Plagiarism Checker X Originality Report

Similarity Found: 17%

Date: Thursday, May 21, 2020

Statistics: 821 words Plagiarized / 4918 Total words
Remarks: Low Plagiarism Detected - Your Document needs Optional Improvement.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

INTRODUCTION The first tool ever wont to cut grass to a additional fascinating length

was the scythe. The scythe includes a oversimplified style, containing an
extended picket handle with a sinusoidal blade hooked up sheer to the
tip. till the nineteenth century, the scythe was the sole choice for cutting
grass, that proven to be an extended tedious method. the primary actual lawn
mower was fabricated in 1830 by king Beard Budding. Budding was Associate in
Nursing engineer from European country World Health Organization 1st discovered the
thought of a lawn mower from a cylindrical machine used for cutting during a mill.

The lawn mower that he developed was composed of an oversized roller that provided

power to the cutting cylinder exploitation gears. The cutting cylinder
contained many blades connected asynchronous round the cylinder. His innovation
opened the door for varied advancements in field cutting. DEVELOPMENTS THROUGH
THE YEARS After Budding fabricated the primary garden tool, he created a partnership
with John Ferrabee, a fellow
English engineer. They obtained a patent in 1830 and were able to manufacture and
sell the merchandise. at the side of the producing of his own product,
he accredited different corporations, permitting them to supply the lawn
mower yet. different corporations were finally able to turn out their own mowers within
the
1850s once the patent was terminated. the primary innovation within the garden
tool was created by Thomas inexperienced in 1959.

He made the primary chain driven lawn mower, that was known as the Silens

Messor, which means silent cutter. Since inexperienced used chains to transmit power
from the roller instead of gears, it allowed the lawn mower to operate during
a additional quiet manner.

Amariah Hills was the primary yankee to get a patent for a lawn mower style in

1868. throughout now, horse drawn field mowers were preferred, though this posed a
risk for the horses tearing up the grass. Finally in 1870, Elwood McGuire designed a
push lawn mower that was a lot of lighter with less mechanical movement.

This style allowed the operator to simply push the {mower|lawn lawn mower|garden

tool|lawn tool} instead of exerting the maximum amount energy because the older push
mower styles needed.

Although a lighter push lawn mower had been designed, mowing grass proven to

be Associate in Nursing inconvenient and long task. Therefore, a non-man battery-
powered lawn mower was desired. Resorting back to horse drawn
mowers wasn't Associate in Nursing choice so as to stay a pristine field and
resulted within the next massive innovation of motorized mowers. within the Eighteen
Nineties, steam battery-powered engines were unremarkably used, however the time it
took to fireside it up became even additional of a difficulty that created the
will for Associate in Nursing engine that utilizes a distinct supply of energy.

In 1902, Ransomes, Sims, and Jefferies introduced the

primary combustion petrol battery-powered engine. The u. s. was finally able
to manufacture petrol battery-powered mowers in 1919 due to commissioned military
officer king St. George. though these engine battery-powered mowers were offered,
they were seldom utilized in households thanks to the economic issues of the time.

In the Twenties and Nineteen Thirties the electrical battery-powered lawn mower, at the

side of rotary cutting, were created however failed to become well-
liked till significantly later.

Throughout the Nineteen Forties the sole innovations were developing smaller, lighter

weight styles at the side of additional powerful engines. within the Nineteen Sixties,
the styles were currently being made in plastic materials to any scale back the
burden and price. CURRENT MOWER DESIGNS AND ACCESSORIES
Current field mowing embodys a mess of applications and every of those applications
include differing types of technologies.

Some ar utterly electrical, some ar hybrid, however just like the distinguished driving

vehicles, the foremost well-liked field mowers ar petrol driven. even
if one might have Associate in Nursing engine being gas battery-powered, the deck
lifting system could also be mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, or perhaps a
mixture. primarily, 3 main varieties of mowers exist these days, walk-behind, riding and
tow-behind mowers.

Walk-behind mowers were the primary fabricated and far and away the best. an

image of 1 of the foremost up up to now walk-behind mowers may be found within
the Appendix, Figure e. the most drawback of a walk-behind lawn mower is that the
number of field mowed is very tiny compared to it of the opposite 2 varieties
of mowers. to not mention one should virtually walk behind it for the length of
the field mowing, that may be hours or perhaps days. Walk-behind mowers may
be utterly mechanical, just like the 1st field mowers, petrol battery-powered or
perhaps electrically battery-powered.

