LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING (PT – 1)

1. Penetrant testing is difficult to carry out on

a. Rough surfaces
b. Porous surfaces
c. Smeared metal surfaces
d. All of the above

2. Viscosity of the Penetrant mainly affects

a. Contact angle
b. Surface tension
c. Speed ;of penetration
d. All of the above

3. Water on the surface of a component is a contaminant since

a. It may affect the balanced composition of the penetrant
b. It can itself penetrate and occupy the discontinuity
c. It has high surface tension
d. ‘a’ & ‘b’ of the above

4. Normally mechanical methods of cleaning the surface prior to the PT

are not advisable. However if mechanical methods are adopted, the
treatment to be followed is
a. Thorough washing with water
b. Vapour degreasing
c. Acid treatment
d. Etching

5. Etching is the post treatment methods after mechanical cleaning.

Etching is
a. Uniform dissolution of the metal
b. Preferential dissolution of the smeared metal in the discontinuity
c. A method to remove surface roughness
d. A method to widen the crack

6. A mechanical method of surface preparation prior to PT is not

advisable. However grit blasting with soft grit hand brushing is not
objectionable
a. When the hardness of the metal is above 40 Rc
b. When the hardness is low
c. When fluorescent penetrant is used
d. None of the above

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7. Vapour degreasing is a method to remove
a. Grease and oil
b. Scale and rust
c. Chemical conversion coatings
d. Contaminants that can be removed by organic solvent action
e. ‘a’ and ‘d’ of the above

8. Most of the degreasing agents are chlorinated solvents. These are

avoided
a. Fort treatment of Austenitic stainless steel
b. For treatment of Titanium
c. Ni base alloys
d. All of the above

9. Oil and grease need by removed from the surface prior to PT since
a. Oil and grease may affect the contact angle and surface tension of P
b. May occupy the discontinuity to some extent
c. May fluoresce under black light
d. ‘a’ & ‘b’ of the above
e. ‘a’, ‘b’ & ‘c’ of the above

10. While resorting acid cleaning using suitably formulated acid cleaning
compositions or bath; one has to be careful because
a. The acid bath contains an inhibitor
b. The acid bath may affect the parent metal
c. The acid bath affects the fluorescence properties of the Fluorescent
dye
d. Of the possible hydrogen embrittlement of the steel parts with the use
of acid baths
e. ‘c’ and ‘d’ of the above

11. Rough surface and excessive rough weld are not that suitable for PT
because
a. They interfere with penetration
b. They pose problems during excess surface penetrant removal
c. They ultimately lead to false indications
d. ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

12. Scale or rust or oxidized surfaces are to be removed since they

a. Tend to block the discontinuities
b. Tend to affect the composition of the penetrants
c. Ultimately lead to false indication
d. ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the above

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13. Colour contrast and brightness contrast are the two main types of
penetrants. Other types are
a. Dual sensitive penetrant
b. Filtered particle penetrant
c. Plastic film penetrant
d. ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above
e. ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the above

14. Dwell time is

a. Total application time
b. Total drain time
c. Total of application and drain time
d. Twice the developer time

15. Dwell time is affected mainly by type of material, nature of the

discontinuity and nature of processing of the component. Other factors
are
a. Temperature
b. Type of penetrants
c. Surface roughness
d. ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the above
e. ‘a’ , ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

16. Draining of the penetrant after the application by any method is

practiced since
a. this practice leads to cost reduction
b. it is found that this mode of dwelling gives better sensitivity
c. this practice reduces the load on the excess penetrant removal step
d. ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the above
e. ‘a’ , ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

17. Normally any of the fluorescent type of penetrant is better sensitive

than any of the visible dye penetrant as
a. black light is used in fluorescent penetrant inspection
b. See ability of fluorescent penetrant is better
c. The contrast ratio is high compared to visible dye penetrant
d. All the above
e. ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

18. In visible or fluorescent penetrant, post emulsifiable type is most

sensitive since
a. Emulsification improves water washability
b. Emulsification and water washing are two steps in this system
c. Emulsification time can be controlled
d. Emulsifiers are better penetrant removers than solvents.

