SUMMARY

TOEFL Grammar Part 2 - Verb and Modal Aux, Preposition and Phrasal Verb, Concord and
Parallelism, Conjunction

VERB & MODAL AUX.

Applied Grammar for TOEFL PBT

Verb itu identik dengan yang namanya predikat. Sedangkan predikat itu dapat berupa ​to be
atau ​verb​. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh penggunaan ​Verb.​

VERB
• Birds fly.
• The baby cried.
• The student needs a pen.
• My friend enjoyed the party.
• John is a student.
• John is​ ​intelligent.
• John was at the mall.
• The soup smells good.
• The population grows quickly.

DERIVED VERB
Ada juga beberapa ​verb​ yang diawali dengan awalan dan akhiran tertentu, seperti:

• EN- enlarge, encourage, enrich

• RE- renew, recreate, refill

• -ZE, -IZE apologize, realize, standardize

• -EN lengthen, frighten, threaten
• -D succeed, offend, applaud
• -FY, -IFY classify, solidify, beautify
• -VE prove, believe, relieve
• -SE use, excuse, advise
• -ED, -ING cleaned, asked, cleaning, asking
• -ER lower, slower, newer
 • -IATE, -ATE differentiate, initiate, violate

DERIVED ADJECTIVE
• -IVE imaginative, creative, active
• -OUS dangerous, suspicious, famous
• -FUL beautiful, powerful, skillful
• -LESS jobless, homeless, powerless
• -Y wealthy, hairy, healthy
• -LY friendly, monthly, daily, costly
• -ABLE reasonable, adaptable, degradable
• -ISH reddish, childish, yellowish
• -AL astronomical, economical
• -IC basic, sympathetic, automatic
• -FIC scientific, specific
• -RY sanitary, observatory, imaginary
• -NT urgent, violent, different

MODAL AUXILIARIES

• ex: must, will, can, may, dll.

• MODAL + V1

• MODAL + HAVE V3

KINDS OF MODAL AUX

• All applicants ​must take​ an entrance exam.

• All applicants ​have to take​ an entrance exam.
• Tomorrow is a holiday. We ​don’t have to go​ to school.
 ​ eedn’t shout​.
• I can hear you. You n
• You ​mustn’t tell​ anyone my secret, promise?
• You ​should ​study harder.
• Drivers ​ought to obey​ the speed limit.
• The gas tank is almost empty.
We ​had better stop​ at the next service station.

PAST MODAL AUX

Ada bentuk ​modal y​ ang diikuti oleh ​have l​ alu diikuti oleh V3. Tidak semua modal ​bisa
menggunakan ini. Hanya ada beberapa saja, seperti: ​should, might, could, must, ​dan​ would.
Hanya lima bentuk ini saja yang bisa menggunakan pola ​verb3. ​Pola ​verb3 ini seharusnya
atau sebisa mungkin dilakukan di masa lalu.
Example:

• I had a test this morning. I didn’t do well on the test because I didn’t study for it last
night. I ​should have studied​ last night.
• We went to the movie, but it was a bad movie. We wasted our time and money. We
shouldn’t have gone​ to the movie.

VERB & MODAL AUX

Exercises of Verb & Modal Aux. in Sentence Pattern

1. Although ________ some textile products, it imports many as well.

(A) the exports of the United States
(B) exporting of the United States
(C) exporter of the United States
(D) the United States exports

Pembahasan:
Although a​ dalah kata ​conjunction.​ “import​” disitu sebagai P. Sedangkan, di soal TOEFL,
banyak ditemukan bahwa P = ​verb =​ ​noun.​ ​Import disitu tidak hanya sebagai bentuk ​noun​,
tapi juga sebagai bentuk ​verb​. Jadi, setelah “​although”,​ diikuti dengan S dan P. Maka,
jawabannya adalah ​D. the United States exports.

2. ________ principal types of acceleration: linear and angular.

