Moderate

1.Which mixer has higher conversion loss of among the below

Single ended diode mixers,

FET mixers,

Balanced mixers,

Image reject mixers

Answer: Image reject mixers

Explanation

Conversion loss: The conversion loss of an image rejection mixer will be higher than that of a
standard mixer as the overall loss will need to include that of the quadrature hybrids, power
splitters, etc. The additional loss introduced by these components will need to be added into the
overall equation. However the level of loss is still normally acceptable - typical figures expected may
be around 8 - 10 dB.

Easy

1.Insertion loss in dB are given by

dB=10log(Pi/Po),

dB=10log(Po/Pi),

dB=10log(Pi/Pi-Po),

dB=10log(Po/Pi-Po)

Answer:dB=10log(Pi/Po),

Explanation

It is defined as ratio of input power Pi and output power Po

Difficult

3.The s-parameter of network is given by s11=0.2\_90 degree

s22=0.2\_90 degree

s12=0.5\_90 degree
s21=0.5\_90 degree

Is the network symetrical and reciprocal and what is the value of insertion loss

5.02dB

6.02dB

50.2dB

60.2dB

Answer :6.02dB

Explanation

Insertion loss=10log(1/(S12)2)

=20log(1/S12)

= 20 log 1/0.5

=6.020dB

Easy

4.what is the microwave frequency and wavelength range

1Ghz to 300GHz AND 30 cm TO 1mm

1Mhz to 300MHz AND 3 cm TO 10mm

1Ghz to 300GHz AND 30 cm TO 1mm

1Mhz to 30MHz AND 3 cm TO 10mm

Answer:

1Ghz to 300GHz AND 30 cm TO 1mm

Easy

5.Which of the following are the characteristics of power amplifier

Impedence matching

High Efficiency.

High output distortion.

all of the above

Answer:All of the above

explanation:

Impedance matching:

As the power amplifiers are handling a large amt of power it is important to transfer maximum
power to the load. To do so, impedance matching between the o/p impedance of the power
amplifier and load has to be ensure.As the loads like loud speakers have low impedance, the o/p imp
of a power amp. Also must be low. Therefore, the common collector or emitter follower circuit is
normally used as the power amplifier because it has a low o/p imp.A transformer may also be used
for imp matching on the o/p side.

Efficiency:

The efficiency is defined as ratio of o/p power to total input power.

%(n)Efficiency(n)=poutpin×100

But Pin=Pout+Plosses

%(n)=PoutPout+Plosses×100

Where Plosses is the power lost in power transistor

Harmonic distortion:

Due to non-linear characteristics of transistors, distortion will be present on the o/p side of the amp.

That means, frequency components which are present on the i/p side will be present in the o/p.
This will distort the shape of the o/p of waveform. To measure the percentage of distortion, analysis
of o/p waveform is carried out.

REF: http://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/quizzes-home.htm

Mixers:

1.  What is the name given to a receiver circuit whose oscillator circuit is biased just shy of the
oscillation point in order to increase signal sensitivity?

a)  Recyclable
b)  Single-balanced
c)  Double-balanced
d)  Regenerative

d)  Regenerative

Positive feedback in the oscillator circuit is adjusted to be just below the point of excitation so that
a very small received signal sends it into oscillation for use in the downconversion and detection
circuitry. 

2.  What is the name given to a mixer configuration that cancels out received signal frequencies
that are equidistant from the oscillator frequency as the intended signal, but on the opposite side
of the oscillator; i.e., on the opposite equivalent sideband?

a)  Image reject

b)  Sideband reject
c)  Mirror reject
d)  Opposite reject
a) Image reject

If the intended received frequency is f1 and the oscillator frequency if fLO, then the
multiplication (mixing) process (not including harmonics) produces, in the example of a
high-side LO, fLO + f1 and fLO - f1 . If f2 = fLO + (fLO + f1) = 2fLO + f1, then it is the same
distance above fLO as f1 is below fLO. Now, substituting f2 into the f1 mixing products yields
fLO + f2 and fLO - f2 = fLO + (2fLO + f1) and fLO - (2fLO + f1) = 3fLO - f1 and fLO + f1. Note
that the fLO + f1 term is that exact same as the original f1 products. Hence, it produces the
same output frequency. That is why it is called the image frequency. 

