Solution of a quadratic equation

Ax2+BX+C=0

Input data Solutions

A= 3 x1 =
B= -5 x2 =
C= 0

Check
Results from function Ax
Quadratic_equation_A_B_C Ax
x1R = #VALUE!
x1I = #VALUE!
x2R = #VALUE!
x2I = #VALUE!

Index:
R : real part
I : imaginary part
 #VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i

Ax22+BX2+C= #VALUE!
Ax12+BX1+C= #VALUE!
Rev. cjc. 26.12.2016
Solution of a cubic equation using Cardano's method [1]

Ax3+BX2+CX+D=0

Input data Solutions

A= 1 x0 =
B= -35.485 x1 =
C= 0 x2 =
D= 593.545
Check
Results from function Ax03+BX
Cubic_Cardano_A_B_C_D Ax13+BX
x0R = #VALUE! Ax23+BX
x0I = #VALUE!
x1R = #VALUE!
x0I = #VALUE!
x2R = #VALUE!
x0I = #VALUE!

Index:
R : real par`
I : imaginary part

The solution was first published by Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576) in his Algebra book Ars Magna.

All of the roots of the cubic equation can be found algebraically. (This is also true of a quadratic
or quartic (fourth degree) equation, but no higher-degree equation, by the Abel–Ruffini theorem).

Quintic Equation. Unlike quadratic, cubic, and quartic polynomials, the general quintic cannot be
solved algebraically in terms of a finite number of additions, subtractions, multiplications,
divisions, and root extractions, as rigorously demonstrated by Abel (Abel's impossibility theorem)
and Galois.

In algebra, the Abel–Ruffini theorem (also known as Abel's impossibility theorem) states that
there is no algebraic solution—that is, solution in radicals—to the general polynomial equations
of degree five or higher with arbitrary coefficients. The theorem is named after Paolo Ruffini,
who made an incomplete proof in 1799,[1] and Niels Henrik Abel, who provided a proof in 1824
 #VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i

Ax03+BX02+CX0+D= #VALUE!
Ax +BX +CX1+D=
1
3
1
2
#VALUE!
Ax +BX +CX2+D=
2
3
2
2
#VALUE!

ra book Ars Magna.

ue of a quadratic
–Ruffini theorem).

quintic cannot be

ossibility theorem)

em) states that

omial equations
Paolo Ruffini,
d a proof in 1824
Rev. cjc. 26.12.2016
Solution of a quadratic equation Check
Ax12+BX1+C=
Ax2+BX+C=0 Ax22+BX2+C=

Input data x1 = #VALUE!

A= 3
B= 5 x1² = #VALUE!
C= 6 x1² = #VALUE!

Ax12=
Results from function BX1=
Quadratic_equation_A_B_C C=
x1R = #VALUE!
x1I = #VALUE! Ax12+BX1+C=
x2R = #VALUE!
x2I = #VALUE! x2 = #VALUE!

Solutions x2² = #VALUE!

x1 = #VALUE! + #VALUE! i x2² = #VALUE!
x2 = #VALUE! + #VALUE! i
Ax12=
BX1=
Index: C=
R : real part
I : imaginary part Ax22+BX2+C=

Solution of a cubic equation using Cardano's method [31] Check

Ax13+BX12+CX1+D=
Ax3+BX2+CX+D=0 Ax23+BX22+CX2+D=
Ax33+BX32+CX3+D=
Input data
A= 20 x1 = #VALUE!
B= 4
C= 6 x1² = #VALUE!
D= -380 x1² = #VALUE!

Results from function x13 = #VALUE!

Cubic_Cardano_A_B_C_D x13 = #VALUE!
 x1R = #VALUE!
x1i = #VALUE! Ax13 =
x2R = #VALUE! BX12 =
x2i = #VALUE! CX1 =
x3R = #VALUE! D=
x3i = #VALUE! Ax +BX +CX1+D=
1
3
1
2

Solutions x2 = #VALUE!
x1 = #VALUE! + #VALUE! i
x2 = #VALUE! + #VALUE! i x2² = #VALUE!
x3 = #VALUE! + #VALUE! i x2² = #VALUE!

x23 = #VALUE!
3
x =
2 #VALUE!

Ax23 =
BX22 =
CX2 =
D=
Ax +BX +CX2+D=
2
3
2
2

x3 = #VALUE!

x3² = #VALUE!
x3² = #VALUE!

x33 = #VALUE!
x33 = #VALUE!

