Computer Networks

ISO – OSI Physical Layer Devices

Presentation By : Md. Shahid Khan

Headed By : Jani Sir
 ISO-OSI Model
International Standards Organization - Open Systems Interconnection

 The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the

work of Charles Bachman, Honeywell Information
Services.

 OSI is not a protocol but a model for understanding and

designing a network architecture that is flexible and
robust.

 “Open” means the concepts are non propriety , can be

used by anyone.
 Layered Approach
All
APPLICATION Please

People PRESENTATION Do

Seem SESSION Not

To Tell
TRANSPORT
Need Secrets
NETWORK
Data Passwords

Processing
DATA LINK Anytime

PHYSICAL
Functions Of Layers
To allow access to network resources.

To translate , encrypt and compress data.

To establish , manage and terminate sessions.

To provide reliable end-to-end message

delivery.

To move packets from source to destination.

To organize bits into frames.

To transmit bits over a medium and provide

electrical specs.
Physical Layer (PHY)
The physical layer consists of the basic networking
hardware transmission technologies of a network.

It is a fundamental layer underlying the logical data

structures of the higher level functions in a network.

Due to the plethora of available hardware technologies

with widely varying characteristics, this is perhaps the
most complex layer in the OSI architecture.
Functions of Physical Layer

Bit Representation
Transmission Rate
Physical Characteristics
Synchronize
Transmission mode
Physical Topology
Physical Layer Devices
Cables
Connectors
Repeaters
Passive Hub
Simple Active Hub
Transmitters
Multiplexers
Receivers
Transceivers
Couplers
Cables

•802.3 cabling
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
10 Base -T
10 Base -F
Connectors
UTP Connector
• RJ45

Coaxial Cable Connector

• BNC
• BNC-T
• BNC Terminator

Fiber Optic Cable Connector

• SC Connector
• ST Connector
• MT-RJ
Standard RJ45
• Ethernet physical layer device.

• A standard 8P8C (often called RJ45) connector used most commonly

on cat5 cable, one of the types of cabling used in Ethernet networks

• Standard IEEE 802.3 (2002 onwards)

• Physical media Coaxial cable, twisted pair, optical fiber
• Network topology Point-to-point, star, bus
• Major variants 10BASE-T, 10BASE2,100BASE-TX ,100BASE-T
• Maximum distance 100 metres over twisted pair, up to 100 km
over optical fibre.
• The Ethernet physical layer is the physical layer component of the
Ethernet family of computer network standards.
Interconnecting LANs
Q: Why not just one big LAN?

Limited amount of supportable traffic: on single LAN, all

stations must share bandwidth

limited length: 802.3 (Ethernet) specifies maximum cable

length

large “collision domain” (can collide with many stations)

limited number of stations: 802.5 (token ring) have token

passing delays at each station
Repeaters
 Why to need - Attenuation : Length of cable
used influence the quality of
communication.

 Repeaters repeat signals

– Clean and boost digital transmission.

 Repeaters only work with the physical

signal
– Cannot reformat, resize, or manipulate the data.
 Regenerates the original bit pattern
Creates exact duplicate of incoming data by identifying it amidst the noise.
Repeater connects two segments of same LAN.
Cannot connect two LAN’s of different protocols.
Hubs
It is simply a multiport repeater.

• Passive Hubs
• Active Hubs
• Intelligent Hubs
References
Data Communication
Wikipedia
Google Images
Lecture Notes
?
THANK YOU.