3.  What is Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)?

a)  The magnitude expected vector

b) The magnitude of the measured vector
c)  The difference between the expected vector magnitude and the measured vector
magnitude
d)  The sum of the expected vector magnitude and the measured vector magnitude

c)  The difference between the expected vector magnitude and the measured vector
magnitude.

As the drawing to the right shows, the Error Vector is the difference between the ideal
vector end point (line V) and the measured vector end point (line Vm).  

4.  What is a "cold FET?"

a)  A FET bathed in a cryogenic fluid

b)  Slang for a burnt-out FET
c)  An insensitive FET
d)  A FET circuit without DC bias

d)  A FET circuit without DC bias

An example of a cold FET is one used in a frequency mixer circuit where all ports are AC
coupled. 

5.  Why might a Lange coupler be preferred over a 3 dB hybrid coupler?

a)  Lower insertion loss

b)  Higher power handling
c)  Wider bandwidth for impedance matching
d)  Narrower bandwidth for impedance matching

c)  Wider bandwidth for impedance matching

The physical construction and phasing of its rectangular construction limits the wavelength
over which a 3 dB hybrid coupler provides a good impedance match.
6.  What are mixer spurious products comprised of?

a)  Small signal LO and small signal RF inputs

b)  Small signal LO and large signal RF inputs
c)  Large signal LO and small signal RF inputs
d)  Large signal LO and large signal RF inputs

c)  Large signal LO and small signal RF inputs

The LO (local oscillator) signal is at high enough power to quickly drive the mixer diodes
into saturation during the "on" portion of the cycle while the RF input signal are kept within
the more linear conduction region of the diodes. 

7.  Why does the mechanism of noise generation in a mixer differ than that of an
amplifier?

a)  Because the device parameters vary in time in response to the LO signal
b)  Because of passive versus active operation
c)  Because diodes are noisier than transistors
d)  Because a two-port component is different than a 4-port component

a)  Because the device parameters vary in time in response to the LO signal

The large signal LO drive causes the mixer to constantly move through the full operating
range of the semiconductor junctions. 

8.  Why does a cascode amplifier provide higher gain than a single stage?

a)  Because of a higher bias current

b)  Because of a lower supply voltage requirement
c)  Because of higher output impedance and higher reverse isolation
d)  Because of its smaller physical size

c)  Because of higher output impedance and higher reverse isolation

The cascode topology also offers a higher frequency of operation due to a reduction in the
equivalent input capacitance. 

9.  What is the equivalent of a triply-balanced mixer?

a)  A combination of three singly balanced mixers

b)  A combination of two doubly balanced mixers
c)  Three diodes in a star configuration
d)  Three diodes in a ring configuration

b)  Combination of two doubly balanced mixers

A triply-balanced mixer is comprised of two doubly-balanced mixer in parallel, connected

between baluns at each port, as shown in drawing to the right
 10.  What is a major advantage of the Gilbert cell topology?

a)  It has a much lower implementation cost

b)  It uses fewer components required
c)  It has a smaller circuit footprint
d)  It multiplies the input and output currents to avoid improve linearity

d)  It multiplies the input and output currents to avoid improve linearity

The Gilbert cell uses transistors to provide current gain for avoiding voltage limitations and thereby
improving linearity. 

7.  Why does the mechanism of noise generation in a mixer differ than that of an amplifier?
(see page 450)

8.  Why does a cascode amplifier provide higher gain than a single stage?

(see page 457)

9.  What is the equivalent of a triply-balanced mixer?

.  (see page 322)

OSCILLATORS

1. Who from this list is usually credited with being the first to experiment with high frequency
oscillator circuits?

a) Benjamin Franklin
b) Nikola Tesla
c) Edwin Armstrong
d) Albert Einstein

b) Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla's work with high frequency oscillators predated those of Marconi (whose name is not
in the list of options to avoid contention).

