly distressing small-island developing states. This results to the

intensification of the necessity to safeguard and improve the value of accounts to these disasters,

especially from relief organizations, administrations, and the concerned communities. There is an

increasing comprehension of the influences between growth and sustainability, and to enhance

disaster risk diminution and climate change adjustment endeavors. One significant component

will be to diminish the possibility that tremendous weather measures become serious

catastrophes [ CITATION Joh14 \l 1033 ].

According to a qualitative study involving on Druadrua, a remote island in the Northern

Division of Fiji, there is a present occurrence of development of actors in its disaster aid ground,

escalating the stipulation of assistance and stimulating coordination and governance in what is

already a multifaceted disaster risk management system, with a difficult background of reliance

[ CITATION Joh14 \l 1033 ] . The villagers have number encounter of cyclones, such that no one

could remember a correct number of cyclones they had been in. They spoke about the

significance of having some notice or forewarning before a cyclone comes. Most nominated a

traditional sign first, with the radio viewed as providing confirmation [ CITATION Joh14 \l 1033 ].

In one of the studies conducted, the main attribute of isolation for the inhabitants was the

water parting them from the central islands. The distant community must stand up for itself of

about three weeks after an intense weather occurrence before external help comes. While the
anticipation for help is certainly seemed as a difficulty, the disproportions and discrepancies, and

authority relations in the organization, and the subsequent apprehension and resentfulness within

the locals were of similar matter. In this context, reliance proposes a deficiency of alternatives,

which is unlike to wishing for and receiving help, and integrating it into prevailing recovery

strategies [ CITATION Joh14 \l 1033 ].

Conceivably, the policy emphasis should change from resolving the maximum

conceivable quantity of people as fast as possible, to incorporating and enlarging the self-

sufficiency and provision that people on remote islands have no option but to display [ CITATION

Joh14 \l 1033 ]. Rather than ensuing to be the disregarded minority, the remote island

communities may signify a suitable initial advantage by convening somewhere in the middle

which could be farther maintainable into the future, in contrary to enduring the existing main

islands approach.

It was reported that The Philippines ranks third World Risk Index of countries most

vulnerable to disasters. Being an archipelagic country that borders the Pacific Ocean makes it

more prone to hydro-meteorological hazards, climate change impacts, and to climatic conditions

such as inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), thunderstorms, monsoons, and typhoons. The

work of Hiwasaki et al.  affirmed that many coastal and small island (CSI) communities in the

Philippines are thus extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and hydro-

meteorological hazards. The work suggests the promotion of local and indigenous knowledge

(LINK) to help the inhabitants of many small island communities adapt to climate change

impacts and reduce disaster risks. “Endogenous system” is local version of LINK in the

Philippines:
 The endogenous system refers to the interrelated mechanisms coming from within, using

internal resources and capacities. It includes values and practices that are of external

origin but have been assimilated by local people in their way of life. [ CITATION Hiw14 \l

1033 ]

In addition, another form of LINK in the Philippines is Bayanihan. In this way, people would

voluntarily help another, collectively, in times of need. A popular example of this is the

transferring of a hut to another place. Considering that Southeast Asia is a region associated with

the second-largest earthquake in the instrumental record. It is known for its Coastal areas which

were greatly affected by the 2004 Asian Tsunami whereas these coastal areas in parts of

Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia closest to the epicenter received little or no warning which

resulted to a high number of casualties. [ CITATION Adg \l 1033 ]

This case contributed a lot for the development of Disaster Resilience Management

within the Southeast Asia and a system that is more resilient and adaptive to a rising natural

calamities and promoted social-ecological process which lessen the impacts of different natural

disasters. Thus, the aforementioned issue on climate change in other regions and countries,

together with the unbalanced ecosystem is considered to be the main cause of natural hazards

such as tropical cyclones and storms, earthquakes, tsunami and volcanic activity causing

significant economic and human losses. It is evident that disasters are the result of human

actions, not simply natural processes, and affect the social, political, environmental and

economic factors. These natural hazards gave way for the development of disaster risk reduction,

a system which reduces the underlying factors that contribute to human vulnerability. The system

of disaster risk reduction is divided into two, the soft solutions and the hard solutions. The soft

solutions include awareness raising and educating people regarding the necessary policies,
strategies and practices to survive the impacts of a disaster. On the other hand, the hard solutions

include building infrastructures and the preparation of the necessary materials that would

promote the safety of the people at the time of calamity. [ CITATION Ger11 \l 1033 ]

