5.

3a
<Sol> Approximate the solution (x) by two-term solution as
w(x) = C1 f1(x) + C2 f2(x) = C1 sin x + C2 sin 3x,
where the trial functions f1(x) = sin x and f2(x) = sin 3x satisfy the boundary conditions. The
substitution of w(x) into I gives
1
I =  [  2C1 sin x  9 2C2 sin 3x ]2  [C 1 sin x + C 2 sin 3x ]2  2[C 1 sin x + C 2 sin 3x ]dx
1
20

1  1 81 2 1 2 1 2  2 2 
=   4C1   4C2    C1  C2   2  C1 
2
C2   .
2  2 2  2 2   3  

For the minimum of I, we have

I 4 I 4
 ( 4  1)C1   0 ,  (81 4  1)C2   0.
C1  C2 3
The solution gives
4 4
C1  , C2  .
 (  1)
4
3 (81 4  1)
Thus, the approximate solution is
4 4
w( x)  sin x  sin 3x .
 (  1)
4
3 (81 4  1)

w
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
5.8
<Sol> By taking (x) = C1 f1(x) + C2 f2(x) = C1x(1 – x) + C2x2(1 – x), the residual is

d 2
R 2
   x  2C1  C2 ( 2  6 x )  C1 x (1  x )  C2 x 2 (1  x )  x
dx
 C1 ( 2  x  x 2 )  C2 ( 2  6 x  x 2  x 3 )  x

Using the Galerkin method, we have

1 1
 f Rdx   x(1  x )[C (2  x  x )  C2 ( 2  6 x  x 2  x 3 )  x ]dx
2
1 1
0 0
1
  [C1 ( 2 x  3x 2  2 x 3  x 4 )  C2 ( 2 x  8 x 2  7 x 3  2 x 4  x 5 )  x 2  x 3 ]dx
0

3 3 1
 C1  C2   0,
10 20 12
1 1
 f Rdx   x (1  x )[C1 ( 2  x  x 2 )  C2 ( 2  6 x  x 2  x 3 )  x ]dx
2
2
0 0
1
  [C1 ( 2 x 2  3x 3  2 x 4  x 5 )  C2 ( 2 x 2  8 x 3  7 x 4  2 x 5  x 6 )  x 3  x 4 ]dx
0

3 13 1
 C1  C2   0.
20 105 20

The solution gives

71 7
C1  , C2  .
369 41

Thus, the approximate solution is

71 7
 ( x)  x(1  x)  x 2 (1  x) .
369 41

For comparison, the exact solution is

sin x
e ( x )  x.
sin 1

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
Exact
0.03
Trial
0.02
0.01
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
5.19
<Sol> For the beam without loading, the governing differential equation is
d 4v
EI  0 , 0 ≤ x ≤ l.
dx 4
where v denotes the deflection of beam. Integration of the equation four times gives
d 3v d 2v dv 1 2 1 1
EI 3
 c1 , EI 2
 c1 x  c2 , EI  c1 x  c2 x  c3 , EIv  c1 x 3  c2 x 2  c3 x  c4 ,
dx dx dx 2 6 2
1
or v( x)  (c1 x 3  3c2 x 2  6c3 x  6c4 ) .
6 EI
By definition, the stiffness coefficient kij denotes the force along the DOF i that results in a unit
displacement along the DOF j when the displacements along all other DOFs are zero. For the given
problem, the corresponding boundary conditions are v(0) = 0 (no deflection), v′(0) = 1 (a unit rotation),
v(l) = 0 (no deflection), v′(l) = 0 (no rotation). That is,
1 1 1
v(0)  (c4 )  0 , v(0)  (c3 )  1 , v(l )  (c1l 3  3c2l 2  6c3 )  0 ,
EI EI 6 EI
1
v(l )  ( c1l 2  2c2l  2c3 )  0
2 EI
lead to
6 EI 4 EI
c1  2
, c2   , c3  EI , c4  0 .
l l
Thus, the deflection of beam is
1
v( x)  2
(l  x) 2 x .
l
Finally, we have
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
k12  EIv(0)  2
, k 22   EIv(0)  , k32   EIv(l )   2 , k 42  EIv(l )  .
l l l l
5.29
<Sol> By taking (x) = c1 f1(x) + c2 f2(x) = c1x(1 – x) + c2x2(1 – x), the residual is
d 2
R( x )  2
 400 x 2  2c1  2c2 (1  3x )  400 x 2 .
dx
Using the least squares method, we have
1 1
 R dx   [2c  2c2 (1  3x )  400 x 2 ]2 dx
2
1
0 0
1
  [4c1  4c2 (1  3 x ) 2  160000 x 4  8c1c2 (1  3x )  1600c1 x 2  1600c2 (1  3x ) x 2 ] dx
2 2
0

1600 2000
 4c12  4c22  32000  4c1c2  c1  c2
3 3

 1 2 1600  1 2000
 R dx  8c1  4c2  0,  R dx  8c  4c1  0.
2
2
c1 0 3 c2 0 3

The solution gives

100 200
c1  , c2  .
3 3

Thus, the approximate solution is given by

100 200 2
 ( x)  x (1  x )  x (1  x ) .
3 3

For comparison, the exact solution is

100
e ( x)  ( x  x4 ) .
3

17.5
15
12.5
10
Exact
7.5
Trial
5
2.5
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1