2. In the four basic oscillator circuits shown below, what is the primary function of the transistor?

a) Frequency control
b) Amplitude control
c) Compensation for tank circuit losses
d) Isolation

c) Compensations for tank circuit losses

A parallel tank circuit composed of an ideal (lossless, i.e., purely reactive) inductor and and ideal
capacitors will theoretically "ring" (oscillate) in perpetuity at its resonant frequency once
stimulated. Since real-world components have losses (resistance), the oscillations eventually
dampen out to an unusable amplitude. Although the transistor can and usually does provide signal
gain to the load, its primary purpose is to feed enough energy back into the tank circuit to sustain
oscillations.

3. Which type of oscillator circuit is shown to the right?

a) Colpitts oscillator
b) Clapp oscillator
c) Hartley oscillator
d) Pierce oscillator

b) Clapp oscillator
The Clapp oscillator, invented by James K. Clapp (page 5), is an improvement over the basic Colpitts
oscillator due to the addition of a capacitor in series with the parallel inductor.

4. Which type of oscillator circuit is shown to the right?

a) Colpitts oscillator
b) Clapp oscillator
c) Hartley oscillator
d) Pierce oscillator
 5. Which type of oscillator circuit is shown to the right?

a) Colpitts oscillator
b) Clapp oscillator
c) Hartley oscillator
d) Pierce oscillator

6. Which type of oscillator circuit is shown to the right?

a) Colpitts oscillator
b) Clapp oscillator
c) Hartley oscillator
d) Pierce oscillator

7. Which factor is most important in maintaining spectral purity in an oscillator circuit?

a) Overall circuit Q (quality factor)

b) Component sizes
c) Q of individual components
d) Transistor gain

8. What does the term "frequency pulling" refer to?

a) Change in frequency due to power supply variations

b) Change in frequency due to load variations
c) Change in frequency due to thermal variation
d) All the above

9. In a phase-locked loop (PLL) oscillator circuit, what does the phase detector do?

a) Detects phase
b) Compares relative phase between the reference input and oscillator output and introduces
    a shift as necessary to maintain phase coherence
c) Injects random phase shifts at the input to stabilize the output frequency
d) Phase detectors are not used in PLL circuits

10. Complete the following adage used in the days before computer simulators. "If you want an
oscillator, design an amplifier. If you want an amplifier, design a(n) ____."

a) Amplifier
b) Filter
c) Oscillator
d) Radio

Answers:

3. Which type of oscillator circuit is shown to the right?

 

4. Which type of oscillator circuit is shown to the right?

 
c) Hartley oscillator
The Hartley oscillator, invented by Ralph V. L. Hartley, uses a tank circuit composed fundamentally
of a pair of inductors (or a tapped transformer) in parallel with a capacitor. The tap point between
the inductors is a reactive voltage divider to provide feedback to the transistor.
 5. Which type of oscillator circuit is shown to the right?
 
d) Pierce oscillator
The Pierce oscillator, invented by George W. Pierce, replaces the LC tank circuit with a crystal as
the frequency determining element. Capacitors are used to stabilize the circuit.

6. Which type of oscillator circuit is shown to the right?

 
a) Colpitts oscillator
The Colpitts oscillator, invented by Edwin H. Colpitts, uses a tank circuit composed fundamentally
of a pair of capacitors in parallel with an inductor. The tap point between the capacitors is a
reactive voltage divider to provide feedback to the transistor.

7. Which factor is most important in maintaining spectral purity in an oscillator circuit?

 
a) Overall circuit Q
If all of the circuit components have extremely high Qs but the layout and/or shielding is poor,
then the overall Q will be diminished. Similarly, a clean layout with poor component Qs will result
in suboptimal performance.

