3.

53 A wire of diameter D
e four ity 25 W/m K having uniform volumetricwalls
heat of
genera- and important
h (10 % hfeatures. % 1000 W/m2 ! K) on the total heater
(c) Calculate the !heat loss from the cylindrical T has an electrical r
s your 3 power requirement, as well as the rate of heat transfer
thetion of 0.3for
canister MW/m is cases.
the four insulated on one side, while the (c) Consider conditions corresponding to a loss flow of 20 A.
other side is exposed to a fluid at 92!C. The convection to the inner surface of the tube and to the fluid.
of coolant at the exposed surface of material A
ues of 3.24 A firefighter’s protective
heat transfer clothing,
coefficient referred
between thetowall
as a turnout
and the fluid (a) What is the rate
3.50 A stainless (h " 0). steel Determine (AISIT1304) and Ttube 2 andused plot the to transport
tempera-
t loss coat, isistypically constructed
2 as an ensemble
500 W/m ! K. Determine the maximum of three lay-
temperature length of wire?
a chilledture distributionpharmaceutical throughout hasthean system.inner diameter
ansfer ers separated by
in the wall.air gaps, as shown schematically. unit volume with
of 36 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm. The pharma-
rence CH003.qxd 3.85 Consider12:26
2/24/11 a planePMcomposite Page 206 wall that is composed of
3.82 Large, cylindrical bales of hay used to feed livestock in ceutical and ambient air are at temperatures of 6!C and (b) If the wire is n
res is three materials (materials A, B, and C are arranged left
the winter
Shell (s) months
Moisture are D " 2
Thermal m in diameter and are 23!C, respectively, while the corresponding inner and large surrou
What to right) of thermal conductivities k " 0.24 W/m ! K,
stored end-to-end barrier (mb)
in long rows. liner (tl)
Microbial energy gener- and outer convection coefficients are A400 W/m2 ! K and what is the te
pared kB " 0.13 2 W/m ! K, and kC " 0.50 W/m ! K. The thick- wire has an em
ation1 mm occurs in 1the hay and can be excessive if the 6 W/m ! K, respectively.
Fire-side mm
kmbthe hay in a too-wet Firefighter nesses of the three sections of the wall are LA " 20 mm, associated with
farmer bales condition. Assuming (a)
L B "What is theand heat LCgain permm. unitAtube length?
ks, Ls k
L tl
13 mm, " 20 contact resistance of may be approx
nven- the thermalmb conductivityLtl of baled hay to be % 2 2
(b)
R$ What" 10 is mthe! K/W heat gain existsperatunit thelengthinterface if a 10-mm-
between form, h # C[(
other k " 0.04 W/m ! K, determine the maximum steady-state 206 t,c Chapter 3 !assilicate One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
Air gap Air gap . 3 thick A
materials layer and of
B, calcium
as well at the insulation
interface between (kins #
W/m7/4 ! K5/4.
e fuel hay temperature for dry hay (q " 1W/m ), moist hay
. 3 . 3 0.050 W/m
materials B and! K) C. isThe applied
left face to the of tube?
the composite wall
eadily (q " 10 W/m ), and wet hay (q " 100 W/m ). Ambient
is insulated, while the right face is exposed to convec- (c) If the wire is co
en be conditionsdimensions
Representative are T! " 0!C andandthermal W/m2 ! K.
h " 25conductivities 3.51
3.74 Superheated
The conditions
outer surface steamofata575!C hollowis routedoffrom
sphere radius a2 boiler to 3.78
tive characterized by h " 10 W/m 2 isTsub-
!rK, ! " Onethickness
modalityand fora dt
ilar to the
jectedturbineto a of an electric
uniform heat power fluxenergyq!2plant
. Theisthrough
inner steel tubes
surface at r1 imbedding
for
3.83theConsider
layers aretheascylindrical
follows. bales of hay in Problem 3.82. 20!C. For Case 1, thermal generated within what areathe small
inn
l cell, (k
is #held 35 at W/m ! K) of 300-mm
a constant .
temperature innerT diameter. 3 and 30-mm within
the the tissue aT
insulation?
It is proposed to utilize the microbial energy generation material A at the rate qA " 5000 s,1W/m . For Case 2,
el cell wall thickness. To reduce heat loss to the surroundings and above
Layerassociated with wet hay to heat (mm) water.kConsider(W/m ! K) a 30-mm thermal
(a)maintain
Develop energy is generated forwithin material Cdistribu- at the 0.9,a and
criticalthe valu
con
rD!