The mechanical ones ar a bit out of date, principally as a result of the force needed to

push one a substantial distance. Electrically battery-powered ones ar presently taking
the lead as a result of the demand for petrol. For tight to massive sized lawns these
walk-behind mowers ar simply not counseled. Riding mowers ar rather
more complicated. AN operator is riding on the particular garden tool, that is ran by a
way larger engine than within the walk-behinds. they will be abundant larger than walk-
behinds and may move quicker and for a extended amount of your time,
considering AN operator would wish a prospect when a bit time employing a walk-
behind.

For a visible idea of a motor mower, the Dixie Chopper Silver Eagle 2550 will
be found within the Appendix as figure f. Riding garden tools use rather
more energy ANd deciding between an gas battery-powered or electrically battery-
powered mower will be a tricky call. If attempting to safeguard the surroundings, one
would most undoubtedly decide electrical, however presently the technology behind
a gas battery-powered garden tool surpasses that of AN electrical one. due to the
technological advantage and also the incontrovertible fact that gas battery-
powered mowers ar significantly cheaper, keeps gas battery-powered mowers on high.
Riding mowers will be used anyplace from alittle field to an outsized field. they're the
foremost versatile. If the field is simply too little and arduous for the motor mower to
chop corners and such, than a walk-behind would be recommended.

In relevance the counterpart, if the field is simply too huge, ANd would take the motor

mower an unsought quantity of your time to mow it, then a tow-behind mowers is
also suggested.

Tow-behind mowers ar used for abundant larger areas, like large fields,

and ar used rather more in agriculture and road sides. Tractors or powerful
vehicles should tow these devices. Most ar mechanical, very like a number of the
primary field mowers ever fictional. They use the rotation and energy from
being force over ground to rotate and cut grass, sod or no matter must be cut.

Automated mowers, to the purpose wherever you simply flip them on and that

they mow your entire field with none help, exist. machine-controlled mowers ar high-
priced and issue prone, however might be the long run of mowing. the most cost
effective and best would be mechanical as a result of below a system there's no initial
energy required besides the operator's force.

However, sure movements, the burden of the deck, and plenty

of different variables build the mechanical raise abundant tougher to style. DIXIE
CHOPPER CAPSTONE DESIGN Dixie Chopper, an ad garden tool company, contacted
University of South Florida for help in developing a brand new style from
some recent engineering minds in senior capstone. Team Rambo was the
capstone cluster that selected to require on the Dixie Chopper project. They
were assigned to form a brand new distinctive style for the deck raise system of their
Silver Eagle series 2550 business garden tool. when abundant discussion with the lead
engineers, beside the private observation of the garden tool, 3 specific issues were
discovered.

The first issue was the number of force required to raise and lower the deck.

The deck is that the system of the garden tool that contains all the pulleys and
blades required so as to chop the grass which incorporates a steel covering for
defense. due to all the various serious duty parts, the deck itself is regarding two
hundred pounds. The force that has got to be applied to the lever so as to raise the
deck was calculated to be regarding eighty pounds. though this can be but 0.5 the
particular weight, compared to different mowers from their competitors it had
been very tough to really raise. within the deck raise system there ar 2 sets of
compression springs so as to minimize the required lifting force. The springs bend out
of the specified line of motion that causes loss of force within the horizontal
direction. the ultimate drawback was with the fast raise system. the aim of the
fast raise system is to fleetly raise the deck just in case AN obstacle, like a stump,
is within the method whereas mowing. once the fast raise is applied, the
peak adjustment handle that stops once it reaches the stopping plate tends to
urge stuck on the various height notches once it's free backtrack and causes the
fast raise system to figure incorrectly.

After discovering these issues, Team Rambo applied 2 goals they might prefer to bring

home the bacon so as to create a additional economical style for the Dixie Chopper
customers. the primary goal was to find a replacement thanks to assist the raise rather
than the compression spring and scale back the mandatory force
to concerning twenty pounds. victimisation springs area unit extraordinarily common in
manual deck raise systems. Therefore, Team Rambo wished to assume outside of the
box ANd manufacture an innovated plan. once debating employing a constant force
spring, they finally found a gas spring that's able to self-lock once the deck
is upraised to the most important height.

In utilizing the gas spring and increasing the arms of the connected link, they were able

to scale back the force to concerning twenty two pounds.
The refined modification affected the planning staggeringly. The second goal Team
Rambo applied was to regulate the fast raise system to eliminate this issues. the
peak adjustment system consists of a protracted hexangular rod that
has many notches within which the stop plate fits into at the side of a hand
lever that's created to remain in situ once it reaches the stop plate.