(A) There are two
(B) Two of them
(C) The two
(D) Two

Pembahasan:
Hanya ada ​noun phrase ​yang disediakan pada kalimat di atas, yaitu “​principal types of
acceleration​”, maka dibutuhkan S dan P. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​A. There are two.

3. Pure iron cannot be hardened by heating and cooling, as _____, because iron lacks
the necessary carbon.
(A) steel it can
(B) can steel
(C) with steel can
(D) so can steel

Pembahasan:
Ada kata “​as” pada kalimat soal, yang berarti merupakan kalimat ​comparison degree.​ “​as​”
disini dapat disamakan dengan “​like​”. Saat menggunakan “​as”​ , dapat diikuti dengan ​aux ​dan
noun.​ Maka, jawabannya adalah ​B. can steel.

VERB & MODAL AUX.

Exercises of Verb & Modal Aux. in Error Recognition

1. Tuna ​can be​ lead to mercury ​poisoning​ when

A B
consumed​ in ​quantity
C D

Pembahasan:
​ apat diikuti dengan ​verb1 ​atau ​have verb3, a​ tau bisa juga
Setelah pemakaian kata ​modal, d
dalam bentuk pasif yang memerlukan kata “​be”​ sebelum ​verb3​. Namun, pada kalimat soal,
tidak memerlukan kalimat pasif untuk pernyataan. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​A.

2. Turning​ light energy from the sun ​into

A B
electrical energy ​is​ a process that can
C
continues​ forever.
D

Pembahasan:
Setelah ​modal​, harus diikuti dengan ​verb1.​ Maka, jawabannya adalah ​D.

3. In the ​age of excess​, it ​takes​ more than just

A B
courage to e​mbracement​ simplicity and
C
a stripped​ down approach to music.
D
Pembahasan:
Pada kata “​embracement​”, memiliki akhiran -​ment​, yang berarti merupakan kata ​noun.​
Sedangkan ​“to”​ biasa diikuti dengan ​Verb1. M
​ aka, jawabannya adalah ​C.

PREPOSITION & PHRASAL VERB

Applied Grammar for TOEFL PBT

PREPOSITION

Preposition seperti ​in, or, at,​ semuanya merujuk pada penggunaan kata depan yang
menjadikan sebuah kata menjadi keterangan dalam kalimat. Seperti contoh:

• You can sit ​before​ the desk (or ​in front of​ the desk).

• The professor can sit ​on​ the desk (when he's being informal) or ​behind​ the desk.

• His feet are ​under​ the desk or ​beneath​ the desk.

• He can stand ​beside​ the desk (meaning ​next to​ the desk), ​before​ the desk, ​between​ the
desk and you, or even ​on​ the desk (if he's really strange).

• If he's clumsy, he can bump ​into​ the desk or try to walk ​through​ the desk (and stuff
would fall ​off​ the desk).

• Passing his hands ​over​ the desk or resting his elbows ​upon​ the desk.

PREPOSITION WITH NOUN

Ada penggunaan​ preposition​ yang selalu diikuti dengan ​noun​-nya. Seperti:

approval of awareness of belief in

concern for confusion about desire for
fondness for grasp of hatred of
hope for interest in love of
need for participation in
reason for respect for
success in understanding of
PREPOSITION WITH ADJECTIVE

afraid of sorry for worry about

capable of angry at aware of
fond of careless about familiar with
jealous of happy about interested in
proud of made of married to
sure of similar to
made of tired of

PREPOSITION WITH VERB

apologize for ask about ask for

belong to bring up care for
find out give up grow up
look for look forward to think about
bring up look up
trust in work for
worry about turn off

PREPOSITION & PHRASAL VERB

Exercises of Preposition & Phrasal Verb in Sentence Pattern

1. Author Sarah Jewett established her literary reputation with ​Deep Haven​, a
collection of sketches ______.
(A) with rural Maine life
(B) that life in rural Maine
(C) about life in rural Maine
(D) life in rural Maine

Pembahasan:
Setelah kata “​sketches​”, dibutuhkan ​preposition.​ Jadi, ​preposition ​yang paling tepat adalah
about​. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​C. about life in rural Maine.