Thickness to . a an expression
safe-to-touch outer thesurface
temperature temperature, a thatexpression
is well remove
diameter, thin-walled tube inserted lengthwise through rate tion
qC " T(r) 5000 in W/m
the 3
.
sphere wall in terms of q! , T , r , r , of pa
ce of layer of calcium silicate insulation (k # 0.10 2W/m s,1 ! K) 1 is 2
to remain at normo
Shell the (s) middle of a cylindrical0.8 bale. The tube carries 0.047 water at and the thermal conductivity of the wall material k. lation thickness
ctivity (a) Determine
applied to the tubes, the maximum while degradation temperatureofwithin the com-
the insulation
Moisture " 20!C(mb)
T!,i barrier with hi " 200 0.55W/m2 ! K. 0.012 Obtain a general ex
d that (b)
is If
reduced the
posite inner
wall
by and
under
wrapping outer it tube
steady-state in a radii
thin are
conditions
sheet r 1 " for
of 50 mm1.
Case
aluminum and 3.54 A 2-mm-diameter
Thermal distribution in the t
avoid (a) liner (tl) the steady-state
Determine 3.5 heat transfer 0.038to the water having r2 " an100
(b) Sketch themm,
emissivity whatofheat
steady-state !# flux
0.20.
temperatureq!2 isThe required air and
distribution to main- wallon 2-mm-thick rubberi
for which heat is di
which per unit length of tube. tain
temperatures
T % the outer
of thesurface
x coordinates power at
for plant
CaseTs,2are " 50#C,
1. 27!C. while the inner the wire/sheath inte
d 2/24/11 12:26 PM Page 199 what heat rate must
r may The air (b) gaps
Plot the between the layers are
radial temperature 1 mm thick,
distribution in the hay, (a) surface is at Ts,1 the " 20#C? The thermal conductivity contact resistance of
(c) Assuming
Sketch the that steady-state inner surface
temperature temperature
distribution for of perature of T % Tc
mitted and heat T(r). is transferred by conduction and radiation ofsteel
aCase the wall tube material is k " to10that W/m of! K. vection heat transfer
2 on thecorresponds
same T % x coordinates the steam
used for Case and 1. 5 mm? The tissue
n 1.5; exchange through thetransfer
stagnant air.water Theper linearized the sheath is 10 W
(c) Plot the heat to the unit length of 3.75 A spherical the convection shell ofcoefficient inner andoutside outer radii the aluminum
ri and ro, mately 0.5 W/m ! K
radiation tube coefficient 3.86 An air heater ismay 2 be fabricated by coiling Nichrome the ambient air is 20
valent for balefor a gap may
diameters of 0.2be m approximated
# D # 2 m. sheet
respectively, is 6 W/m filled! K, withwhat ais heat-generating
the minimum insulation material
k sur- as, hrad ! "(T1 & T2)(T 1 & T 2) ! 4"T avg , where Tavg
2 2 3
wire and passing
thatthickness
provides needed
for a air toinensure
uniform cross
volumetric flow the
that over the wire.
temperature
generation rate tion may not exceed
3.84 Consider
represents the one-dimensional
average temperature conduction of the in surfaces
a plane com- Consider a heater fabricated from wire of diameter D " Conduction
able electrical withpowe Th
mpera- (W/m 3
of )the of qaluminum
. The outerdoes surface not of exceed
the shell 50!C? What is
is exposed to
comprisingposite the wall.gap,Theand outer thesurfaces
radiation arefluxexposedacross to athe fluid at 1 mm, electrical resistivity !e " per 10% 6 meter& !199m, of thermal length of the condu
mall to ! Problems the corresponding heat
a fluid having a temperature T! and a convection coeffi- loss tube
25!C and a convection as q%rad ! hheat transfer coefficient of conductivity k " 25 W/m ! K, and emissivity " " 0.20.
m the gap may be expressed
2
rad (T1 # T2). h. Obtain an expression for the steady-state tem- 3.79 the
cientlength? Theinsulation?
air inside a cha
1000 W/m ! K. The middle wall B experiences uniform The heater is designed to deliver air at a temperature of vectively with hi " 2
(a) Represent the turnout . coat by a thermal circuit, perature distribution T(r) in the shell, expressing your
heat generation qB, while there is no generation in walls T " 50!C under flow conditions that provide a con- having a thermal co
to be labeling
Consider all the thermal
conditions for which resistances.
hotat gases Calculate
at T!,o and ! result in terms of ri, ro, q, h, T!, and the thermal conduc-
!
3.qxd 2/24/11 tabulate A
12:26and C.