The notches correspond to the various height levels at that the deck is set. within

the “quick lift” feature you apply a force to the treadle till it reaches the utmost height.
Once it reaches this height, then the hand lever falls into the last notch so as to
remain within the upright position to soundly drive over the obstacle. The operation has
no issues, however once the lever is free to drop the deck back to the required height,
the lever can bog down on the opposite notches. To eliminate this drawback, Team
Rambo fully removed the lever.

Since the gas spring used contains a automatic system, the last notch for the
fast raise height was not necessary, inflicting the lever to not be a necessity. Instead, a
rigid affiliation was created so as to prevent the deck at the applied height. POSSIBLE
FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS As technology improves so does possibilities of
improvements towards anything from silverware to quantum computers. Although the
ultimate design might not are perfect, it solved more issues than it created. Larger
steps may well be taken from this design to perfect it, but from discussing lawn mowing
innovations with Stephen Hill of a prestigious lawn maintenance company, IMAGE
MAKER, it seemed the subsequent big thing should be an oversized bladed, ride along
mower which might be able to lift and rotate the complete deck 90 degrees to
urge through an assortment of gates and gaps before of enormous lawns.

The new innovation would diminish the time to chop the lawn tremendously, because
some lawns have small gates before them and without a rotating deck, the
biggest blade you'll be able to use is that the size of the opening within the gate. the
sole downfall of the feat is that it'll take rather more designing and can probably be
quite costly when originally invented.

As for the changes which will be or should be done to the precise design, some

aesthetics are often implemented into the planning. However, material decision and
spring constant decision testing must be done to see the simplest material and spring
constant.

Another concept that may well be executed is an electrically powered lift system which

might draw more power from the battery, however while being powered from the motor
this power shouldn’t effect anything. Sentence doesn’t be to me and that
i don’t understand how to reword it. An electrical system would be much smoother,
require virtually no force from the operator, and be more accurate. Ball-bearings within
the links could also reduce friction and increase the lifetime of many components on the
mower.

Alternative materials to scale back mower deck weight could make lifting it much
easier and fewer straining on parts, which could also increase lifetime of components.
CONCLUSION Lawn mowers are a very important part to several different places
throughout the planet. The role they play in agriculture and aesthetics
of numerous differing kinds of lawns is way more important than people realize. Even a
seemingly small industry, like lawn mowing has most development and designing that it
becomes a prestigious art to some. many of us don't understand what proportion work
and thought is put in to the tiniest of things.

Lawn mowers are often as complex as a street legal vehicle, and even costlier than

some. However, in a very quite some years, many believe lawn mowing are going to
be rather more automated, if not completely automated in many areas.
Working diligently on designing just certain parts of the mower has proven to be
extremely difficult. numerous aspects are brought into the engineering problem, like
material life, environment, program, and functionality. While components could
seem simplistic, there's always a reason why it's utilized throughout the mower which is
why acknowledging the past mower designs greatly assisted Team Rambo in designing
and perfecting the 2550 Silver Eagle!/ Figure 1: Scythe design / Figure 2: First Lawn
Mower Design Created by Budding / Figure 3: Silens Messor / Figure 4: Horse Drawn
Mower from the mid 1800 / Figure 5: Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies Engine Powered
Mower / Figure 6: Walk-behind mower, the Toro Cordless Lawn Mower / Figure 7:
Riding mower, Dixie Chopper Silver Eagle 2550
 / Figure 8: Tow-behind mower (does not move on its own, needs to be pulled) / Figure
9: Original Dixie Chopper Silver Eagle 2550 SolidWorks deck lift model / Figure 10: Final
Design of Dixie Chopper Silver Eagle 2550 with adjustments DC motor From Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search / Workings of a brushed
electric motor with a two-pole rotor (armature) and permanent magnet stator.

"N" and "S" designate polarities on the inside axis faces of the magnets; the outside
faces have opposite polarities. The + and - signs show where the DC current is applied
to the commutator which supplies current to the armature coils Part of a series of
articles about Electromagnetism / Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics[show]
Magnetostatics[show] Electrodynamics[show] Electrical network[show] Covariant
formulation[show] Scientists[show] v t e / The Pennsylvania Railroad's class DD1
locomotive running gear was a semi-permanently coupled pair of third rail direct current
electric locomotive motors built for the railroad's initial New York-area electrification
when steam locomotives were banned in the city (locomotive cab removed here). A DC
motor is any of a category of rotary electrical motors that
converts electricity power into energy. the foremost common types depend upon the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly every kind of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction
of current partially of the motor.
DC motors were the primary kind of motor widely used, as they might be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems.

A DC motor's speed are often controlled over a large range, using either a variable

supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC
motors are utilized in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can care
for electricity but could be a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools
and appliances. Larger DC motors are currently utilized in propulsion of
electrical vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. the
appearance of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors
possible in many applications.