Another system which may contribute to mitigate the vulnerability or the hazards brought

by the natural disasters is the Climate change adaptation. This aims to minimize the amount of

greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which increases the vulnerability or hazards brought by the

climate change. It also promotes the conservation the ‘natural’ heritage for current future

generations through proper waste management and the maintenance of the natural coastal

defenses provided by the coral reefs and mangroves to protect the island from storm and wave

damages. Because of this, communities may come to a point where they would experience

unexpected crisis due to natural disasters, one of which is extreme flooding whenever a typhoon

hits a certain place. A development in Australia was made in order to prevent extreme flooding

as well as drought in a community through a placement of a local basin where it serves as a

water diversion. This is one way they have found in order reduce the risk of damages and

casualties during the strike of a typhoon which is not only a short-term plan but could be deemed

effective for a long period of time. According to Murray-Darling Basin Authority, water form is

necessary in the situation for the sustainability of local communities in Australia for the failure to

respond to the situation appropriately will only compound the problem and soon give rise to

another [ CITATION Mul11 \l 1033 ].

While in Taiwan, what is commonly utilized as an impending environmental calamity

analysis of preceding municipal preparation policy approaches, the extent of disaster resilience is

a necessary basis for outlining upcoming three-dimensional and municipal preparation policies.

For a reestablished area along Tan-sui River Basin in Taiwan, a presentation that mixes fuzzy
Delphi and logical network procedure systems was suggested so as to authenticate a collection of

disaster resilience indicators [ CITATION Cha12 \l 1033 ] . The outcomes illustrate that the foremost

impacts on satisfaction and future directions for sustainable development in Tan-sui River Basin

are:

(1) features of the basin’s management organization, (2) pecuniary facility, (3)

preservation of water sources, (4) ecologically receptive zone, and (5) maintenance of

slope stretches. [ CITATION Cha12 \l 1033 ]

Augmenting disaster resilience in stream or watercourse basin is an essential maneuver

progression to accomplish maintainable advancement in remote areas. As disaster resilience has

been examined in several countries, results have conveyed in the information or collected

works[ CITATION Cha12 \l 1033 ]. For example, Mayunga (2007) suggests numerous types

including the natural setting capital, socio-economic capital, manpower supply capital, and

material structure capital. In a well-known research by McManus et al. (2007), resilience

indicators for sustainable development are termed under four aspects: setting, economy,

organization and supplies, and technology and operation. Hence, the research emphasis has

moved from theoretical and widespread center idea analysis of extensive setting to the indication

of reasoning to definite and existing area. Moreover, its emphasis is on the demonstration of

basic matters on domestic safety and disaster reliance, financial and community impact, and

nature administration.

Urban areas have been vulnerable to special types of hazards as a result of human

activities and tropical weather conditions in several tropical island settings in the world. One of

the most common hazard events for these areas are tropical cyclones, storm surges, flash floods

and landslides. Considering climate change, natural disasters are likely to strengthen in the
following years and it is the people living in low-lying urban areas that are most prone to these

disasters. This implies that public servants, including the economists, lawyers, emergency

services and other groups need to be involved along with engineers, surveyors and contractors in

improving strategic plans for hazard reduction, operational management and post-event recovery.

The study describes an integrated storm water management approach are directed towards the

small islands in tropical climates which were more likely to suffer from flash floods. It was

concluded that the occurrence of tropical storms and other severe weather events have

devastating effects on small islands and if unprepared, the future of these islands will be more

miserable. New technologies from the field of wireless link spatial information technology such

as GPS, GSM, UMTS, 3G WAP and MGS are opening new possibilities for flood management

and information dissemination of warnings. Thus, an integrated approach for storm water

management of small islands integrates the views of the public and the use new technologies

[ CITATION Voj07 \l 1033 ].    