2. _________ industries, inventions, and communal endeavors of ​the Shakers​, the best
known is their fine furniture.
 (A) Of the many
(B) Their many
(C) Are the many
(D) Many of the

Pembahasan:
Kalimat utama terletak pada akhir kalimat setelah tanda koma pada kata “​Shakers”​ . Maka,
yang dibutuhkan pada awal kalimat adalah keterangan. Satu-satunya yang menunjukkan
keterangan adalah pilihan pertama. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​A. Of the many​.

3. The chemicals in pesticides may _________ as residues in the environment.

(A) build of
(B) build in
(C) build on
(D) build up

Pembahasan:
Ketika ​preposition​ digabungkan dengan kata kerja, maka akan memiliki arti yang
berbeda-beda. ​Build of ​berarti terbentuk dari. ​Build in b​ erarti terintegrasi. ​Build on​ berarti
membangun atau meninggikan. Sedangkan ​build up b ​ erarti menumpuk atau mengendap.
Maka, jawabannya adalah ​D. build up

PREPOSITION & PHRASAL VERB

Exercises of Preposition & Phrasal Verb in Error Recognition

1. Municipal planners deal ​chiefly​ ​for​ the

A B
physical​ ​layout​ of communities.
C D

Pembahasan:
Ada penggunaan kata “​deal”​ yang bisa diikuti dengan kata ​preposition. ​Dapat menggunakan
“​deal with​” atau “​deal on​”. Di antara keduanya, yang paling tepat adalah “​deal with”​ . Maka,
jawabannya adalah ​B.

2. Since peach trees ​bloom​ very early in

A
the season​, they are in danger ​for​ spring
B C
frosts​.
D

Pembahasan:
Kata “​danger”​ diatas tidak seharusnya diikuti dengan kata “​for”​ , seharusnya “​of”​ . Maka,
jawabannya adalah ​C.
 3. The early use of a ​complete steel​ frame for
A
towering ​buildings appeared​ in the first
B
skyscraper​, ​built on​ Chicago in 1883.
C D

Pembahasan:
Chicago merupakan nama kota yang seharusnya memakai ​“built in​”, bukan “​built on”​ . Maka,
jawabannya adalah ​D.

CONCORD & PARALLELISM

Applied Grammar for TOEFL PBT

BASIC CONCORD

Nama lain dari ​concord ​adalah sebuah ​subject verb agreement. Subject verb agreement​ berarti ketika
kita mengetahui subjek itu ​singular​ atau ​plural,​ maka kita juga harus bisa menentukan ​verb​ apa yang
digunakan.

• My ​friend​ ​lives ​in Bandung. (Singular Verb)

• My ​friends​ ​live ​in Bandung. (Plural Verb)

• That ​book​ on political parties ​is​ interesting.

• The ​ideas​ in that book ​are​ interesting.

• My brother and sister​ ​live ​in Bandung.

• Every man, woman, and child​ ​needs ​love.

• Each book and magazine​ ​is ​listed in the catalog.

• Growing flowers​ ​is​ her hobby.

CONCORD: EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY

• Some of the book​ ​is​ good.

• Some of the books​ ​are​ good.
• ​A lot of the equipment​ ​is​ new.
• A lot of my friends​ ​are​ here.
• ​Two-thirds of the money​ ​is​ mine.
• Two-thirds of the pennies​ ​are​ mine.
 • One of my friends​ ​is​ here.
• Each of my friends​ ​is​ here.
• Every one of my friends​ ​is​ here.

CONCORD: IRREGULARITIES

Tidak semua kata yang berakhiran huruf s bisa dianggap ​plural​. Sebagai contoh:

• The news​ ​is​ interesting.