8. What does the term "frequency pulling" refer to?

 
b) Change in frequency due to load variations
Although the other two factors, temperature and power supply variations for the load can cause its
impedance to change and pull the oscillator frequency, they are lumped into the load variations
definition, so b) is the most accurate choice. 1/2 credit goes for an answer of d).
9. In a phase-locked loop (PLL) oscillator circuit, what does the phase detector do?
 
b) Compares relative phase between the reference input and oscillator output and introduces a
shift as necessary to maintain phase coherence

10. Complete the following adage used in the days before computer simulators. "If you want an
oscillator, design an amplifier. If you want an amplifier, design a(n) ____."
 
c) Oscillator

In the days of yore, when dinosaurs roamed the Earth, it was nearly impossible to design high
frequency circuits that behaved as intended on the first pass. The relatively large size of
components made isolating circuit inputs from circuit outputs very difficult, and often times stray
energy from the output of an amplifier circuit would feed back to the input at just the right phase
to induce oscillations. Tweaking of component values and physical locations would be needed to
tame the beast. Similarly, attempts to lay out oscillator circuits to intentionally get just the right
feedback in phase and amplitude for sustaining oscillation would fall short of expectation, again
necessitating tweaking. Use of modern circuit and EM simulators has removed a lot of the
unknowns, permitting high confidence in getting it right the first time

RF Design Using EM Simulators 

1.What is an electric field?

a)  A plasmatic cluster of electrons

b)  The perpendicular component of a gravitational field
c)  An emotion-charged sports arena
d)  The potential gradient in space caused by voltage on a conductor

2.  Where is current flow strongest on a microstrip line?

a)  Along the edges

b)  In the center
c)  Evenly distributed
d)  No current flows in a microstrip line
3.  What is a meander line?

a)  A transmission line that wraps randomly around the substrate

b)  A reception line that wraps randomly around the substrate
c)  A transmission line that snakes back and forth along its length
d)  A transmission line layout named after Julius Meander

4.  Although microstrip lines are modeled as equivalent lumped element circuits, they are
actually:

a)  Many lumped elements

b)  Distributed elements
c)  Mechanical elements
d)  Magnetic elements

5.  Why are microstrip line corners mitered in a bend?

a)  To reduce signal reflections

b)  To save metal
c)  To reduce substrate weight
d)  To allow denser packing of circuits

6.  How can crosstalk between metal lines be reduced?

a)  Reduce the signal strength if possible

b)  Use a vertical isolation wall between the lines
c)  Use more separation between lines
d)  All the above

7.  How does current in the ground plane flow relative to the microstrip line above it?

a)  No current flows in the ground plane

b)  Perpendicular to the microstrip line
c)  Vertically
d)  Like a mirror image

8.  What is a main motivation for using a differential pair transmission line?

a)  Crosstalk reduction

b)  High current handling
c)  Higher voltage handling
d)  Space savings

9.  Which waveguide mode has the magnetic field component pointing in the direction of the
electromagnetic (EM) wave travel?

a)  Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode

b)  Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode
c)  Transverse Electric (TE) mode
d)  Obverse Magnetic (OE) mode

10.  What is the main limit of a simulator's accuracy?

a)  Computer power

b)  Digitization increment size
c)  Number of circuits
d)  Display resolution

Answers

1.  What is an electric field?

d)  The potential gradient in space caused by voltage on a conductor

"The electric field is the potential gradient caused by the voltage of the power supply
(electric potential difference) in the space around lines.  (see page 3)
2.  Where is current flow strongest on a microstrip line?

a)  Along the edge

Viewed from above, we see that current distribution is not uniform across the width
of the line. It flows most strongly along both edges of the line.  (see page 11)

3.  What is a meander line?

c)  A transmission line that snakes back and forth along its length
  (see page 38)

4.  Although microstrip lines are modeled as equivalent lumped element circuits,
they are actually:

b)  Distributed elements

Microstrip lines are distributed circuits.  (see page 93)

5.  Why are microstrip line corners mitered in a bend?

a)  To reduce signal reflections

The mitered bend has substantially less reflection since a square corner distorts the
electromagnetic field, causing a reflected wave.  (see page 51)
6.  How can crosstalk between metal lines be reduced?

d)  All the above

Electromagnetic field lines between two or more lines can couple enough to induce
interference. The trick is to reduce that coupling.  (see page 86)

7.  How does current in the ground plane flow relative to the microstrip line above
it?

d)  Like a mirror image

When we look at the current on the ground plane, we see that most of it flows
almost like a mirror image on the MSL directly above it.  (see page 133)

8.  What is a main motivation for using a differential pair transmission line?

a)  Crosstalk reduction

The second line carries the return current rather than the ground plane, so less
signal current flows in the ground plane.   (see page 161)
9.  Which waveguide mode has the magnetic field component pointing in the
direction of the electromagnetic (EM) wave travel?

c)  Transverse Electric (TE) mode

The TE mode has all of the electric field perpendicular to the direction of travel of the
EM wave. There is some magnetic field pointing in the direction of travel.  (see page
223)

10.  What is the main limit of a simulator's accuracy?

b)  Digitization increment size

No matter how much we refine the cells or mesh, we cannot completely eliminate
error.