PMThe temperatures
Page 198 the interfaces are
2 T1 " vection coefficient of h " 250 W/m2 ! K for the wire. form heat generatio
1700 K261!C the
and cooling thermal resistances per unit area (m ! tivity k of the shell material.
ter to and T2 "air211!C. at T!,i ! 400 K provide outer
Transistor The temperature of the housing that encloses
Tsur
the wire heat generated with
y visi- and K/W) inner for each ofconvection
surface the layers, coefficients
as well as forofthehocon- ! case 3.76 and A spherical tank of 3-m diameter contains a liquified-
through which the air flows is T " 50!C. outside of the cha
5 K). 1000duction
W/m ! Kand
2
andradiation
hi ! 500 T1processes
W/m ! K, 2 in respectively.
the
T2 gaps. Assume If a Ts,c, Pelec
petroleum gas at $ 60#C. Insulation Base plate,
sur
with (k,εa) thermal con-
that a value
0.5-mm-thick of Tavg !
zirconia TBC470 is K mayattached be used to ato 5-mm-
approx- Wire W/m2 ! K, a very th
cov- ductivity of 0.06 W/m ! K and thickness
Interface, Ac
Housing, 250
T mm is
thickimate
T∞, the
Inconel
h radiation resistance of both gaps.
blade wall by means of a metallic bond-
,h
T∞Com- (D, L, ρe, k, ε , Tmax) sur the outer wall to pro
) and applied to the tank to reduce the heat gain.
y thin ment on the relative magnitudes
ing agent, which provides an interfacial thermal resis- of the resistances. W
Enclosure (a) Determine the radial position in the insulation Air
A B C layer
te the tance
(b) For of R" ! 10# 4 m2 ! K/W,
at,cpre-ash-over can the Inconel
fire environment in be main-
which fire- Strip heater, q"o
198 tained at a Chapter temperature
3 ! One-Dimensional,
that q•
is below its
Steady-State
maximum
Conduction at which the temperature is 0#C when the ambient
lating fighters often work, the typical
B radiant heat flux ,h Outside chamber
CH003.qxd 2/24/11air 12:26 temperature PM Page is 20#C208 and the convectionT∞coeffi-
) and allowable
on thevalue of 1250
fire-side of the K?turnout
Radiation coateffects
is 0.25may W/cm be2. ∆ EisAir 2 T∞, o, ho
cient on the outer surface 6
T∞, h W/m ! K.
neglected, and the turbine LA blade2LBmay be Lapproximated C I
What is the outer surface temperature of the turnout (a) Sketch (b) the equivalent
If the insulation thermal circuit corresponding
is pervious to moisture from the
as a plane wall. Plot the temperature distribution with
coat if the innerkAsurface = 25 W/m temperature
•K LA = 30ismm 66!C, a con- to steady-state
If theatmospheric
maximum conditions. air,
allowable In
what variable
conclusions
temperature form,can oflabel
theyouwire reach is
and without the TBC. Are
kC =result
50 W/m
there any limits to the thick- L
dition that would in•KburnLinjury? B = 30 mm appropriate resistances, temperatures,
Tmax " 1200!C, what is the maximum allowable What
about the formation of ice and
in theheat fluxes.
insulation? elec-
ness of the TBC? LC = 20 mm
(b)
(a)Under (a) Sketch the tem
3.25 tricsteady-state
If the air-filled
effect
currentwill conditions
I?aluminum-to-aluminum
ice
If theformation maximum forhave which on the
availableheat chip
interfacegain
voltage to the is
3.31AAparticular
commercial
(a) with
thermal
Assuming grade system
cubical
negligible
involves
freezer, three
3
contactofresistance m objects
on a of
side,
at the inter- heat dissipation
'E LP " 110
is characterized gas?V,How is q$
bywhat an "
c could 30,000
areais the this
of W/m
situation
Acorresponding
! 2 & 10
2
, what # 4 is
be avoided? 2 the
mlengthand L of
T $ x coordina
fixed
has shape
a composite conduction
wall resistances
consisting of an R 1 " 1 K/W,
exterior sheet . 208 chip temperature? Chapter 3 ! cOne-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction generated withi
wire thatofmay be used may in the heater and thea power
Rof 2 K/W faces,
2 " 6.35-mm-thick and Rdetermine
" 4 K/W,
3 plain
therespectively.
carbon
volumetric heat
steel, an
generation qB 3.77
An objec-
intermediate
a roughness
A transistor, 10which!m, what isbethe maximum
approximated allow-
as hemi- the chamber.
and the thermal conductivity kB. (c) The rating
powerofdissipation
maximum
ablespherical the
heat heater?
allowable
sourceif of Hint:
heat
the In ryour
flux,
surface
radius q$ c,m, solution,
is deter-ofassume
temperature
tive is toofminimize
layer 100-mm-thick the totalcork thermal resistance
insulation, andRtot anasso-
inner o " 0.1 mm, is embed- (b) What are the te
ciated mined
the ded byinTthe
case, constraint
as,c,large
is notsilicon
to exceed that the
85$C?
substrate chip "temperature
(kwithin 125the W/m ! K)but and 3.90 A nuclear
sheet with of a6.35-mm-thick
combination of R 1, R2, and R
aluminum 3. The(2024).