• The United States​ ​is​ big.

• The Philippines​ ​consists​ of 7.000 islands

• The United Nations​ ​is​ located in New York.

• Mathematics​ ​is​ easy for her.

​ f sleep ​is ​enough.

• Eight hours o

• One million rupiahs ​is ​too much to pay.

• Five thousand kilometers i​ s ​too far to travel.

• Those people ​are ​from Bali.

​ ave ​been called.

• The police h

• English i​ s ​spoken in many countries. (language)

• The English ​drink ​tea. (people from England)

• The poor* ​have ​many problems while ​the rich ​get ​richer.

CONCORD WITH NOUN

• A student​ walked into the room. ​She/he​ was looking for the teacher.

• Some students​ walked into the room. ​They​ were looking for the teacher.

• A student ​should always do ​his or her ​assignment. (Generic Noun)

• Everyone​ has ​his or her​ own ideas.

CONCORD WITH COLLECTIVE NOUN
Collective Noun​ dianggap sebagai sebuah sekumpulan orang. Sehingga jika dianggap sebagai
sekumpulan orang, maka akan selalu dianggap sebagai ​singular. S​ ebagai contoh:

audience couple family public

class government staff committee
faculty group team crowd

• My family​ ​is​ large. ​It​ ​is​ composed of nine members.

• My family​ ​is​ loving and supportive. ​They​ ​are a​ lways ready to help me.

• The government ​is​ planning it.​ (American)

• The government ​are​ planning it.​ (British)

PARALLELISM
Parallelism adalah sebuah kesetaraan dalam sebuah kalimat.

• Not Parallel:
Mary likes hik​ing​, swimm​ing​, and t​ o ride​ a bicycle.

Contoh diatas merupakan contoh yang tidak ​parallel.​ Bisa dilihat, setiap ​verb
menggunakan ​verb+ing,​ kecuali pada kata “​ride”​ . Ini menunjukkan ketidaksetaraan
dalam sebuah kalimat

• Parallel:
Mary likes hiki​ ng​, swimm​ing​, and ridi​ ng​ a bicycle.
Contoh diatas merupakan contoh kalimat ​parallel​ karena menggunakan pola yang sama
​ ya yaitu ​verb+ing​.
di setiap ​verbn

• Not Parallel:
The production manager was asked to write his report quick​ly​, accuratel​ y​, and i​ n a
detailed manner​.
• Parallel:
The production manager was asked to write his report quick​ly,​ accuratel​ y​, and
thoroughl​ y.​
 • Not Parallel:
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he wait​ed​ until the last minute to
study for the exam, complet​ed​ his lab problems in a careless manner, and ​his motivation
was​ low.
• Parallel:
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he wait​ed​ until the last minute to
study for the exam, complet​ed​ his lab problems in a careless manner, and lack​ed
motivation.

• Not Parallel:
The coach told the players t​ hat they should get​ a lot of sleep, ​that they should not eat
too much, and ​to do​ some warm-up exercises before the game.
• Parallel:
The coach told the players t​ hat they should get​ a lot of sleep, ​that they should not eat
too much, and ​that they should do​ some warm-up exercises before the game.
• Parallel:
The coach told the players that they should ​get​ a lot of sleep, not e​ at​ too much, and d
​ o
some warm-up exercises before the game.

• Not Parallel:
The salesman expected t​ hat he would present his product at the meeting, t​ hat there
would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and t​ hat questions would be
asked​ by prospective buyers. (​ passive)
• Parallel:
The salesman expected t​ hat he would present​ his product at the meeting, ​that there
would be​ time for him to show his slide presentation, and ​that prospective buyers would
ask​ him questions.

FAULTY PARALLELISM

• Not Parallel:
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory
method is employed.

