Frequency Spectral Radiation Fractal Dimension For Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of The Permocarboniferous Shajara Formation Saudi Arabia

Current Findings in Archaeology and
Anthropology
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Research Article
Submission: January 27, 2020 | Published: February 27, 2020
Frequency Spectral Radiation Fractal Dimension

for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-
Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
Khalid Elyas Mohamed E A*
Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding author: Khalid Elyas Mohamed Elameen Alkhidir, Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, College of
Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
The quality and assessment of a reservoir can be documented in detail by the application of frequency spectral radiation.
This research aims to calculate fractal dimension from the relationship among frequency spectral radiation, maximum frequency
spectral radiation and wetting phase saturation and to approve it by the fractal dimension derived from the relationship among
capillary pressure and wetting phase saturation. Two equations for calculating the fractal dimensions have been employed.
The first one describes the functional relationship between wetting phase saturation, frequency spectral radiation, maximum
frequency spectral radiation and fractal dimension. The second equation implies to the wetting phase saturation as a function
of capillary pressure and the fractal dimension. Two procedures for obtaining the fractal dimension have been utilized. The
first procedure was done by plotting the logarithm of the ratio between frequency spectral radiation and maximum frequency
spectral radiation versus logarithm wetting phase saturation. The slope of the first procedure = 3- Df (fractal dimension). The
second procedure for obtaining the fractal dimension was determined by plotting the logarithm of capillary pressure versus
the logarithm of wetting phase saturation. The slope of the second procedure = Df -3. On the basis of the obtained results of the
fabricated stratigraphic column and the attained values of the fractal dimension, the sandstones of the Shajara reservoirs of the
Shajara Formation were divided here into three units.
Keywords: Shajara Reservoirs, Shajara Formation, Frequency spectral radiation fractal dimension, Capillary pressure fractal
dimension
Introduction
pressure field is a function of porosity, fluid viscosity, frequency,
Seismo electric effects related to electro kinetic potential,
tortuosity, fluid density and Darcy permeability. A decrease of
dielectric permittivity, pressure gradient, fluid viscosity, and electric
seismo electric frequencies with increasing water content was
conductivty was first reported by [1]. Capillary pressure follows the
reported by [7]. An increase of seismo electric transfer function
scaling law at low wetting phase saturation was reported by [2].
with increasing water saturation was studied by [8]. An increase
Seismo electric phenomenon by considering electro kinetic coupling
of dynamic seismo electric transfer function with decreasing fluid
coefficient as a function of effective charge density, permeability,
conductivity was described by [9]. The amplitude of seismo electric
fluid viscosity and electric conductivity was reported by [3]. The
signal increases with increasing permeability which means that
magnitude of seismo electric current depends on porosity, pore
the seismo electric effects are directly related to the permeability
size, zeta potential of the pore surfaces, and elastic properties of the
and can be used to study the permeability of the reservoir was
matrix was investigated by [4]. The tangent of the ratio of converted
illustrated by [10]. Seismo electric coupling is frequency dependent
electric field to pressure is approximately in inverse proportion to
and decreases exponentially when frequency increases were
permeability was studied by [5]. Permeability inversion from seism
demonstrated by [11]. An increase of permeability with increasing
electric log at low frequency was studied by [6]. They reported
pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimension was reported
that, the tangent of the ratio among electric excitation intensity and
Copyright@ Khalid Elyas Mohamed E A | Curr Find Arch Anthropol | CFAAA. MS.ID.000101. 1
Volume 1 - Issue 1 Copyrights @ Khalid Elyas Mohamed E A.
by [12,13]. An increase of geometric relaxation time of induced The energy can be scaled as
polarization fractal dimension with permeability increasing and
U= V ∗ q 5
grain size was described by [14,15].
Where U the energy in Joule, V the electric potential in volt, q
Materials and Methods the electric charge in coulomb.
Sandstone samples were collected from the surface type
Insert equation 5 into equation 4
section of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, latitude 26°
 2 ∗V ∗ q ∗ v3 1 
52’ 17.4”, longitude 43° 36’ 18”. (Figure1). Porosity was measured
Bv (v, T ) 
= 2
∗ h∗v  6
on collected samples using mercury intrusion Porosimetry and  c ∗t 
 e KB∗T
− 1
permeability was derived from capillary pressure data. The
purpose of this paper is to obtain frequency spectral radiation The electric potential can be scaled as
fractal dimension and to confirm it by capillary pressure fractal V= E ∗ d 7
dimension. The fractal dimension of the first procedure is
determined from the positive slope of the plot of logarithm of the Where V the electric potential in volt, E the electric field in volt/
ratio of frequency spectral radiation to maximum frequency spectral meter, d the distance in meter.
radiation log (Bν1/4/Bν1/4max) versus log wetting phase saturation Insert equation 7 into equation 6
(logSw). Whereas the fractal dimension of the second procedure
is determined from the negative slope of the plot of logarithm of
 2 ∗ E ∗ d ∗ q ∗ v3 1 
Bv (v, T ) 
= 2
∗ h∗v  8
log capillary pressure (log Pc) versus logarithm of wetting phase  c ∗t 
 e KB∗T
− 1
saturation (log Sw).
The electric field can be scaled as
The frequency spectral radiation can be scaled as
 Vol 
E= 9
[3− Df ]  CEK 
 1