Electromagnetic motors A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an

electromagnetic field aligned with the middle of the coil. The direction and magnitude
of the magnetic flux produced by the coil are often changed with the direction and
magnitude of the present flowing through it.
A simple DC motor includes a stationary set of magnets within the stator and an
armature with one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core
that concentrates the magnetic flux.
The windings usually have multiple turns round the core, and in large motors there are
often several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a
commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be
energized successively and connects the rotating coils with the external power supply
through brushes. (Brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to
every coil on and off and haven't any brushes.)
The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around
dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created.
The sequence of turning a specific coil on or off dictates what direction the effective
electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a
rotating magnetic flux are often created.

These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets
(permanent or electromagnets) within the stationary a part of the motor (stator) to
make a torque on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the
stator fields use electromagnets to make their magnetic fields which permit greater
control over the motor.
At high power levels, DC motors are nearly always cooled using forced air.
Different number of stator and armature fields yet as how they're connected provide
different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor are
often controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature.

The introduction of variable resistance within the armature circuit or field circuit allowed

speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems
which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which
have an efficient lower voltage.
Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low
speed, it's often utilized in traction applications like electric locomotives, and trams.

The DC motor was the mainstay of electrical traction drives on both electric and diesel-
electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for several years.
The introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery
starting within the 1870s started a brand new second technological revolution. DC
motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motivity for the
primary electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars yet as driving a
number of cordless tools.

Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in
large sizes to control steel rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC motors with
separately excited fields were generally used with winder drives for mine hoists, for
top torque yet as smooth speed control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced
with large AC motors with variable frequency drives.
If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a
dynamo.

This feature is employed to hamper and recharge batteries on hybrid and electric cars or

to return electricity back to the electrical grid used on a street car or electric powered
train line once they hamper. This process is named regenerative braking on hybrid and
electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators
to hamper but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large
battery packs to recapture a number of this energy. Brushed A brushed
DC motor generating torsion from DC power provide by victimization an
interior mechanical commutation.

Stationary permanent magnets type the mechanical device field. torsion is created by

the principle that ANy current-carrying conductor placed inside an
external flux experiences a force, called force. In a motor, the magnitude of this force (a
vector delineate by the inexperienced arrow), and therefore the output torsion,is
a perform for rotor angle, resulting in a development called torsion ripple) Since this is
often a two-pole motor, the electrical switch consists of a split
ring, so this reverses every [*fr1] flip ( a hundred and eighty degrees).
The brushed DC motor generates torsion directly from DC power provided to the motor
by victimization internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or
electromagnets), and rotating electromagnets.
Advantages of a brushed DC motor embrace low initial value, high reliableness, and
easy management of motor speed. Disadvantages area unit high maintenance and low
life-span for top intensity uses.

Maintenance involves often exchange the carbon brushes and is derived that carry the

electrical current, additionally as cleansing or exchange the electrical switch.
These elements area unit necessary for transferring wattage from outside the motor to
the spinning wire windings of the rotor within the motor.
Brushes area unit sometimes made from black lead or
carbon, typically with another spread copper to enhance conduction. In use, the soft
brush material wears to suit the diameter of the electrical switch, and continues to wear.
A brush holder features a spring to keep up pressure on the comb because it shortens.

For brushes meant to hold quite AN ampere or 2, a flying lead are shaped into the

comb and connected to the motor terminals. terribly little brushes could have faith
in slippy contact with a metal brush holder to hold current into the comb, or could have
faith in a contact spring pressing on the top of the comb. The brushes
in terribly little, transient motors, like area unit utilized in toys, could also be made
from a sunburst strip of metal that contacts the electrical switch.

Brushless Typical brushless DC motors use one or additional permanent magnets within

the rotor and electromagnets on the motor housing for the mechanical device. A motor
controller converts DC to AC. This style is automatically easier than that of brushed
motors as a result of it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside
the motor to the spinning rotor. The motor managementler will sense the rotor's
position via Hall impact sensors or similar devices and may exactly control the temporal
order, phase, etc.,

of this within the rotor coils to optimize torsion, conserve power, regulate speed, and

even apply some braking. blessings of brushless motors embrace long generation, very
little or no maintenance, and high potency. Disadvantages embrace high initial value,
and additional difficult motor speed controllers. Some such brushless motors area
unit typically remarked as "synchronous motors" though they need no external
power provide to be synchronised with, as would be the case with traditional AC
synchronous motors.

Uncommutated Other forms of DC motors need no commutation.