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19. In the case of water washable penetrant, the pressure of water is
a. Of no importance
b. To be maintained between 30 and 40 psi
c. Below 30 psi
d. Above 40 psi

20. In the case of water washable penetrant, when processing very large
parts where immersion is not practicable the procedure to be followed
is
a. To start washing from the top to bottom
b. To start washing from the bottom to top
c. To start washing from mid portion and then to either side
d. To use solvent cleaning methods

21. Emulsifiers whether Lipophilic or hydrophilic acts on the penetrant by

a. Solvent action
b. Dispersive action
c. Mechanical action
d. Mixing action

22. Water tolerance of lipophilic emulsifier compared to hydrophilic

emulsifier is
a. High
b. Low
c. Same
d. No comparison possible

23. The mechanism of lipophilic emulsifier on penetrant is one of

a. Dissolving in the penetrant making it amenable for water washing
b. Dispersing the penetrant so as to make it water washable
c. Dissolving the penetrant with water emulsifier combination
d. Mechanical action

24. The sensitivity of hydrophilic emulsifier is normally high when the

concentration of the emulsifier is low say 5%. The disadvantage is
a. The load on water washing is high
b. Penetrant tolerance is low
c. The bath life is low
d. ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the above
e. ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

25. Other than penetrant removal, emulsifier can be used for

a. Precleaning the test surface
b. To remove the penetrant in the flaw as in PT
c. Masking the irrelevant indications
d. None of the above

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26. In the case of post emulsifiable penetrant initial water rinse (prerinse)
a. Is possible
b. Is not possible
c. Is possible only in the case hydrophilic emulsifier PE penetrant
d. Is possible only in the case of lipophilic emulsifier PE penetrant

27. Compared to water washable penetrant, PE penetrant process allows

rerun: The reason
a. Water washable penetrant cleans the surface thoroughly
b. Water washable penetrant leaves some amount emulsifier residue in
the discontinuity
c. PE penetrant does not leave much emulsifier in the discontinuity
d. PE penetrant leaves some amount of emulsifier in the discontinuity
e. ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

28. Compared to water washable penetrant, PE penetrant is more sensitive

the reason being (other than control over emulsification time (ie)
avoiding overwashing)
a. Brilliant fluorescence effect
b. Bright colour effect
c. Water washable penetrant contains an in built emulsifier
d. The formulation permits a high concentration of the dye

29. Activity and water content are complimentary in the case lipophilic
emulsifier
a. As the water content increases, the activity increases
b. As the water content increases, the activity decreases
c. As the water content increases, the viscosity decreases
d. ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

30. Even without developing, the penetrant can come out of the
discontinuity
a. True
b. False
c. But it is very thin layer to be seen
d. ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the above

31. The high sensitivity of the nonaqueous developer is attributed to

a. Good adsorption of the developer with the surface
b. Good absorption of the penetrant by the developer
c. Solvent action of the developer with the penetrant
d. All of the above

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32. The dry developer is more suited for rough surfaces
a. The adsorption is good
b. The flow ability is good
c. The tendency to remain on the surface is good
d. The absorption is good

33. Electrostatic spayring of dry developer is most sensitive than other

methods of applying of dry powder
a. As the adsorption is better
b. As the absorption is better
c. As the solvent action is better
d. As the electrostatic methods of application facilitates penetrant bleed
out

34. The plastic film developer is also sensitive like the nonaqueous as
a. The plastic film facilitates good viewing
b. The plastic material in the developer facilitates bleed out
c. The solvent action of plastic film developer facilitates good bleed out
d. None of the above

35. The white light (visible) spectrum is

a. 4000 A to 7000 A
b. 400 nm to 700 nm
c. 3650 to 4000 A
d. 3200 A to 4000 A
e. ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the above

36. The spectrum of black light with the filter is

a. 3200 A to 4000 A
b. 3650 S
c. 2000 A to 4000 A
d. 4 nm to 4000 nm
e. 200 – 400 nm

37. The spectrum of fluorescence on subjecting the fluorescent dye with

black light is
a. 475 nm to 575 nm
b. 400 nm to 700 nm
c. 365 nm
d. 320 nm to 400 nm

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38. The contrast ratio of fluorescent dye is very high compared to visible
dye
a. As the light emitted is greenish yellow light with the background of
violet
b. As the light emitted is red colour with the background of white
c. As the fluorescence is brilliant
d. As the human eye received greenish yellow colour better

39. The amount of light emitted/reflected from a source controls

a. Seeability
b. Contrast ratio
c. ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the above

40. Among the following which one is an non-relevant indication

a. Porosity detected during in-service inspection
b. Crack detected during in-service inspection
c. Finger print indication
d. Indication due to lint

41. The water tolerance is applicable to lipophilic emulsifier and hydrophilic

emulsifier may not be affected by water contamination as this is water
based. The normal water tolerance specified for lipophilic emulsifier is
a. 15%
b. 1.5%
c. 5%
d. 10%
e. none of the above

42. Water tolerance level is applicable in the case of

a. Post emulsifiable penetrants
b. Solvent removable penetrants
c. Water washable penetrants
d. Hydrophilic emulsifiers