Ax33 =
BX32 =
CX3 =
D=
Ax33+BX32+CX3+D=
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

+ #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i + #VALUE!
+ #VALUE! i

#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
6

#VALUE! + #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i + #VALUE!
+ #VALUE! i

#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
6

#VALUE! + #VALUE! i

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

+ #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i + #VALUE!
+ #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! + #VALUE! + #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
-380
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i + #VALUE!
+ #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i + #VALUE! + #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i

#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
-380
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i + #VALUE!
+ #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i + #VALUE! + #VALUE! i

+ #VALUE! i

#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
-380
#VALUE! + #VALUE! i
Quartic equation. Online calculator

http://www.1728.org/quartic.htm

Quartic equation
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/QuarticEquation.html y1 is a real root of (34), then

Quartic equation Solutions

Quartic Equation

A quartic equation is a fourth-order polynomial equation of the form

-1

While some authors (Beyer 1987b, p. 34) use the term "biquadratic equation" as a synonym for quartic equation, othe
.

Ferrari was the first to develop an algebraic technique for solving the general quartic, which was stolen and published

The roots of this equation satisfy Vieta's formulas:

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

where the denominators on the right side are all

. Writing the quartic in the standard form

 (6)

the properties of the symmetric polynomials appearing in Vieta's formulas then give

(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

Eliminating
,
, and
, respectively, gives the relations

(11)
(12)
(13)

as well as their cyclic permutations.

Ferrari was the first to develop an algebraic technique for solving the general quartic. He applied his technique (which

(14)

(Smith 1994, p. 207).

The
term can be eliminated from the general quartic ( ◇) by making a substitution of the form

(15)

so

(16)

Letting
so
(17)

then gives the standard form

(18)
where

(19)
(20)
(21)

The quartic can be solved by writing it in a general form that would allow it to be algebraically factorable and then fin

-22

It turns out that a factorization of this form can be obtained by adding and subtracting
(where
is for now an arbitrary quantity, but which will be specified shortly) to equation ( ◇) to obtain

-23

This equation can be rewritten

-24

(Birkhoff and Mac Lane 1966). Note that the first term is immediately a perfect square
with

-25

and the second term will be a perfect square

if
is chosen to that the square can be completed in

-26

This means we want

-27

which requires that

 -28

or

-29

This is the resolvent cubic.

Since an analytic solution to the cubic is known, we can immediately solve algebraically for one of the three solution o
, and plugging equation (29) into equation (26) then gives

-30

with

-31

therefore is linear in
and
is quadratic in
, so each term
and
is quadratic and can be solved using the quadratic formula, thus giving all four solutions to the original quartic.

Explicitly, plugging
,
, and
back into (◇) gives

-32

This can be simplified by making the substitution

-33

which gives the resolvent cubic equation

(34)

Let
be a real root of (34), then the four roots of the original quartic are given by the roots of the equation

(35)
which are

(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)

where

-40

-41

-42

(Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 17; Beyer 1987, p. 12).

Another approach to solving the quartic ( ◇) defines

-43
-44
-45

where the second forms follow from

-46

and defining

-47
-48

This equation can be written in terms of the original coefficients

,
, and
as

-49

The roots of this cubic equation then give

,
, and
, and the equations (◇) to (◇) can be solved for the four roots
of the original quartic (Faucette 1996).
y1 is a real root of (34), then the four roots of the original quartic are given by the roots of the equation
(34)
nym for quartic equation, others (Hazewinkel 1988, Gellert et al. 1989) reserve the term for a quartic equation having no cubic term, i.e., a

hich was stolen and published in Cardano's Ars Magna in 1545 (Boyer and Merzbach 1991, p. 283). The Wolfram Language can solve quar
e applied his technique (which was stolen and published by Cardano) to the equation
aically factorable and then finding the condition to put it in this form. The equation that must be solved to make it factorable is called the
for one of the three solution of equation (29), say

to the original quartic.