• Homopolar motor – A homopolar motor features a flux on the axis of rotation and an
electrical current that at some purpose isn't parallel to the flux. The name homopolar
refers to the absence of polarity modification. Homopolar motors essentially have a
single-turn coil, that limits them to terribly low voltages. This has restricted the
sensible application of this sort of motor.
• Ball bearing motor – A needle bearing motor is AN uncommon motor that consists
of 2 ball bearing-type bearings, with the inner races mounted on a
typical semiconductive shaft, and also the outer races connected to a high current, low
voltage power provide. another construction fits the outer races within a metal
tube, whereas the inner races area unit mounted on a shaft with a non-conductive
section (e.g. 2 sleeves on AN insulating rod). This technique has the advantage that the
tube can act as a regulator.

The direction of rotation is decided by the initial spin that is typically needed to urge it

going. Permanent magnet stators A PM motor doesn't have a field coil on
the mechanical device frame, instead looking forward to PMs to
supply the flux against that the rotor field interacts to supply torsion. Compensating
windings nonparallel with the coil could also be used on massive motors to
enhance commutation below load. as a result of this field is fastened, it can not
be adjusted for speed management.

PM fields (stators) area unit convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the

facility consumption of the sector winding. Most larger DC motors area unit of the
"dynamo" kind, that have mechanical device windings. traditionally,
PMs couldn't be created to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings
were additional sensible to get the required quantity of flux. However, massive PMs area
unit expensive, additionally as dangerous and tough to assemble; this favors wound
fields for giant machines.
To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors could use high energy
magnets created with atomic number 60 or alternative strategic elements; most
such area unit neodymium-iron-boron alloy.

With their higher denseness, electrical machines with high-energy PMs area unit a

minimum of competitive with all optimally designed severally fed synchronous and
induction electrical machines. Miniature motors match the structure within
the illustration, except that they need a minimum of 3 rotor poles
(to guarantee beginning, in spite of rotor position) and their outer housing could be
a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the arcuate field magnets.

Wound stators / A field winding could also be connected in shunt, in series, or in

compound with the coil of a DC machine (motor or generator)
Main article: universal motor There area unit 3 forms of electricalal connections between
the mechanical device and rotor attainable for DC electric motors: series, shunt/parallel
and compound (various blends of series and shunt/parallel) and
every has distinctive speed/torque characteristics acceptable for
various loading torsion profiles/signatures. Series connection A series DC motor
connects the coil and field windings nonparallel with a standard D.C. power supply.

The motor speed varies as a non-linear operate of load torsion and coil current; current

is common to each the mechanical device and rotor yielding current square (I^2)
behavior[citation needed]. A series motor has terribly high beginning torsion and is
often used for beginning high inertia hundreds, like trains, elevators or hoists.[2] This
speed/torque characteristic is helpful in applications like dragline
excavators, wherever the excavation tool
moves apace once unloaded however slowly once carrying an important load.
A series motor ought to ne'er be started at no load.

With no mechanical load on the series motor, this is low, the counter-

Electro driver made by the sector winding is weak, and
then the coil should flip quicker to supply decent counter-EMF to balance the
provision voltage. The motor may be broken by overspeed. this is often referred to as a
runaway condition.
Series motors referred to as universal motors may be used on electricity. Since
the coil voltage and also the field direction reverse at a similar time, torsion continues to
be made within the same direction. but they run at a lower speed with lower torsion on
AC offer when put next to DC thanks to electrical phenomenon free fall in
AC that isn't gift in DC.[3]Since the speed isn't associated with the road frequency,
universal motors will develop higher-than-synchronous speeds, creating them lighter
than induction motors of a similar rated mechanical output. this is often a valuable
characteristic for hand-held power tools. Universal motors for industrial utility area
unit sometimes of tiny capability, no more than regarding one power unit output.

However, abundant larger universal motors were used for electrical locomotives, fed by

special low-frequency traction power networks to avoid issues with
commutation below serious and ranging hundreds.
Shunt connection[]
Shunt connection A shunt DC motor connects the coil and field windings in parallel or
shunt with a standard D.C. power supply. this kind of motor has smart speed
regulation at the same time as the load varies, however doesn't have
the beginning torsion of a series DC motor.[4] it's usually used for industrial, adjustable
speed applications, like machine tools, winding/unwinding machines and tensioners.