B (v, T ) 4 Where E the electric field in volt/meter, vol the velocity in
Sw =  v 1
 1  meter/second, CEK the electro kinetic coefficient in ampere /pascal
 Bv (v, T ) max
4
 * meter.
Where Sw the water saturation, Bν(ν,T) the frequency spectral Insert equation 9 into equation 8
radiation in watt/square radian * square meter * hertz , Bν(ν,T)max
 2 ∗ Vol ∗ d ∗ q ∗ v3 1 
the maximum frequency spectral radiation in watt/square radian * = Bv (v, T )  ∗ 
h ∗v 10
square meter * hertz.  c 2 ∗ t ∗ CEK 
 e KB∗T
− 1
Equation 1 can be proofed from The velocity can be scaled as
 2 ∗ h ∗ v3 1  Q 
Vol =  
Bv (v, T ) 
= 2
∗ h ∗v  2  A
11
 c 
 e KB∗T − 1  Where Vol the velocity in meter/second, Q the flow rate in cubic
meter/second, A the area in square meter.
Bν(ν,T) the frequency spectral radiation in watt/square radian
* square meter * hertz, h the Planck constant in Joule/second, ν the Insert equation 11 into equation 10
frequency in hertz, c the speed of light in meter/second, KB the  2 ∗ Q ∗ d ∗ q ∗ v3 
1
Boltzmann constant in Joule/kelvin, T the temperature in kelvin. Bv (v, T )  2
= ∗ h ∗v  12
 c ∗ t ∗ CEK ∗ A KB∗T 
The Planck constant can be scaled as  e − 1
The flow rate can be scaled as
U 
h=  3  3.14 ∗ r 4 ∗ ∆P 
t  Q=  13
 8∗ µ ∗ L 
Where h the Planck constant in Joule/second, U the energy in
Joule, T the time in second. Where Q the flow rate in cubic meter/second, r the pore radius
in meter, ΔP the differential pressure in pascal, μ the fluid viscosity
Insert equation 3 into equation 2
in pascal * second, L the capillary length in meter.
 2 ∗U ∗ v3 1 
Bv (v, T )  2
= ∗ h∗v  4 Insert equation 13 into equation 12
 c ∗t 
 e KB∗T
− 1
 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ r 4 ∗ ∆P ∗ d ∗ q ∗ v 3  The capillary pressure can be scaled as