43. For cast surface, the penetrant that will given min.. background
fluorescence or colour
a. Post emulsifiable
b. Water washable
c. Solvent removable
d. Dual mode

44. The most suitable method to detect fatigue cracks in stainless steel is
a. 57.Type I, method ‘b’ or ‘d’
b. Type II method ‘b’ or ‘d’
c. Type I method ‘a’ or ‘c’
d. Type II method ‘a’ or ‘c’

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45. It is required to detect large cracks in an AI forging. The satisfactory
method would be
a. Type I, method ‘b’ or ‘d’
b. Type II method ‘b’ or ‘d’
c. Type I method ‘a’ or ‘c’
d. Type II method ‘a’ or ‘c’

46. It is required to inspect an overhead weld during day time. The suitable
method would be
a. Type I, method ‘c’
b. Type II method ‘c’
c. Type I or II, method ‘b’ or ‘d’
d. Type II or II, method ‘a’

47. Type I, Method A penetrant is not suited for

a. Rough surfaces
b. Key-ways and threads
c. Shallow discontinuities
d. None of the above

48. The penetrant Type and Method combination that is most suited for spot
inspection is
a. Fluorescent, water washable
b. Fluorescent, post emulsifiable
c. Fluorescent, solvent removable
d. Visible dye, solvent removable

49. Water contamination of WW penetrants and lipophilic emulsifier leads to

problems. One method to measure the water content in the above
materials is to
a. Evaporate and condense the water
b. Reflux with Xylene and condense the Xylene and water Vapour
c. Conduct water tolerance test
d. Titrate with some chemical

50. In the case of reverse fluorescent testing, the crack indications would
be
a. Bright fluorescent lines
b. Dark lines
c. Red colour indications
d. The entire surface fluore3sce except the portions where cracks are
present
e. ‘b’ and ‘d’ of the above

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51. Black light station is located after the rinse station. The purpose is
a. To carry out inspection for fluorescent dye penetrant
b. To check the background fluorescent
c. To check whether the part is over washed
d. To improve the developer effectiveness

52. Hydrophilic emulsifier compared to lipophilic emulsifier permits

prerinse, thereby effecting economy. The prerinse station is
a. After penetrant station and before emulsifier station
b. After emulsifier station
c. Before regular rinse station
d. Before penetration station

53. Which of the following developers is impropriate for use with type II
penetrants
a. Dry developers
b. Water suspended developers
c. Water soluble developers
d. Solvent suspended developers
.
54. Of the following type of developers, best resolution is obtained with
a. Dry developers
b. Wet developers
c. Special purpose developers
d. Reverse fluorescent developer

55. Water washability test is often required for

a. Method A penetrant
b. Method B or D penetrants
c. Method C penetrants
d. ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the above

56. The intensity of fluorescence (visible light) given by fluorescent dye is

dependant on The connection of the dye, thickness of the dye, a
constant called extinction coefficient and initial intensity of black light
and the quantum yield. The equation is If = Ө Io (1 – e-kcx). Calculate
the If for Io is 100 Ө = 1.1:kcx = 1
a. 10
b. 63.6
c. 70
d. 11.1

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57. The absorption equation for a visible dye is I = Io e-kcx where Io is the
initial intensity, I is the intensity given by the dye on impingement of
light, K is the constant, extinction coefficient, x is the thickness of the
dye layer and c is the concentration of the dye. If the initial intensity is
100. What is the intensity of the light given by the dye (kcx =1)

58. As per 1999,ASTME-, the temperature for the practice of penetrant

testing is
a. 10-38 Deg. C
b. 10-38Deg. F
c. 4 -52Deg. C
d. 4 -52Deg. F

59. As per the above, the drying oven temperature should not exceed
a. 71 Deg. C
b. 71Deg. F
c. 85Deg. C
d. part temperature need be taken in to account

60. As per the above, when both types of penetrants are employed
a. Type І should not be followed by type ІІ
b. Type ІІ should not be followed by type І
c. Sequence is no consequence in the testing
d. More information is required

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LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING (PT – 1)

ANSWERS
Q.NO ANSWERS Q.NO ANSWERS
1 D 31 D
2 C 32 C
3 D 33 A
4 D 34 C
5 B 35 E
6 A 36 A
7 E 37 A
8 D 38 A
9 E 39 C
10 E 40 D
11 D 41 C
12 D 42 C
13 E 43 B
14 C 44 A
15 E 45 C
16 E 46 C
17 E 47 C
18 C 48 D
19 B 49 C
20 A 50 B
21 B 51 C
22 D 52 A
23 B 53 A
24 E 54 C
25 A 55 D
26 C 56 C
27 C 57
28 D 58 C
29 B 59 A
30 D 60 B

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