Compound connection A compound DC motor connects the coil and fields

windings during a shunt and a series combination to convey it characteristics of each a
shunt and a series DC motor.[5] This motor is employed once each a
high beginning torsion and smart speed regulation is required. The motor may
be connected in 2 arrangements: cumulatively or differentially. additive compound
motors connect the series field to help the shunt field, that provides
higher beginning torsion however less speed regulation. Differential compound DC
motors have smart speed regulation and area unit usually operated at constant
speed. .D.C

MOTORS MOTORSUNIT IV DC MOTOR A dc motor is analogous in construction to a dc

generator. As a matter of reality a dc generator can run as a
motor once its field & coil windings area unit connected to a supply of DC.
The basic construction is same whether or not it's generator or a motor.  Working
principle: The principle of operation of a dc motor may be declared as once a current
carrying conductor is placed during a magnetic field; it experiences a mechanical
force. during a sensible dc motor, the sector winding produces the
desired magnetic control whereas coil conductor play the role of current carrying
conductor and thence the coil conductors expertise a force.

As conductors area unit placed within the slots that area unit on the outer boundary, the

individual force knowledgeable by the semiconducting acts as a twisting or turning
force on the coil that is termed a torsion.

The torsion is that the product of force and also the radius at that this force

acts, therefore overall coil experiences a torsion and starts rotating.

Consider one conductor placed during a flux , the flux is made by a static

magnet however in sensible dc motor it's made by the sector winding once it carries a
current. Now this conductor is worked up by a separate offer in order that it carries a
current during a explicit direction. contemplate that it carries a current aloof
from associate current. Any current carrying conductor produces its own flux around
it, thence this conductor conjointly produces its own flux, around. The direction of this
flux may be determined by right thumb rule.

For direction of current thought-about the direction of flux around a conductor is clock-

wise. Now, there area unit 2 fluxes gift
5. Flux made by static magnet referred to as main flux
6. Flux made by this carrying conductor From the figure shown below, it's clear that on
one aspect of the conductor, each the fluxes ar within the same direction during
this case, on the left of the conductor there gathering of the flux lines
as 2 fluxes facilitate one another. A to against this, on the correct of the conductor, the
2 fluxes ar in wrong way and thence try and cancel one another. because of this, the
density of the flux lines during this space gets weakened.

So on the left, there exists high flux space whereas on the correct of the conductor then

exists low flux space as shown.

The flux distribution round the conductor arts sort of a stretched ribbed

bond beneath tension.

The exerts a mechanical force on the conductor that acts from high flux space towards

low flux space, i.e. from left to right from the case thought of as shown on top of.

In the sensible dc motor, the magnet is replaced by the

sector winding that produces the desired flux winding that produces the
desired flux referred to as main flux and every one the coil conductors, would on
the boundary of the coil gram, get subjected tot he mechanical force.

Due to this, overall coil experiences a twisting force referred to as torsion and coil of the

motor standing rotating.

Direction of rotation of motor

The magnitude of the force full-fledged by the conductor in a very motor is given by F =
BIL newtons.

The direction of the most field is revoked y dynamical the direction of current passing

through the sector winding, that is feasible by interchanging the polarities
of provide that is given to the sector
winding.

The direction of current through coil is reversed by dynamical provide polarities of

dc activity current to the coil.

It directions of larva the currents ar modified then the direction of rotation of the motor

remains
undamaged.

In a dc motor each the sector and coil is connected to a supply of electrical

energy. this through the coil winding establish its own magnetic flux the
interaction each the most field and also the coil current produces the torsion, there by
sensing the motor to rotate, once the motor starts rotating, already existing magnetic
flux there wire be associate iatrogenic electrical phenomenon within
the coil conductors because of generator action. This electrical phenomenon acts in a
very direction appropriate to provided voltage. so it's referred to as Black electrical
phenomenon.

Significance of Back electrical phenomenon Significance of Back emf In the generating

action, once a conductor cuts the lines of flux, electrical
phenomenon gets iatrogenic within the conductor in a
very motor, when a driving action, coil starts rotating and coil conductors cut the
most flux. when a driving action, there exists a generating
action there's iatrogenic electrical phenomenon within
the rotating coil conductors per Faraday’s law of magnetic force induction.
This iatrogenic electrical phenomenon within the coil continuously acts within the wrong
way of the availability voltage. this can be according tot he lenz’s law that states that the
direction of the iatrogenic electrical phenomenon is often therefore on oppose the
case manufacturing it. In a dc motor, electrical input i.e., the availability voltage is that
the cause and thence this iatrogenic electrical phenomenon opposes the supply voltage.