In relation to the pacific islands are arguably one of the most naturally beautiful places

and attractions in planet Earth. The sweeping cerulean waters and fine sand is something that can

be likened to paradise on earth. However, together with these strengths, lie the weaknesses of

such small island countries and its unique development challenges owing to the fact that they are

often located to be far from mainland cities, ports and major markets, often spread across in tiny

islands and vast distances of archipelagos. Due to this geographical setting, Pacific Island

countries are often restrained in the progress and are constrained in resources to be able to

sustain the livelihood and development of the country and its people. Research has been made on

these Pacific Islands, entitled Pacific Possible series, made by the World Bank Group, which

focuses on creating opportunities for a positive transformation in these islands for their
sustainability, preservation and to lessen the effects and risks of natural hazards and disasters that

threaten to destroy these Pacific Island Countries or PICs. Because of this, researchers created a

"Climate and Disaster Resilience" which aims to spread international awareness and focus on

climate change through evidence of its effects toward the most vulnerable locations like PICs.

These islands are familiar and exposed to a wide variety of natural hazards such as cyclones,

droughts, storms, tsunamis and etc. In effect, climate change will become a catalyst to further

exacerbate these hazards and will, in turn, destroy the natural ecological balance of Pacific

Islands and ultimately, devastate and ruin these small island countries. In the face of these

challenges, the researchers continue to find ways to be able to design resilient development

strategies that will enable these PICs an organized framework designed for risk reduction in

small island countries such as these. The paper takes into account climate change as well.

Given that the full effects of climate change are still uncertain, there are associate impacts

and effects that can be possible to anticipate so that these PICs can be made to be resilient under

continuous changes in the environment.

In places located in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean is an archipelago of small

states. These states are unprotected to geophysical activities such as earthquakes, flash floods,

landslides often resulting from heavy rains, tropical cyclones, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions

[ CITATION Eri04 \l 1033 ]. In 2007, local governments decided to develop their own risk transfer

mechanism to provide immediate, short-term liquidity following catastrophic events which

resulted in the recent use of the Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF). A

study was conducted to review the development of the CCRIF and catastrophe model in general

and tests the efficacy of this approach to risk management in the situation of the Caribbean. The

study found that none of the aforementioned measures will be effective if issues relating to data
quality and access are not fixed. Caribbean governments must consider a greater leadership role

by adopting unified approaches and consistent rules and standards relating to data quality control

and access [CITATION Joy14 \l 1033 ]. Where in the case of Solomon Islands where it is located in

the Pacific region and recently in 2007, it had been devastated by an earthquake of 8.1

magnitude.  In 2011, a study was conducted where the researchers worked with communities

living in rural coastal areas of Solomon Islands. They observed that these remote communities

face the challenge of maintaining rapidly growing populations in limited agricultural lands.

Moreover, the islands of Pacific region are vulnerable to climate change and rise of sea level.

The said study aims to expand vulnerability and resilience analysis above the metrics of exposure

to risk and unexpected crisis and the results of the study found that the degree of community

participation and cohesion around their leader were significant factors in the perception people

had about their capability to learn from the past and cope with future threats [CITATION Sch \l 1033

].

One of the Pacific regions affected by it is the Philippines where a lot of natural

calamities hit the country, but there seems to be one that will remain unforgettable. In 2013,

Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Yolanda hit the central group of islands in the Philippines.

The level-5 typhoon destroyed 117 cities and municipalities in the Visayas region[ CITATION

Nat14 \l 1033 ][ CITATION Nat97 \l 1033 ] In the Philippines, the National Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Council (NDRRMC) have jurisdiction over disaster management, as mandated by

the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. The council was able to

create a National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that covers 17

years from 2011 to 2028. It aimed to be more proactive by transmitting more resources in the

future to disaster mitigation and prevention as well as disaster preparedness. Nonetheless, the
massiveness of the destruction of Yolanda was a test that the plan was unable to block.

Consequently, this gave rise to the Yolanda Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Recovery Plan

(CRRP). An examination of the CRRP reveals that the architects of the plan promote sustainable

reconstruction that includes the interrelationship between environmental responsibility,

economic vitality, and social equity. Thus, a huge portion of the standard change will be the need

to shift resource investments into disaster preparedness [ CITATION San15 \l 1033 ] . A long history

of improvement in locations which has caused in increased societal susceptibility to undergoing

adverse impacts with connections with natural processes, such as volcanic, wildfire, storm,

flooding, tsunami, seismic events, has stimulated interest in understanding how to manage the

associated risk [ CITATION Coy15 \l 1033 ].