where y1 is a real root of (34), then the four roots of the original quartic are given by the roots of the equation
(34)

he roots of the equation

having no cubic term, i.e., a quadratic equation in

m Language can solve quartic equations exactly using the built-in command Solve[a4 x^4 + a3 x^3 + a2 x^2 + a1 x + a0 == 0, x]. The solution c
it factorable is called the resolvent cubic. To do this, note that the quartic will be factorable if it can be written as the difference of two sq
+ a0 == 0, x]. The solution can also be expressed in terms of Wolfram Language algebraic root objects by first issuing SetOptions
as the difference of two squared terms,
uing SetOptions[Roots, Quartics -> False].
Quintic equation. Online calculator

http://www.had2know.com/academics/quintic-equation-solver-calculator.php
Solution of any cubic equation with real coefficients using Cardano's Me

Ax3+BX2+CX+D=0
Enter the coefficients below:
A= 2
B= 4
C= 6
D= -380

This yields x3+EX2+FX+G=0

E = B/A 2
F = C/A 3
G = D/A -190

The Depressed Cubic: y3 + by = c

x = y - E/3
b = F - E2/3 1.66666666666667
c = FE/3 - 2E3/27 -G 191.407407407407
c2 + 4b3/27 36637.4814814815

y3 + by = c
(Q + P)3 - 3QP(Q + P) = Q3 + P3
y=Q+P
P = -b/(3Q)
Q3 + P3 = c
Q6 - cQ3 - b3/27 = 0
Q3 = ( c + sqrt( c2 + 4b3/27) )/2 = Rexp(i*Phi)

R = abs((c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27))/2) if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0

R = sqrt(-b3/27) if c2 + 4b3/27 < 0
Phi = 0, if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0 and c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27) > 0
Phi = PI, if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0 and c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27) < 0
cos(Phi) = c/(2R) if c2 + 4b3/27 < 0
Phi needs to be a First or Second Quadrant Angle consistent with a non negative imaginary part.
 Solve for Q : The three cube roots

Q0 = R^(1/3)cos(Phi/3)+iR^(1/3)sin(Phi/3)
Q1 = R^(1/3)cos((Phi+2PI)/3)+iR^(1/3)sin((Phi+2PI)/3)
Q2 = R^(1/3)cos((Phi+4PI)/3)+iR^(1/3)sin((Phi+4PI)/3)

P0 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos(Phi/3) - isin(Phi/3) )

P1 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos((Phi+2PI)/3) - isin((Phi+2PI)/3) )
P2 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos((Phi+4PI)/3) - isin((Phi+4PI)/3) )

y0 = Q0 + P0 5.6666667 +i
y1 = Q1 + P1 -2.8333333 +i
y2 = Q2 + P2 -2.8333333 +i

x0 = y0 - E/3 x0R = 5.0000000 x0I =

x1 = y1 - E/3 x1R = -3.5000000 x1I =
x2 = y2 - E/3 x2R = -3.5000000 x2I =

Check:
Ax03+BX02+CX0+D= 0.0000000
Ax13+BX12+CX1+D= 0.0000000
Ax23+BX22+CX2+D= 0.0000000

(a+bi)² = a² + abi + abi + b²i²

a² + abi + abi - b²
a² - b²+ 2abi
(a+bi)²|R = a² - b²
(a+bi)²|I = 2abi

(a+bi)³ = (a+bi)*(a² - b²+ 2abi )

 a³ - ab² + 2a²bi + a²bi - b³i + 2ab²i²
a³ - ab² + 3a²bi - b³i - 2ab²
a³ - 3ab² + 3a²bi - b³i
(a+bi)³|R = a³ - 3ab²
(a+bi)³|I = ( 3a²b - b³ ) i
nts using Cardano's Method [1]

d = c ^ 2 + 4 * b ^ 3 / 27

191.408303229382

negative imaginary part.

 5.7630660 +i 0.0000000
-2.8815330 +i 4.9909615
-2.8815330 +i -4.9909615

-0.0963993 +i 0.0000000
0.0481997 +i 0.0834842
0.0481997 +i -0.0834842 A=
B=
0.0000000 C=
5.0744458 D=
-5.0744458
x0R = #VALUE! x0R =
0.0000000 +i x0I = #VALUE! x0I =
5.0744458 +i x1R = #VALUE! x1R =
-5.0744458 +i x0I = #VALUE! x0I =
x2R = #VALUE! x2R =
x0I = #VALUE! x0I =

+i 0.0000000
+i 0.0000000
+i 0.0000000
 2
4
6
-380

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
[1] Cubic_Solution.xls
my.execpc.com/~aplehnen/Cubic_Solution.xls