Ref: https://www.sanfoundry.com/electronic-devices-circuits-questions-answers-amplifiers/

AMPLIFIER

1. 1. An amplifier operating from ±3V provide a 2.2V peak sine wave across a 100
ohm load when provided with a 0.2V peak sine wave as an input from which
1.0mA current is drawn. The average current in each supply is measured to be
20mA. What is the amplifier efficiency?
a) 20.2%
b) 25.2%
c) 30.2%
d) 35.2%

Answer:
2. In order to prevent distortion in the output signal after amplification, the
input signal must be
a) Higher than the positive saturation level of the amplifier
b) Lower than the negative saturation level of the amplifier
c) Must lie with the negative and the positive saturation level of the amplifier
d) Both higher than the positive saturation level of the amplifier and lower than
the negative saturation level of the amplifier
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Higher than the positive saturation and lower than the negative
saturation level of the amplifier are the desired characteristics in order to
prevent distortion.
3. The voltage gain of the amplifier is 8 and the current gain is 7. The power
gain of the amplifier is
a) 56 db
b) 17.481 db
c) 34.963 db
d) 1 db
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The power gain is given by 10 log (7 X 8) db.
4. Statement 1: Voltage gain of -5 means that the output voltage has been
attenuated.
Statement 2: Voltage gain of -5db means that the output voltage has been
attenuated.
a) Statement 1 and Statement 2 are true
b) Statement 1 and Statement 2 are false
c) Only Statement 1 is true
d) Only Statement 2 is true
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: A negative voltage gain means that a phase difference of 1800
has been introduced in the output waveform when compared to the input
waveform. A voltage gain of -5db means that the signal has been attenuated.
5. Which of the following isn’t true?
a) Both transformer and amplifier can provide voltage gain
b) Both transformer and amplifier can provide current gain
c) Both transformer and amplifier can provide power gain
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For an ideal transformer the power input is always equal to the
power output. In real conditions there is slight loss of power when transferring
the power from an input source to an output source. Amplifiers only provide
power gain.
6. Symmetrically saturated amplifiers operating in clipping mode can be used
to convert a sine wave to a
a) Square wave
b) Pseudo Square wave
c) Sawtooth wave
d) Triangular wave
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Clipping circuits with low peak values of the output signals are
used to generate pseudo square waves if the input signal is very large as
compared to the output signal.
7. What is meant by stability of the an amplified signal?
a) The amplified signal must have a finite amplitude
b) The amplified signal should not have self oscillation
c) The input and the output signal must be proportional
d) The ratio of the input and the output signal must be finite
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The ability of the amplifier to prevent self oscillation is a measure
of its stability.
8. If Av, Ai and Ap represents the voltage gain, current gain and power gain
ratio of an amplifier which of the below is not the correct expression for the
corresponding values in decibel?
a) Current gain: 20 log Ai db
b) Voltage gain: 20 log Av db
c) Power gain: 20 log Ap db
d) Power gain: 10 log Ap
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Power gain is given by 10 log Ap db.
9. An amplifier has a voltage gain of 100 V/V and a current gain of 1000A/A.
the value of the power gain decibel is
a) 30 db
b) 40 db
c) 50 db
d) 60 db
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Power gain in db is given by 10 log (100 X 1000) db.
10. The units of voltage gain is
a) It has no units, it is a ratio
b) Decibels (db)
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Voltage gain (Vo) = output voltage/input voltage (Vi). It is also
expresses as 20 log (Vo/Vi) db

https://electronicspost.com/multiple-choice-questions-and-answers-on-transistor-audio-power-
amplifiers/

Q1. The output stage of a multistage amplifier is also called ……………

Mixer stage
Power stage
Detector stage
F stage
Answer : 2

Q2. ………………. coupling is generally employed in power amplifiers

Transformer
RC
direct
Impedance
Answer : 1

Q3. A class A power amplifier uses …………

Two transistors
Three transistors
One transistor
None of the above
Answer : 3

Q4. The maximum efficiency of resistance loaded class A power amplifier is ……..