The electrical phenomenon tries to line u a current throughout he coil that is within

the wrong way thereto that provide voltage is forcing through the conductor therefore,
as this electrical phenomenon continuously opposes the availability voltage, it's referred
to as back electrical phenomenon and devoted as Eb. Through it's denoted as
Eb, primarily it gets generated by the generating action that we've got seen ZNP earlier
So, Eb 60 A Voltage equation of a Motor The voltage v applied across the motor
armature has to (1) over core the back emf Eb and 3.

supply the armature ohmic drop Ia Ra v = Eb + Ia Ra This is known as voltage equation

of a motor Multiplying both sides by Ia, we get Via =Eb Ia + Ea2 Ra VIa = electrical input
to the armature EbIa = electrical equivalent of mechanical Power developed in the
armature Ia2 Ra = un loss in the armature Hence, out of the coil input, some in wasted
in I2 R loss and also the rot is convened into mechanical power inside the coil.
Motor potency is given by the quantitative relation of power developed by the coil to its
input  i.e . Eb Ia / vIa = Eb/v. Higher the worth of Eb as compared to v, higher the
motor potency.

Conduction for maximum powers The gross mechanical developed by a motor = pm =

vIa – Ia2 Ra dPm /a Ra Ia Ra = v/2 dIa As v = Eb + Ia Ra and Ia Ra = v/2 Eb = v/2 Thus
gross mechanical power developed by a motor is most once back electrical
phenomenon is capable [*fr1] the applied voltage. This conduction’s however ever
at completed in apply, as a result of in this case current are a lot of on the far side the
traditional current of the motor. More ova, [*fr1] the input would be wasted within
the style of heat and taking alternative losses into thought the motor potency are well
below fifty nothing. A 220v – the iatrogenic electrical phenomenon once the machine
acts (1) generator (2) motor.

The dc motor is assumed to be shunt connected in money case, short current in thought

of negligible as a result of its worth isn't given. (a) As generator Eg = v + Ia Ra = 220 +
0.5 x 20 = 230 v (b) As motor Eb = v – Ia Ra = 220 – 0.5 x 20 =210 v 8) /the back emf
when giving an output at 7.46 kw at 85% efficiency. Motor input power = 7.46 x103 w
0.85 7460 Motor input current = 0.85x 440 / 3. / respectively. Determine the total
armature power developed when working (1) as generator delivering 25 kw output and
(2) as a motor taking 25 kw input.

Voltage equation of dc motor For a generator, generated electrical

phenomenon must provide coil resistance drop and remaining half is offered across the
loss as a terminal voltage. however just in case of dc motor, provide voltage
v must over come
emf Eb that is opposing v and conjointly varied drops ar coil resistance drop Hawkeye
State Ra, brush drop etc. in truth the craft wiped out overcoming the rear electrical
phenomenon gets regenerate into the energy, developed within the coil.

Hence, the voltage equation of a dc motor is V = Eb + Ia Ra + brush drops Or v = Eb +

Ia Ra neglecting brush drops The back emf is always less than supply voltage (Eb < v)
but Ra is very small hence under normal running conditions, the different between back
emf and supply voltage is very small. The net voltage across the armature is the
difference between the supply voltage and back emf which decals the armature current.
Hence from the voltage equation we can write Ia = v – Eb / Ra. 3. A 220 v dc motor has
an /during a certain load, calculate the induced emf in the motor under this condition. V
= 200 v, Ia = 30A, Ra / For a motor , v = E b + Ia Ra Eb = 197.5 v This is the induced mef
called back emf in a motor. 5.

A 4-pole dc motor has lap connected armature winding. The number of armature
conductors is 250. When connected to 230 v dc supply it draws an armature current It 4
cm calculate the back emf and the speed with which motor is / P = 4 A = P = 4 as lap
connected Ia = 40 / V = 230v, z = 250 A From voltage equation V = Eb + Ia Ra 230 = Eb
+ 40 x 0.6 / 206 = (30 x 10-3 x 4 x N x 250) / (60 x 4) N = 1648 rpm. Torque: The turning
or twisting movement of a body is called Torque.

(Or) It is defined as the product of force and perpendicular distance T=F*R F / In case of
DC motor torque is produced by the armature and shaft called as armature torque (Ta )
and shaft torque(Tsh). Let, N be the speed of the armature in RPM R be the radius of the
armature Power=Work Done/Time Work Done=Force X Distance The distance travelled
in rotating the armature for one time =2?R If N rotations are made in 60 sec Then time
taken for one rotation is=60/N So, Power= (F * 2?R)/ (60/N) = (F*R)(2?N)/60 P = T? Here
P=E bIa But Eb=ØZNP/60A (ØZNP/60A)Ia= T? = Ta(2?N)/60 Ta=0.159ØZ IaP/A Similarly,
Shaft torque Tsh=output/? T =output/((2?N)/60) =9.55(output)/N Are There Advantages
To Using Electric Over Gas?
Electric lawn mowers provide variety of benefits over the employment of gas mowers.
Though most electric mowers currently don't seem to be constructed for extreme
rugged use, they'll be used on most lawns.

