Chapter 4: Intercultural

Communication Skills

Unit 13: Introduction to the communication studies

Assist. Prof. Małgorzata Nadziakiewicz

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use, which may be made
of the information contained therein.
• The definition of communication
• The basic terms
• The basic steps of communication
• The basic models of communication
• Communication noises
• Reflective listening
• Conclusion
Communication studies
• Is the academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication.
• The discipline research a range of topics,
• from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets:
• such as radio and television broadcasting and social media communication
• Communication studies also examine how messages are interpreted through the
political, cultural, economic, semiotic, and social context.
Communication- Definition
• COMMUNICATION- (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share")
• is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another
through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.(Harper,
Douglas, "communication", Online Etymology Dictionary)
• Communication
• Sender
• Receiver
• Message
• Feedback Loop
• Language
What are the basic steps of
communication?
• The forming of communicative intent.
• Message composition.
• Message encoding and decoding
• Transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific
channel or medium.
• Reception of signals.
• Reconstruction of the original message.
• Interpretation and making sense of the reconstructed message
The Channels of communication
• The channel of communication can be
• visual,
• auditory,
• tactile (such as in Braille) and haptic,
• olfactory,
• kinesics,
• electromagnetic, or biochemical.
Interpersonal communication
• Interpersonal communication- is an exchange of information between two or more
people.
What categories of inquiry interpersonal
communicatio research?
• How humans adjust and adapt their verbal communication and nonverbal
communication during
• face-to-face communication?
• How messages are produced?
• How uncertainty influences behavior and information-management strategies?
• Deceptive communication; relational dialectics, social interactions that are mediated
by technology.
Three basic models of communication
• There are three basic models of communication
• 1.Linear model of communication
• 2.Transactional model of communication
• 3.Interaction model of communication
Linear model of communication
• Linear model of communication is considered as one way process.
• The sender is the only one who sends message and receiver doesn't give feedback
or response.
• The message signal is encoded and transmitted through channel in presence of
noise.
• The sender is more prominent in linear model of communication.
• SENDER CHANEL RECEIVER
Shannon and Weaver’s model of
communication
• The Shannon–Weaver model of communication has been called the "mother of all
models”.
• In 1948 Claude Elwood Shannon published A Mathematical Theory of Communication
article in two parts in the July and October numbers of the Bell System Technical
Journal, the book co-authored with Warren Weaver (Claude E. Shannon and Warren
Weaver (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois
Press).
Shannon–Weaver model of
communication 1948
Berlo sender-message-chanel-receiver
model of communication
Transactional Model of Communication
• Transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender
and receiver where each take turns to send or receive messages.
• The model is mostly used for interpersonal communication and is also called circular
model of communication.
Transactional Model Of Comunicaton
Interaction model of comunicaton
• The interaction model of communication
• describes communication as a two-way process in which participants alternate
positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending and receiving
feedback within physical and psychological contexts.
One-way versa Two-way
Communications
• One-Way Communication - a person sends a message to another person and no
questions, feedback, or interaction follow
• - good for giving orders,
• - simple directions, memos.
• It is fast but often less accurate than two way communication
One-way versa Two-way
Communications
• Two-Way Communication – sender and receiver interact
• - good for personal interaction,
• good for problem solving,
• explaining misunderstanding.
Communication noises
• Noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a channel by an
encoder
• Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence
the interpretation of conversations.
Communication noises
Forms of communication noise include
• psychological noise,
• physical noise,
• physiological,
• semantic noise
Psychological noise
• Psychological noise.

• Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult.

• For instance, great anger or sadness may cause someone to lose focus on the
present moment.
• Disorders such as autism may also severely hamper effective communication
Physical noise
• Environmental noise
• Noise that physically disrupts communication,
• such as standing next to loud speakers at a party,
• or the noise from a construction site.
Physiological
• Physical maladies that prevent effective communication,
• such as actual deafness
• or blindness
• preventing messages from being received as they were intended
Semantic
• Semantic noise.
• Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words.
Semantic
• for example the word
• crane= means construction machine or
• crane=bird species,
• The dog is outside
• Defensive Communication – communication that can be aggressive, attacking and
angry, or passive and withdrawing

This communication leads to:

• injured feelings,
• communication breakdowns,
• alienation,
• retaliatory behaviors,
• nonproductive efforts,
• problem solving failures.
• Non defensive Communication - is communication that is assertive, direct, and
powerful

Provides
• basis for defense when attacked,
• restores order, balance, and effectiveness.
• Speaker seen as centered, assertive, controlled, informative, realistic, and honest.
• Speaker exhibits self-control and self – possession.
• Listener feels accepted rather than rejected.
• Reflective listening is a communication strategy involving two key steps: seeking to
understand a speaker's idea, then offering the idea back to the speaker, to confirm
the idea has been understood correctly. (Grogan, Jessica. March 11, 2013. It's not
enough to listen. In: Psychology Today)
Reflective listening emphasizes:
• the personal elements of the communication process
• the feelings communicated in the message
• responding to the communicator, not leading the communicator
• the role or receiver or audience
• understanding people by reducing perceptual distortions and interpersonal barriers
It emphasizes receiver’s role
It helps the receiver and sender clearly and fully understand the message sent
It can be useful in problem solving
Seven C’s of communication
1.Clear
Be clear means that you should try to minimize the number of ideas in each sentence.
2. Concise
When you’re concise in your communication, you stick to the point and keep it brief.
3. Concrete
When your message is concrete, then your audience has a clear picture of what you’re
telling them. There are not to many details
4. Correct
When your communication is correct, It means proper grammar, the use of words or
terms And correct communication is also error-free communication.
5. Coherent
When your communication is coherent, it’s logical.
All points are connected and relevant to the main topic.
6. Complete
The message should be complete the audience has everything they need to be
informed.
7. Courteous
Courteous communication is friendly, open, and honest. polite, respectful, or
considerate in manner.
Conclusion
• Communication studies is very important academic discipline which deals with
processes of human communication it researches wide a range of topic,
• from face-to-face conversation,
• written communication to mass media broadcasting
• and social media communication.
Communication studies also examine how messages are interpreted through the social
and political or economic context.
• We communicate all the times, consciously and unconsciously,
• body language, the way we look, dress, speak, pronaos words send the signal to the
receiver about us.
• But communication noises make communication difficult.
• Listening and speaking proactively is difficult task.
• But we can learn how to do it properly.