Past Tense Exercises

Present – Root + Conjugation + Tense Ending

= pacA+ a + ti = pacati
Past – Root + Tense Ending
pacA + i = paci

Verbal stem/root/base

a/paci
a/pacī

Gacchi – gacchati – goes

Paci – pacati - cooks
Gaṇhi – gaṇhati - takes
Dadi – dadati (dā)- gives
Khādi – khādati (khādA) – eats
Hari – harati – carries
Kari – karoti (cl.6)– does
Karoti – karonti
Karosi – karotha
Karomi – karoma

Āhari – āharati – brings

Dhāvi – dhāvati – runs
kiṇi – kiṇāti - buys
vikkiṇi – vikkiṇāti - sells
nisīdi – nisīdati – sits
sayi – sayati – sleeps
āruhi – āruhati – ascends/climbs up
acari – carati - walks

māresi – māreti – kills

jālesi – jāleti – kindles
nesi – nī - neti/nayati – takes, leads – (netā – leader)
desesi – deseti – preaches
ānesi – āneti/ānayati – brings,
coresi – coreti – steals
pūjesi – pūjeti – offers/honors
ṭhapesi – ṭhapeti – keeps
cintesi – cinteti – thinks
pīḷesi – pīḷeti – oppresses
kathesi – katheti – to say/speak
pātesi – pāteti – fells down
1) gahapati atithīnaṃ āhāraṃ apaci.
(m.nom.sg.) (m.dat/gen.pl) (m.acc.sg.) (3rd.sg.aor)
= the householder cooked food for the guests.

2) so atithībhi āhāraṃ bhuñji.

(3rd pron. Nom.sg.) (inst./abl.pl.) (m.acc.sg.) (3rd sg.aor)

= he ate food from/with the guests.

3) gahapatino puttā mittehi kīḷiṃsu.

(m.gen.sg.) (m.nom.pl.) (m.inst.pl.) (aor.3rd pl.)
= the sons of the householder played with the friends.

4) atithayo gahapatino puttānaṃ kapiṃ āhariṃsu.

(m.nom.pl.) (m.dat. /gen.sg.) (m.dat./gen.pl.) (m.acc.sg.) (3rd. pl.aor.)
= the guests brought a monkey for sons of the householder.

5) puttā mittānaṃ gehe mañcesu sayiṃsu.

(m.nom.pl.) (m.gen.pl.) (m.loc.sg.) (m.loc.pl.) (aor.3 rd.pl.)
= the sons slept on the beds in the house of the friends.

6) mittesu kavi abhavi (from bhavati – There is)

(m.loc.pl.) (m.nom.sg.) (3rd sg.aor)
=in/at/on/among friends/ a poet /there was
= there was a poet among the friends.

7) kavi buddhassa dhammaṃ uggaṇhi

(m.nom.sg.) (m.gen.sg.) (m.acc.sg.) (aor.3 rd.sg.)
= the poet learned the doctrine/teaching of the awakened one.

8) puttā muṭṭhībhi kapayo pahariṃsu.

(m.nom.pl.) (m.inst/abl.pl.) (m.acc.pl.) (3rd.pl.aor.)
= The sons beat/struck the monkeys with (their) fists/hammers.

9) kavi puttānaṃ buddhassa dhammaṃ desesi.

(m.nom.sg.) (m.dat./gen.pl.) (m.gen.sg.) (m.acc.sg.) (3rd.sg.aor.)
= the poet preached the doctrine of the awakened one to the sons.

10) puttā kapayo (kapīnaṃ) āhāraṃ (food) dadiṃsu/adaduṃ

(m.nom.pl.) (m.acc.pl.) (m.acc.sg.) (3rd.pl.aor.)
= the sons gave food to the monkeys.
11) ākāsamhā vuṭṭhi (rain) pati
(m.abl.sg.) (f.nom.sg.) (3rd sg.aor.)
= rain fell from the sky.

Kapi asinā rukkhaṃ āruhi

(m.nom.sg.) (m.inst.sg.) (m.acc.sg.) (3rd.sg.aor.)

The monkey climbed the tree with the/a sword.

Purisā dīpinā/dīpimhā dhāviṃsu.

(m.nom.pl.) (m.abl.pl.) (3rd pl.aor.)
= the men ran from the leopard.

Te girimhi gāmaṃ dhāviṃsu/dhāvuṃ.

(nom.pl.) (m.loc.sg.) (m.acc.sg.) (3rd pl.aor.)

= They ran to the village on the mountain.

Gahapati ahiṃ muṭṭhinā māresi.

(m.nom.sg.) (m.acc.sg.) (m.inst.sg.) (3rd sg.aor.)

= the householder killed the serpent with a fist/hammer.

Ahi gahapatissa āharaṃ coresi.