Many lawns that are easily through with a gas mower also can take an electrical mower.
The advantages to using an electrical mower over gas include: Reduction In
Maintenance Electric mowers require less maintenance all-around than gas mowers do.
For a corded mower, simply plug it in and go. For cordless mowers, as long because
the battery is charged up, the mower will cut away. aside from that, electric mowers
require the identical cleaning and storage maintenance that gas mowers require. Easier
To Start Hands-down, electric mowers are easier to begin than are gas mowers. For
cordless, simply turn a key and flip a lever or push a button. For corded, simply connect,
turn a key, and push a button.

It’s that easy! and that they don’t take all the muscle that some gas mowers do to
begin up, particularly in spring for the primary grass cutting. Reduction In sound
pollution
Electric mowers typically are just not as loud because the engines of gas mowers,
thereby reducing that awful sound pollution which will be heard up and down the
streets when gas mowers are in use.
Reduction In pollution Reduction In Air Pollution / One of the foremost significant
advantages to using an electrical mower of a gas model is their energy efficiency and
smaller carbon footprint.

Gas-powered mowers are attributed by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) as

being one in every of our nation’s most substantial air polluters.
Using a gas powered mower for one hour is that the admire driving a typical car for 350
miles. It also contributes to the maximum amount as 5% of our nations pollution.
Replacing gas mowers with electric ones leads to significant reductions in hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides, methane, and CO. Additional Information The following are additional
tips and knowledge about the way to use an electrical lawn tool. Read The Mower’s
Manual Every device comes with a user manual that explains the manufacturer’s
recommendations for its use. the simplest practice when using an electrical mower,
particularly for those that have not used one before, is to read this manual from cover to
hide. This action will save many headaches within the future.
Clean The Mower After Each Use
Never allow grass, dirt, and other debris to sit down in an electrical lawn tool from one
use to the subsequent.

It takes just some moments to take away all trimmings and wipe it down with a soft,
clean cloth before placing it in storage until its next use.
Keep an additional Battery Charged
We can never tell when battery is near to die. For larger lawns, it’s a best practice to
stay an additional battery on the charger in any respect times.
Some mowers even have an additional storage compartment on board the mower to
stay your backup close. Conclusion Electric lawn mowers are an excellent thanks to save
cash, conserve energy, reduce maintenance, and scale down the quantity of labor it
takes to chop your lawn.
Our advice to someone looking into purchasing their first electric mower is that
the following:
1. Buy a top quality respected brand within the electric mower industry
2. Buy a cordless mower unless you've got an especially small yard
3. confirm you own a backup battery
If you are doing those three things, you'll be reaping the advantages each and
each time you mow for the subsequent decade.

INTERNET SOURCES:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<1% - https://seamusweldon.com/John-Deere/Lawn-and-Garden/Mower/Riding-Lawn-
Equipment/X300-Series/X354
<1% - https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Lawn-Mower-Analysis/421566
1% - https://www.wikizero.com/en/Dc_motors
<1% - http://www.mashpedia.net/DC_motor
2% - https://wikimili.com/en/DC_motor
1% - https://www.slideshare.net/rohitr94/solar-train-by-rohit
1% - https://www.slideshare.net/IrfanGhizeri/plc-based-automatic-car-wash-system-by-
irfan-anjum
2% - https://wikivisually.com/wiki/DC_motor
1% - https://jessicasiboro.blogspot.com/2018/02/the-introduction-of-various-motors-
in.html
<1% - https://bmet.fandom.com/wiki/DC_motor
<1% -
https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/3845/DC+motor
<1% - https://www.scribd.com/document/135331415/Regenerative-Braking-System
<1% - https://northampton.smartcatalogiq.com/-/media/Institution/Northampton-
Community-College/Old_2014_2015_College_Catalog.ashx?la=en
2% - https://www.scribd.com/document/318502709/UNIT-I-GENERATOR-AND-MOTOR-
11-doc
<1% - http://studentsfocus.com/notes/anna_university/2017/EIE/4%20th
%20sem/qiestion%20Bank/EI8451-Electrical%20Machines/EI8451-Electrical
%20Machines.pdf
<1% - https://www.slideshare.net/nanajeekarri1/electrical-technology-by-nanajee
<1% - https://www.electricalexams.co/dc-motor-mcq/6/
<1% - https://mafiadoc.com/basic-electrical-electronics-
engineering_5ba6ab79097c47c20c8b4716.html
<1% - https://mafiadoc.com/green-energy-and-
technology_5c9ac284097c4787058b4586.html
<1% - http://vnc2me.org/