• Parallel:
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory
method.
CONCORD & PARALLELISM
Exercises of Concord & Parallelism in Sentence Pattern

1. Groups of muscles in the head direct the actions necessary for _____.
(A) chew and swallow
(B) to chew and to swallow
(C) being chewed and swallowing
(D) chewing and swallowing

Pembahasan:
Ada kata “​for”​ dan diikuti dengan pilihan yang sudah tersusun secara ​parallel. “For”​ harus
diikuti dengan bentuk ​noun ​atau ​gerund​. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​D.chewing and
swallowing.

2. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.
(A) All of
(B) Of every
(C) All
(D) Every

Pembahasan:
Ada penggunaan ​verb1 p​ ada kata “​learn”​ sehingga membutuhkan ​subject​ yang berbentuk
​ aka, jawabannya adalah ​C. All
plural. M

3. Most natural ports are located where the shoreline is irregular and _____.
(A) deep water
(B) is the water deep
(C) the water is deep
(D) there is the deep water

Pembahasan:
Kata “​and”​ akan selalu menghubungkan bentuk yang sama. Pada kalimat diatas, terdapat
“irregular​” yang merupakan kata ​adjective.​ Maka, kata sifat yang sesuai yang diikuti oleh
subjek dan predikat adalah adalah ​C. the water is deep.

CONCORD & PARALLELISM

Exercises of Concord & Parallelism in Error Recognition

1. Fungi ​are​ important in ​the process of​ decay,

A B
 which return ingredients to the soil, ​enhances
C
soil fertility, and ​decompose​ animal debris.
D

Pembahasan:
Fungi merupakan bentuk plural. Sehingga pada kata “​enhances”​ tidak memerlukan huruf s
di belakang kata. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​C.

2. Liquid lubricants ​contrast​ ​widely​ in ​weighing​,

A B C
thickness, and ​boiling​ point.
D

Pembahasan:
“​in”​ merupakan ​preposition​ yang diikuti dengan ​noun (​ ​ving​). Sedangkan kata “​weighing”​
bukanlah ​noun ​karena yang benar adalah “​weight​”. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​C.

3. The United States Department of Agriculture

supervises​ the quality, ​clean​, and ​purity​ of

A B C
meat​.
D

Pembahasan:
Kata “​clean”​ seharusnya “​cleanliness”​ . Maka, jawabannya adalah ​B.

CONJUNCTION
Applied Grammar for TOEFL PBT

CONTRAST CONJUNCTION

Conjunction adalah kata penghubung yang menghubungkan dua kalimat, sedangkan

contrast conjunction ​ adalah kata penghubung pertentangan. Jadi ​contrast conjunction i​ ni
dipakai untuk mengatakan hal yang bertentangan antara dua kalimat atau dua klausa.
Seperti contoh:

• These shoes are old ​but ​comfortable.

• He didn’t get the job ​despite/ in spite of​ all his qualifications.
• He didn’t get the job ​despite the fact that/in spite of the fact that​ he had all
qualifications.
• Although/Though/Even though​ he hurried, the shop was closed when he got there.

• The performance of our badminton athletes keeps declining. ​However/ Nevertheless/

Nonetheless/ On the other hand​, we must still support and encourage them.
• He didn’t study, ​yet​ he passed the exam.
• He thought I was lying, ​whereas​ I was telling the truth.
• Theme of cartoon is childish ​while​ anime can be so mature.

CONJUNCTION OF PURPOSE

Conjunction of purpose ​merupakan kata penghubung yang menyatakan tujuan. Seperti

contoh:

•I’m saving money ​for​ traveling abroad next year.

•I ​am saving​ money ​so that/in order that​ I ​can​ travel abroad next year.

•I will go to the store ​in order to​ buy some soda.

CAUSE AND EFFECT CONJUNCTION

Cause and effect conjunction ​merupakan kata penghubung yang menyatakan sebab akibat.
Seperti contoh:

•I can’t go ​because ​I am ill.

•I can’t walk ​because of​ my broken leg.

•Her success was ​due to​ hard work.