(m.nom.sg.) (m.dat./gen.sg.) (m.acc.sg.) (3rd.aor.sg.)

the serpent stole the food of the householder.

Bites - ḍasati

The serpent bit the householder

Ahi gahapatiṃ ḍasi.

Review Group 2
1) gahapati atithīnaṃ āhāraṃ apaci.
(nom.sg.m.) (dat/gen.pl.) (acc.sg.) (3rd.sg.aor.)
= The householder cooked food for the guests.

2) so atithībhi āhāraṃ bhuñji.

(3rd.sg.pron.nom.) (inst./abl.pl.) (acc.sg.) (3rd sg.past/aor)
= he ate food with the guests.

3) gahapatino puttā mittehi kīḷiṃsu.

(dat/gen.sg.) (nom.pl.m.) (inst.pl.) (3rd.pl.aor.)
= the householder’s children played with (their) friends.

4) atithayo gahapatino puttānaṃ kapiṃ āhariṃsu.

(nom/acc.pl.) (dat/gen.sg.) (dat./gen.pl.) (acc.sg.) (3rd pl.aor.)
= the guests brought a monkey to/for the householder’s sons.
(= the guests brought the sons’ monkey for the householder.)

5) puttā mittānaṃ gehe (house) mañcesu sayiṃsu.

(nom.pl.) (dat./gen.pl.) (loc.sg.) (loc.pl.) (3rd pl.aor.)
= sons slept on/in the beds at their friends’ house.

6) mittesu kavi abhavi (from bhavati – There is)

(loc.pl.) (nom.sg.) (3rd sg. Aor.)
= there was a poet among friends.

7) kavi buddhassa dhammaṃ uggaṇhi

(nom.sg.m.) (gen.sg.) (acc.sg.) (3rd sg.aor.)
= the poet learned the Buddha’s teaching/doctrine.

8) puttā muṭṭhībhi kapayo pahariṃsu.

(nom.pl.) (inst./able.pl.) (acc./nom.pl.) (3rd pl.aor.)
= the sons struck the monkeys with the fists/hammers.

9) kavi puttānaṃ buddhassa dhammaṃ desesi.

(nom.sg.m.) (dat.gen.pl.) (gen.sg.m.) (acc.sg.m.) (3rd sg.aor)
= the poet preached the Buddha’s dhamma/doctrine to the sons.

10) puttā kapīnaṃ āhāraṃ dadiṃsu/adaduṃ

(nom.pl.) (dat./gen.pl.) (acc.sg.) (3rd pl.aor.)
= the sons gave food to the monkeys.

11) ākāsamhā vuṭṭhi (f.rain) pati

(abl.sg.m.) (nom.sg.f.) (3rd.sg.aor.)
= the rain fell from the sky.

Making Sentences

Kapayo mañcesu puttebhi sayiṃsu

(nom.pl.m.) (loc.pl.m.) (inst.pl.m.) (aor.3rd.pl.)
= the monkeys slept with the sons in the beds.

Geha = house

Munayo gehaṃ acariṃsu ca nisīdiṃsu ca (and).

(nom.pl.m.) (acc.sg.) (3rd pl.aor) (3rd pl.aor.) (indec.)
= the monks/sages walked to the house and sat down.

Te mañce nisīdiṃsu ca kapayo ca putte ca passiṃsu (ca).

(3 pl.nom.) (loc.sg.m.) (3 pl.aor.) (ind.) (acc.pl.) (ind.) (acc.pl.) (aor.3 rd.pl.)
rd rd

= they sat on the bed and saw the monkeys and the sons.

Munayo bhāsiṃsu “mayaṃ puttānaṃ maṇiṃ dadimha” iti

(nom.pl.) (3rd pl.aor.) (1st pl.pron.) (dat.pl.m.) (acc.sg.m.) (1st pl.aor.) (indec.)
= the monks/sages said “we gave the sons the gem.”

Kapi maṇiṃ puttebhi coresi ca giriṃ āruhi ca.

rd rd
(nom.sg.) (acc.sg.) (inst./abl.pl.) (3 .sg.aor.) (indec.) (acc.sg.) (3 sg. Aor.) (ind)

= the monkey stole the gem from the sons and climbed the mountain.

Puttā giriṃ dhāviṃsu kapiṃ yaṭṭhinā pahariṃsu ca

(nom.pl.m.) (acc.sg.) (3rd pl.aor.) (acc.sg.m.) (inst.sg.) (3rd pl.aor.) (ind.)
= the sons/boys ran to the mountain and struck the monkey with a stick.

Te kapinā/kapimhā maṇiṃ gaṇhiṃsu

rd
(3 .nom.pl.pron.) (abl.sg.m.) (acc.sg.) (3rd.pl.aor.)
= they took the gem from the monkey.