 2 1 
Bv (v, T ) ∗ h ∗v
 c ∗ t ∗ CEK ∗ A ∗ 8 ∗ µ ∗ L  14 Sw= [ Df − 3] ∗ Pc ∗ Constant 24
 e KB∗T
− 1
Equation 24 Where Sw the water saturation, Pc the capillary
The maximum pore radius can be scaled as pressure and Df the fractal dimension.
 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ r 4 ∗ ∆P ∗ d ∗ q ∗ v3 1 
Bv (v, T ) max  2 max
∗ h ∗v  15 Results and Discussion
 c ∗ t ∗ CEK ∗ A ∗ 8 ∗ µ ∗ L 
 e KB∗T
− 1 Based on field observation the Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-
Divide equation 14 by equation 15 Carboniferous Shajara Formation were divided here into three units
as described in Figure1.These units from bottom to top are: Lower
  4 3  
  2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ r ∗ ∆P ∗ d ∗ q ∗ v ∗ 1  
Shajara Reservoir, Middle Shajara reservoir, and Upper Shajara
 Bv (v, T )    c ∗ t ∗ CEK ∗ A ∗ 8 ∗ µ ∗ L e KB∗T − 1   16
2 h∗v
Reservoir. Their attained results of the frequency spectral radiation
 =  fractal dimension and capillary pressure fractal dimension are
 Bv (v, T ) max    2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ r 4 max ∗ ∆P ∗ d ∗ q ∗ v 3 1  
 2 ∗ h ∗v  shown in Table 1. Based on the achieved results it was found that
  c ∗ t ∗ CEK ∗ A ∗ 8 ∗ µ ∗ L  the frequency spectral radiation fractal dimension is equal to the
 e KB∗T
− 1 
capillary pressure fractal dimension. The maximum value of the
Equation 16 after simplification will become
fractal dimension was found to be 2.7872 allocated to sample SJ13
 Bv (v, T )   r 4  from the Upper Shajara Reservoir as verified in Table 1. Whereas
 = 4  17 the minimum value of the fractal dimension 2.4379 was reported
 Bv (v, T ) max   r max  from sample SJ3 from the Lower Shajara reservoir as shown in
Take the fourth foot of equation 17 Table1. The frequency spectral radiation fractal dimension and
capillary pressure fractal dimension were detected to increase
 Bv (v, T )   r4 
4
 =4 4  18 with increasing permeability as proofed in Table1 owing to the
 Bv (v, T ) max   r max  possibility of having interconnected channels.
Equation 18 after simplification will become The Lower Shajara reservoir was symbolized by six sandstone
samples (Figure 1), four of which label as SJ1, SJ2, SJ3 and SJ4
 1

B ( v , T ) = r 
4
 v were carefully chosen for capillary pressure measurement as
 1    19
 rmax  proven in Table1. Their positive slopes of the first procedure log
 Bv (v, T ) max 
4
of the frequency spectral radiation to maximum frequency spectral
Take the logarithm of equation 19 radiation versus log wetting phase saturation (Sw) and negative
slopes of the second procedure log capillary pressure (Pc) versus
 1
 log wetting phase saturation (Sw) are clarified in (Figure 2-5)
B ( v , T )  = log  r 
4
log  v
 1    20 (Table 1). Their frequency spectral radiation fractal dimension and
 rmax 
 Bv (v, T ) max 
4
capillary pressure fractal dimension values are revealed in Table 1.
As we proceed from sample SJ2 to SJ3 a pronounced reduction in
 r   log S w  permeability due to compaction was described from 1955 md to 56
log   =  21
 rmax   3 − Df  md which reflects decrease in frequency spectral radiation fractal
Insert equation 21 into equation 20 dimension from 2.7748 to 2.4379 as quantified in Table 1. Again, an
increase in grain size and permeability was proved from sample SJ4
 1
 whose frequency spectral radiation fractal dimension and capillary
 log S w   B ( v , T ) 4

 3 − Df  = log  pressure fractal dimension was found to be 2.6843 as described in
v
1  22
  Table 1.
 Bv (v, T ) max 
4
Equation 22 after log removal will become In contrast, the Middle Shajara reservoir which is separated
from the Lower Shajara reservoir by an unconformity surface as
[3+ Df ]
 1
 revealed in Figure 1. It was nominated by four samples (Figure 1),
 B ( v , T ) 4

Sw = v 23 three of which named as SJ7, SJ8, and SJ9 as illuminated in Table1
 1 
 Bv (v, T ) max 4  were chosen for capillary measurements as described in Table 1.