Another type of natural disaster that could affect communities greatly is volcanic

eruption. In Papua New Guinea, a volcano called Lamington had erupted in 1951 that caused

3000 casualties due to the unknown risk and disaster that was forthcoming to the local

communities [ CITATION Byr13 \l 1033 ] . A major relief-and-recovery effort were made by

authorities during that time where aircrafts played a major role to deliver food, tents, medical

supplies, as well as the evacuation of women and children. Although effects of the disaster to the

people involved led to a post-traumatic stress disorder [ CITATION Mar13 \l 1033 ] . After that tragic

event, an observatory was built in order to monitor the volcanic activity in order not to place the

communities in high-risk of danger again. Although in 1994, even without the early warnings of

the authorities from the Rabaul Vulcanological Observatory spearheaded by Stehn who proposed

such, those who have been affected greatly before were the ones who initiated the evacuation.

Because of the establishment of the observatory, early warnings could be given by the authorities

in order for an early evacuation which is the way they have thought of to reduce casualties and in
order to save lives. Other factors that the observers have seen that contributed to the success of

such development are the placement of a highly capable local volcano observer, the high level of

hazard awareness in the local community caused by an RVO awareness campaign, people in the

community seeing the beginning of the eruption and so being motivated to evacuate promptly,

and the willingness of local business to quickly provide road transport [ CITATION Byr13 \l 1033 ].

On the other hand, when Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted in 1991, due to its massive

effect in the local community specifically in the Aeta indigenous community, they were forced to

evacuate the area but were too crowded in school buildings, gymnasiums, churches, and tent

camps that led to nutrition problems and diseases, the government attempted to provide a

permanent resettlement program to solve the damages done. Although, the place where they had

been resettled was not appropriate or unsuitable to their condition that led for some of them to

return to the original settlement, others tried to rebuild their villages on more suitable sites or

near the relocation centers [CITATION Gai07 \l 1033 ]. The response by the authorities to the

disaster experienced by the Aetas were based on:

the nature of the hazard, the intrinsic social condition of the particular group exposed to

given hazard, the geographic setting, and the post-disaster rehabilitation policy set up by  

the authorities. [ CITATION Gai07 \l 1033 ]

In relation to the strength of disaster management in small island communities, a plan

was formulated by Emergency Management Norfolk Island to further designate the emergency

anticipation, vigilance, and reaction and resurgence procedures for the Territory of Norfolk

Island in Australia[ CITATION Isl11 \l 1033 ] . The fundamental notion of this plan is grounded on

the operational application and organization of government, NGO, and FEMA, in sustenance of

the disaster management preparations. A number of elements were deemed to be of great

importance: an applicable managerial arrangement; distinctly termed disaster functions and

accountabilities; efficient telecommunications; operative commencement and warning schemes;

and practical equipped processes.

On a crisis supervision on Norfolk Island is founded on a code of community

contribution and account on the EMNIC[ CITATION Isl11 \l 1033 ].  As this emergency hazard

management progression is operated as the foundation for emergency arrangement by the

Committee in training of its strategies, a logical method to the development procedure offers a

reliable agenda for the government and non-government administrations in terms of utilization;

to avoid, practice for, answer to and recuperate from an emergency’s consequences.  It varies on

an inclusive method which covers: All Hazards, All Agencies, All Risks, and All Resources

[ CITATION Isl11 \l 1033 ].

Commonly, it is observed in the Philippines that the belief in traditional environmental

observation is a way of living, and this is also known as communal law [ CITATION Ber \l 1033 ]. A

case study was conducted to know the roles of community and communal law in disaster

management, the conditions to which community involvement result to effective disaster

management and what roles do stakeholders play in the community-led disaster management.

The scope of the study was in Barangay Mangin, Dagupan City. The study found that

communities have significant roles in disaster management; their responsibility progressively

increases as soon as they are able to find the root cause of the problem. The most important

contribution of the study was that it was able to show that communities needed technical

assistance from other organizations or entities to be able to provide effective disaster

management services [ CITATION Flo \l 1033 ][ CITATION Flo1 \l 1033 ]. Thus, in other two case

studies by Florano, he determined the ways how transnational actors provided assistance to
coastal cities in the area of climate change governance, such as Dagupan City and Sorsogon City.