5%
50%
30%
25%
Answer : 4

Q5. The maximum efficiency of transformer coupled class A power amplifier is

………………

30%
50%
80%
45%
Answer : 2

Q6. Class……. power amplifier has the highest collector efficiency

C
A
B
AB
Answer : 1

Q7. Power amplifiers handle …………. signals compare to voltage amplifiers

Small
Very small
Large
None of the above
Answer : 3

Q8. In class A operation, the operating point is generally located ………. of the d.c. load line.

At cut off point

At the middle
At saturation point
None of the above
Answer : 2

Q9. Class C amplifiers are used as …………….

AF amplifiers
Detectors
F. amplifiers
None of the above
Answer : 3

Q10. A power amplifier has comparatively …………….. β

Small
Large
Very large
None of the above
Answer : 1
Q11. The maximum collector efficiency of class B operation is ……………..

50%
90%
5%
5%
Answer : 4

Q12. A 2-transistor class B power amplifier is commonly called ……….. amplifier

Dual
Push-pull
Symmetrical
Differential
Answer : 2

Q15. When a transistor is cut off……………..

1. Maximum voltage appears across transistor
2. Maximum current flows
3. Maximum voltage appears across load
4. None of the above
Answer : 1
Q16. A class A power amplifier is sometimes called ………….. amplifier
1. Symmetrical
2. Single-ended
3. Reciprocating
4. Differential
Answer : 2
Q17. Class ………….. operation gives the maximum distortion
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. AB
Answer : 3
Q18. The output stage of a multistage amplifier usually employs ………..
1. Push-pull amplifier
2. Preamplifier
3. Class A power amplifier
4. None of the above
Answer : 1
Q19. The size of a power transistor is made considerably large to
…………
1. Provide easy handling
2. Dissipate heat
3. Facilitate connections
4. None of the above
Answer : 2
Q20. Low efficiency of a power amplifier results in ……………….
1. Low forward bias
2. Less battery consumption
3. More battery consumption
4. None of the above
Answer : 3
Q21. The driver stage usually employs………….
1. Class A power amplifier
2. Push-pull amplifier
3. Class C amplifier
4. None of the above
Answer : 1

Q32. Power amplifiers generally use transformer coupling because

transformer permits……..
1. Cooling of the circuit
2. Impedance matching
3. Distortionless output
4. Good frequency response
Answer : 2
Q33. Transformer coupling can be used in …………… amplifiers
1. Either power or voltage
2. Only power
3. Only voltage
4. None of the above
Answer : 1
Q34. The output transformer used in a power amplifier is a …………….
transformer
 1. 1:1 ratio
2. Step-up
3. Step-down
4. None of the above
Answer : 3
Q35. The most important consideration in power amplifier is ………..
1. Biasing the circuit
2. Collector efficiency
3. To keep the transformer cool
4. None of the above
Answer : 2
Q36. An AF amplifier is shielded to …………
1. Keep the amplifier cool
2. Protect from rusting
3. Prevent induction due to stray magnetic fields
4. None of the above
Answer : 3
Q37. The pulsating d.c. applied to power amplifier causes ……………..
1. Burning of transistor
2. Hum in the circuit
3. Excessive forward voltage
4. None of the above
Answer : 2
Q38. The disadvantage of impedance matching is that it
………………….
1. Gives distorted output
2. Gives low power output
3. Requires a transformer
4. None of the above
Answer : 1
Q39. If the gain versus frequency curve of a transistor amplifier is not
flat, then there is distortion.
1. Amplitude
2. Intermodulation
3. Frequency
4. None of the above
Answer : 3
Q40. The most costly coupling is ……………… coupling
1. RC
2. Direct
3. Impedance
4. Transformer
Answer : 4