Their positive slopes of the first procedure and negative slopes
Equation 23 the proof of equation 1 which relates the water of the second procedure are shown in Figure 6-8 and Table 1.
saturation, frequency spectral radiation, maximum frequency Furthermore, their frequency spectral radiation fractal dimensions
spectral radiation, and the fractal dimension.
and capillary pressure fractal dimensions show similarities as of samples SJ3 and SJ4 from the Lower Shajara Reservoir due to an
defined in Table 1. Their fractal dimensions are higher than those increase in their permeability as explained in Table 1.
Figure 1: Surface type section of the Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation at latitude 26° 52’ 17.4”
longitude 43° 36’ 18”.
Figure 2: Log (Bν1/4/Bν1/4max) & log pc versus log Sw for sample SJ1.
Figure 12: Slope of the first procedure versus slope of the second procedure.
Table 1: Petrophysical model showing the three Shajara Reservoir Units with their corresponding values of Frequency spectral
radiation fractal dimension and capillary pressure fractal dimension.
Negative Frequency
Positive slope Capillary
slope of spectral
of the first pressure
Formation Reservoir Sample Porosity % k(md) the second radiation
procedure fractal
procedure fractal
Slope=3-Df dimension
Slope=Df-3 dimension
SJ13 25 973 0.2128 -0.2128 2.7872 2.7872
Upper Shajara
SJ12 28 1440 0.2141 -0.2141 2.7859 2.7859
Reservoir
SJ11 36 1197 0.2414 -0.2414 2.7586 2.7586
SJ9 31 1394 0.2214 -0.2214 2.7786 2.7786
Permo- Middle
Carboniferous Shajara SJ8 32 1344 0.2248 -0.2248 2.7752 2.7752
Shajara Reservoir
SJ7 35 1472 0.2317 -0.2317 2.7683 2.7683
Formation
SJ4 30 176 0.3157 -0.3157 2.6843 2.6843
Lower Shajara SJ3 34 56 0.5621 -0.5621 2.4379 2.4379

Reservoir SJ2 35 1955 0.2252 -0.2252 2.7748 2.7748
SJ1 29 1680 0.2141 -0.2141 2.7859 2.7859
On the other hand, the Upper Shajara reservoir was separated displayed in Figure 9-11 and Table 1. Moreover, their frequency
from the Middle Shajara reservoir by yellow green mudstone as spectral radiation fractal dimension and capillary pressure fractal
shown in Figure 1. It is defined by three samples so called SJ11, dimension are also higher than those of sample SJ3 and SJ4 from the
SJ12, SJ13 as explained in Table 1. Their positive slopes of the Lower Shajara Reservoir due to an increase in their permeability as
first procedure and negative slopes of the second procedure are simplified in Table 1.
Figure 13: Frequency spectral radiation fractal dimension versus capillary pressure fractal dimension.
Overall a plot of positive slope of the first procedure versus References

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inversion from seismoelectric logs. Geophysical Research Abstract 14
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fractal dimension for characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Shajara
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Frequency Spectral Radiation Fractal Dimension For Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of The Permocarboniferous Shajara Formation Saudi Arabia

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Current Findings in Archaeology and

Frequency Spectral Radiation Fractal Dimension

 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗ r 4 ∗ ∆P ∗ d ∗ q ∗ v 3  The capillary pressure can be scaled as

 Bv (v, T ) max 4  were chosen for capillary measurements as described in Table 1.

Lower Shajara SJ3 34 56 0.5621 -0.5621 2.4379 2.4379

Overall a plot of positive slope of the first procedure versus References

Acknowledgement 9. Holzhauer J, Brito D, Bordes C, Brun Y, Guatarbes B (2016) Experimental

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