The two case studies found that an effective way to form climate governance through roles

contracting where transnational actors can search the possibilities of manipulating policy and

decision-making at the local level, help form the outcome of public policies.

It is also important throughout periods of steady or incremental change, many vital

sources of resilience may be unrecognized or dismissed as inefficient or irrelevant. Normally,

therefore, constituents of resilience are permitted to decline or are intentionally rejected since

their importance is not treasured until a crisis happens. For example, chronic overfishing and

declining water quality around coral reefs have made them more vulnerable to cyclones and

global warming. [ CITATION Adg \l 1033 ]. Recreating resilience, by enhancing water quality and

maintaining adequate stocks of herbivores, can further upgrade the regenerative capacity of

corals after recurrent disturbances. Hence, harm of ecological and social resilience is often

cryptic, and resilience can be eroded or bolstered unintentionally or deliberately through human

action. [ CITATION Adg \l 1033 ].

Because of these circumstances, Philippines continues to rank high among countries

worldwide that are at hazard to natural threats. It has thus become gradually important for

progress efforts to take seriously into account the new context of disaster risk and climate change

in framing development paths now and in the future.[ CITATION CCS \l 1033 ]. The Philippines is an

archipelago composed of over 7,100 islands, many of which are small. Whereas most of these

islands are rich in biodiversity, many have fragile ecosystems and very limited freshwater

resources [ CITATION CCS \l 1033 ]. They also face the enduring threat of isolation from the

mainland, being located far from political and economic centers. When natural disasters hit the

Philippines, small islands are usually the most severely affected by the immediate and long-term
impacts. They are also the least served given their remoteness. This is compounded by poor

transportation and communication networks across the archipelago, the lack of measures for

disaster preparedness and response, and unfavorable physical, social and political

conditions[ CITATION CCS \l 1033 ]. Many of the small islands are considered as the first line of

defense against hazards such as typhoons, tsunamis and storm surges. Outcome to this, small

islands are the most threatened by the phenomenon of sea level rise, on top of their inherent

vulnerabilities in relation to size, location and available resources[ CITATION CCS \l 1033 ].

Whereas the country’s position along the typhoon belt and the Pacific Ocean’s Ring of Fire

mostly makes it disposed to various natural disasters, its weakness is worsened by its level of

poverty [ CITATION Cru15 \l 1033 ] . Bangon Gigantes Island Project, a mission that started in 2012

which targets to help Gigantes, a small island in Northern Iloilo, to develop disaster-resilient

even with its location and DRR challenges. Located in the middle of the sea, it is the farthest

amid the barangays in Northern Iloilo. This causes interaction among the local government units

and disaster management offices difficult for Gigantes [ CITATION Coy15 \l 1033 ]. Small island

communities, depending on their location from the main islands, can be extended by using small

boats that can take 15 minutes to more than an hour. He said this reasons the communities in the

island to be more at risk to disasters than provinces in the mainland. Communication is one of

the key answers in addressing the gap among small island communities and mainland provinces [

CITATION Coy15 \l 1033 ].

Normally, natural hazards are an ongoing part of human history, and surviving with them

is a serious element of how resource use and human settlement have evolved [ CITATION Adg \l

1033 ]. Most natural hazards are limited with specific regions, though some hazards have global

effects [ CITATION Coy15 \l 1033 ]. Hazards in coastal areas a lot turn into disasters through the loss
of resilience, focused by environmental change and by human action [ CITATION Adg \l 1033 ].

Environmental and resilient communities are systematized in such a way that the results of

disasters are lessened and the recovery process is faster [ CITATION Coy15 \l 1033 ]. The resilience

(or conversely, the vulnerability) of coastal societies is more strongly related to larger-scale

activities nowadays than in the past. In coastal regions, this is frequently obvious in the

vulnerabilities made by global tourism (an ecosystem service), where the growing demands of

visitors impact previously undeveloped coastal areas (Hughes, T. 2005). Because vulnerabilities

were a widespread struggle in the whole community which affects the people, a previous study

was made regarding the disaster resilience has been explained as both a result and a practice

[ CITATION Coy15 \l 1033 ]. Practices focused on result have tended to adopt top-down reactive

methods which can prefer the status quo and take awareness away from inequalities resulting

from insecurity and disaster. As a process, building disaster resilience includes supporting the

capacity of individuals, communities and states to change around assets and resources applicable

to their context. For some, this suggests developing people’s rights and addressing socio-

economic, gender and environmental inequalities that impair vulnerability [ CITATION Coy15 \l

1033 ].