alloy chief negligible temperature variations wire, fuelT(L),
T(0) and elemefo
must not
dissipates exceed 85!C.
heatthe Determine
at desired
a rate q.results, q$
All boundaries for the fore-
engineer
Adhesive is willing
interfaces to invest
between limited the funds insulationto specify and an the (b) The after convection
obtaining coefficient may c,m
beassessincreased theofvalidity
the
by silicon of a steel cladding of th
(c) Determine the va
going areconditions.
maintained Ifatairanisambientused in lieu of the dielec-
alternative
metallic strips material for just
are each one of the
characterized bythree
a thermalobjects;con- subjecting
this assumption. the plate surface to atemperature forced flowofofTair. ! " 27#C, the nuclear fuel at a
strip heater so th
tric liquid,
exceptthe the
foreffectconvection
the top coefficient is reduced by
thetactalternative
resistancematerial of R"t,c ! will
2.5have & 10a thermal
# 4 2
m ! K/W conductiv-
. What is Explore of surface,
increasing which the is well insulated.
coefficient over which adjoins one s
transferred to the
3.87 Consider the composite
approximately an order of magnitude. wall of Example
What is the 3.7. In the
itythethat is twice itscooling
steady-state nominal loadvalue.
thatWhich must be object (1, 2,
maintained the range 4 % h % 200 W/m2 !2K. convection coefficien
Comments
value of q$ section,
for h " temperature
100 W/m ! K? distributions
With air in
cool- the wall (d) If thetheheat gene
orby3)the should be fabricated
refrigerator of the higher
under conditions for whichthermal thecon-
outer c,m o lated, and fuel an
ing,were can determined
significant assuming
improvements
r negligible be contact
realized resistance
by
Silicon while the heat fl
ductivity material to most significantly
and inner surface temperatures are 22$C and # 6$C, decrease R tot ? Poroususing Media o of k ƒ and k s, respectiv
between an materials Aoxide
aluminum and B.circuit Compute board and and/or
plot the tem-
substrate stant, what wou
Hint: Consider two cases, one for which the three ther-
respectively? q paste
mal resistances are arranged in series, and the second by perature
3.34 Ring-poroususing a woods, distributions
conductive such if the
as at thermal
oak, thearechip/board contact inter-
characterized resistance
by is T(0), of theNucleoute
R # 10 "4
m 2
K/W . Steel
3.32for Physicists have determined the theoretical
which the three resistances are arranged in parallel. value of the grains.
face t,for!
The dark
c which R$ grains
! " 10 # 5
consist m 2
! of
K/W? very low-density
t, c 3.80 Consider cylindrica
thermal conductivity of a carbon nanotube to be kcn,T ! material
3.88 that forms
Consider uniform early in the energy
thermal springtime. generation TheT∞sur-
3.28 Two stainless steel plates 10 mm thick are subjected to inside
a a outer surfaces at r1
5000 W/m ! K. rounding lighter-colored wood is of composed of Lhigh- Insulation
contactone-dimensional
pressure of 1 barplane underwall vacuumthickness conditions for with one peratures Ts,1 and T
Contact Resistance
(a) Assuming the actual thermal conductivity of the density material that forms slowly throughout most of
which surface
there isheld an at Ts,1 and
overall the other surface
temperature drop ofinsulated. 100!C heat generation with
carbon nanotube is the same as its theoretical value, the growing season. b
3.26 A composite wall separates combustion gases at across the(a)Obtain
plates.
Find an aWhat
general is the
expression expression
heat
for flux for the the
through
the conduction substrate
plates?
heat fluxtempera-
to the the steady-state, o
find the thermal contact resistance, Rt,c, that exists What is the turecold distribution
temperature
surface and dropand
theacrossevaluate
Wood the
temperaturegrain the
contactofsurface
plane?
(low-density)
the temperature
hot surface Ts,2, of the temperature,
2600!C from a liquid coolant at 100!C, with gas- and
between the carbon nanotube and the top surfaces of the heat source for q " 4 W. . your results with tho
liquid-side convection coefficients of 50 and 1000 3.29 Consider aexpressing your results
plane composite wall that is composed of in terms of k, q , L, and T s,1.
2of the heated and sensing islands in Example 3.4 . (a) Obtain an equatio
W/m ! K. The wall is composed of a 10-mm-thick layer two materials
(b) Compare of thermal the heat conductivities
flux foundkin A "part 0.1(a) W/m with ! Kthe heat T(x) in the nucl
of(b) Using the
beryllium oxidevalue on ofthethe gasthermal
side andcontact resistance
a 20-mm-thick and kB " 0.04 fluxW/m associated! K andwith thicknesses
a plane wall LA " without10 mmenergy and gen- .
terms of q, kƒ, L, b