•Her success ​due to the fact that​ she worked hard.

• As​ I love you, I will do anything.

• I didn’t pass the test, ​for​ I hadn’t studied ​well.

• As long as​ you are not busy, please help me!

• Now that​ I work in journalism, I don’t have to work as sales anymore.

• Since​ I have never gone to Sweden before, now I’m feeling happy to know that my boss
offered me to work there.

•He didn’t spend money carelessly. ​Therefore,​ he was able to save money.
 •He didn’t spend money carelessly. He, ​therefore​, was able to save money.
•He didn’t spend money carelessly. He was able to save money, ​therefore.

Selain ​therefore,​ bisa memakai kata-kata berikut yang sama artinya dengan ​therefore:​
•Hence, Thus, Consequently, So, As A Result

•The incessant rain heavily poured over a week ago

thereby making​ our city flooded.

OTHER CONJUNCTIONS

​ apat dinyatakan sebagai permisalan.

Other conjunction d

•Such ​cities ​as​ Bandung and Surabaya are big.

•Not only ​is​ ​Mia smart but also clever.

•Not until​ 1998 ​did​ Reformation era begin.

• Either​ go to see him ​or​ send an apology will be the best way to solve your problem with
him.

• Neither​ Joan ​nor​ David could come to our party.

• I’ll go swimming tomorrow​ unless ​it’s cold.

CONJUNCTION
Exercises of Conjunction in Sentence Pattern

1. ________hardness, daylilies can be cultivated particularly easily.

(A) Their
(B) Since their
(C) It is their
(D) Because of their

Pembahasan:
Kata yang diperlukan adalah ​conjunction.​ ​Since ​adalah pilihan yang tidak tepat karena
seharusnya diikuti oleh S dan P. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​D. Because of their.

2. Until the ninth century, written words were not actually separated, ________ in
 some literary writing, dots or points were used to indicate divisions.
(A) in spite of
(B) contrary
(C) contrast to
(D) but

Pembahasan:
Kalimat diatas adalah kalimat dengan dua hal yang bertentangan. Penggunaan ​in spite of
tidak tepat karena seharusnya diikuti dengan ​noun​. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​D. but​.

3. ________ conventional black ink costs newspapers about thirty cents a pound, most
rub-resistant inks add at least ten cents more per pound to the bill.
(A) Furthermore
(B) Meanwhile
(C) Moreover
(D) While

Pembahasan:
Penggunaan ​furthermore ​dan ​moreover ​tidak tepat karena seharusnya diikuti dengan S dan
P. Sedangkan penggunaan ​meanwhile​ biasa untuk menunjukkan konjungsi waktu. Maka,
jawabannya adalah ​D. While​.

CONJUNCTION
Exercises of Conjunction in Error Recognition

1. The ​survival​ of a forest depends not only on the

A
amount of ​annual​ rainfall it receives, ​and​ also on
B C
the seasonal ​distribution​ of the rain.
D

Pembahasan:
Not only​ adalah ​correlative conjunction​ yang harus memiliki pasangan, yaitu ​but also.​
Sementara pada pilihan C, tertulis ​and also​. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​C.

2. In meteorology, ​either​ the formation of ​clouds

A B
and the precipitation of dew, rain, and snow are
known​ ​as​ condensation.
C D

Pembahasan:
Either s​ elalu berpasangan dengan ​or​ namun, tidak ada kata “​or​” diatas, melainkan “​and​”.
Maka, ​correlative conjunction​ yang digunakan adalah ​both. ​Maka, jawabannya adalah ​A.
 3. The ​cost of​ preparing and harvesting ​an​ acre of
A B
field corn is ​extremely​ high ​even though​ in the
C D
best of weather.

Pembahasan:
Even though ​adalah ​contrast conjunction​ yang seharusnya diikuti oleh kalimat, namun pada
soal diatas hanya diberi keterangan. Maka, jawabannya adalah ​D.