Because the target beneficiary concerns much about the property, there would still be

classifications to be considered for there are also different ways for disaster risk management to

disseminate information that would be used as tools to initiate early warning systems,

contingency plans, disaster response capacity development plans [ CITATION CCS \l 1033 ].

Strengthening the internal capacity and investing on human capital already residing in the small

island, would enable communities to respond to disasters swiftly. This would empower the small

island communities to utilize resources that are locally available however limited. There is a
need to wisely use the resources because they “maintain nature’s life support functions and

ensures the creation of resilient livelihoods.” Partnerships with mainland organizations is vital

move for these small island communities especially during the period of disasters. External

support would be very much needed when access to basic needs is unattainable in times of

emergency.

Another study attempts to select the elements risk-management-related systems that will

be used in engaging in local assessments where the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) found a

method to be effective in selecting components that are mostly attributed to disaster-resilience in

a coastal community[ CITATION Ore13 \l 1033 ]. In relation to this, a community development

project was established in order to help communities in order to deal with disaster and climate

risks which explains that programs by community-driven development (CDD) have a significant

role in assisting the communities in dealing disaster and climate risk. The projects proved that

they can provide responses that are relevant in time of disaster emergencies as well as towards

poverty reduction and service delivery. Using the CDD approach would benefit the community

in resilience building, and this is not just the only advantage in using such method. Additionally,

it has the following characteristics: ability to link communities with local and national

authorities; flexible approaches that can be tailored to the local context and to changing needs;

and the ability to serve as a general platform for empowerment, addressing the underlying causes

of vulnerability in addition to specific interventions for disaster and climate risk management.

The most significant point is that CDD programs have the ability to connect with a larger number

of poor people and this would assist the authorities in dealing with climate change and disaster

risk (Arnold et al., 2014). This kind of approach would be a powerful tool in boosting disaster

and climate resilience at the local level.

 In the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) implemented by 168 administrations on

Disaster Reduction at the World Conference held in Kobe, Japan last 2005, highlighted the

demand for “developing and strengthening community-based disaster risk management”. This

CBDRM promotes the contribution of susceptible districts in both the assessment of hazard and

exposures, and the methods to lessen it. In demarcating hazard-prone and susceptible ranges for

communities, participatory charting is progressively endorsed [ CITATION Mac09 \l 1033 ]. In the

effort to incorporate Participatory 3-Dimensional Models (P3DM) into Community-Based

Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM), the island of Divinubo, situated off the land mass of

Samar on the Pacific brink of the Philippine archipelago was given emphasis upon [ CITATION

Mac09 \l 1033 ]. There were evidences that the P3DM methodology was beneficial for many

details: accelerates the population’s participation; elevates people's responsiveness towards their

area; accepts the 3-dimensional plotting of physical and other hazards, jeopardized assets, and

weaknesses; effectively supports CBDRM to be combined into the superior expansion agenda;

favorable in marginalized parts like small islands; is low-cost to arrange and comfortable to

produce; and may offer significant documents for scientists engrossed in disaster research. It was

also given importance that a lasting confidence-developing stage could be first accomplished

before making an attempt to execute the strategy.

In general, there are different ways proposed in order to reduce the damages being made

during the strike of natural disasters one of which is the formation of emergency services or the

State Emergency Service who are composed of volunteers responsible for being first on the

ground when a disaster strikes [ CITATION Raf13 \l 1033 ]. Also, there is a need to respond to

change, institute and deliver positive responses at different points in time, and establish networks

and linkages between relevant organizations and concerned social groups[ CITATION Cas15 \l
1033 ]. The local authorities shall prioritize the recruitment, training, equipping and maintaining

of unpaid support where communities rely on these volunteers for disaster management

preparedness and response.

These programs should demonstrate the success in volunteer recruitment focus on

removing barriers providing flexible approaches to volunteering, providing the

right tools to the right job, making training flexible and covering out-of-pocket

expenses. [ CITATION Raf13 \l 1033 ]

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