PREFACE

This book is a compendium of knowledge on the study of the use of library. It is meant for

the student of library and information science and all the students in tertiary institutions of

learning in acquitting themselves and mastering the art of knowing the use of library for

knowledge development.

The book is written or designed for those offering librarianship and information science in

Polytechnics, Colleges of Education and Universities.

The subject matter of Librarianship and information science is very wide that a book alone

cannot adequately treat the subject matter. This book will provide sound basis for the subject

and develop necessary ground for further specialized reading needed self actualized

improvement and development.

The book “Essentials of the Use of Library” is a publication in the right knowledge for

students, adequate guide for lecturers and vital resources for librarians in practice. The book

contains five chapters and written in accordance with the prescribed stipulated curriculum

guide lines for tertiary institutions of higher learning. It is arranged sequentially to enhance

integrated learning processes with the topics to adequately suit the title, Essentials of the Use

of Library.

The last chapter is very useful and drills students on how to search for information for their

projects, term papers or research reports and on proper methods of bibliographical citation all

aimed at helping the students in preparation for term papers, projects, thesis and dissertation

as well as scientific reports writing.

In this first edition, we look forward to genuine advices, suggestions as well as constructive

criticisms from friends, colleagues and well wishers. We hope these will no doubt assist us to

improve on future editions on book.

Adegbite Badmus T.A.

Department of Library & Information Science

School of Information and Communication Technology

The Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro. Ogun State.

FOREWORD

This book “Elements of Library Operations” is a good piece for students’ solid foundation

and understanding in the user of library in tertiary institutions of learning. I feel highly

delighted, honoured and privileged to have requested to contribute to the fore word of this

book.

The book covers a wide range of librarianship and Library Information Science which

contains six chapters sequentially arranged in the following order: Evolution of Libraries and

Historical Background of Library development in Nigeria, Types of Libraries, Library aims

and functions, Art of book making, Anatomy of book, Organization of knowledge, Reference

Sources, Serials, Literature Searching, Project writing and References and Bibliographic

citation.

On assessment, the book is useful not only for students but to professionals in Librarianship

and Library Information Science. The author Adegbite Badmus T.A. have through long years

of teaching experience in the use of library course and have been able to put together this

book as a vital source of information to professional and practitioner Librarians, a living and

vibrant text for active learning and knowledge impartation to students and lecturers.

One of the most impressive aspect of the book is the way the authors dealt with the topic, the

writing of projects, research reports dissertations and theses.

I therefore, do not have any reservation in recommending the text book to those who are

interested in having a good grasp of using the Library either as students, professionals,

practitioners in the field of Librarianship/Library and Information Science.

Dr. (Mrs.) O.A. Olamigoke

Former Polytechnic Librarian,

Federal Polytechnic,

Ilaro, Ogun State.

INTRODUCTION

This book is specifically written for students and practitioners of Librarianship, Library and

Information science in Tertiary Institution who are interested in contributing to knowledge.

The motives of the authors is to develop the interest of the readers in the subjects of

Librarianship, Library and Information Science with the aim of encouraging them to study it

and embrace the procedural trend of learning and dissemination of information.

The book is arranged into five chapters with explicit enumerated objectives of each chapter.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Preface

Forward

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1

Evolution of Libraries

Historical background of Library development in Nigeria

CHAPTER 2

Types of Libraries

Library aims and functions

CHAPTER 3

The Art of Book Making

CHAPTER 4

Anatomy of book

Organization of knowledge

CHAPTER 5

Reference Sources and Services

Serials

CHAPTER 6

Literature Searching

Project writing

References and Bibliography citation

Reference/Bibliography

Index
 CHAPTER 1

EVOLUTOIN OF LIBRARIES
ORIGIN OF LIBRARIES

Library development is linked with civilization and largely depended on it. The history of

libraries followed in step the history of civilization in Egypt and Mesopotamia through the

development in Greece, Rome and the Middle Ages to libraries in the modern world.

The librarians in the ancient world consist of temple libraries, royal libraries and private

libraries. The ancient man’s earliest attempt to communicate his ideas was perhaps through

cries, grunts and gestures which led to the development of a spoken language. In order to

bring permanency into his communication means, the early man started to keep records.

The first attempt of man at writing was in form of drawings (pictographs) which were

mnemonic in purpose. They convey suggestions rather than precise indications of what they

represented and graduated to the stage when he began to identify certain symbols with certain

objects or ideas.

The earliest writing material is the baked clay tablets of Mesopotamia called cuneiform. The

Egyptians wrote on papyrus. The use of paper was introduced by the Chinese, it was later

spread to Europe in the 18th century A.D. Codex is the progenitor of modern book, it was

produced in China around the first century A.D.

The Greeks obtained an alphabet from the Phoenicians and adapted it to their languages. The

first libraries in Rome were private collections. These were made by Generals returning from

battles with spoils of war. The first libraries in Roman libraries were educated slaves but later

scholars took over their duties. Their collections were either in Latin or Greek which covered

a wide range of subjects. The monastic and cathedral libraries came up in 4 th and 14th

centuries A.D.
The immediate effect of printing on library development was the reduction in the prices of

books. Books became more easily and more quickly produced, Library collections grew from

few hundredths to many book collection with several private Library development. These

private collections later formed the nucleus of today’s great national and state libraries.

LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

The origins and development of libraries have been traced to the early civilization, therefore

the library is as old as the civilization. The development of libraries in Nigeria, had passed

through much historical development.

The formation of the Lagos Book Club in the late 1920’a marked the beginning of Library

Services development in Nigeria. The book club was formed by a group of expatriates Civil

Servants and few Nigerians. In 1932, the Carnage Corporation of New York gave the Book

Club a grant of $6,000 which helped to start the first public library in Lagos in June, 1932

while Book formally owned by the Lagos Book Club formed the nucleus of the Lagos

Library.

Henry Carr, a prominent Nigeria established a private library of about 18, 000 volumes of

book. At his demise in 1945, the Nigeria government acquired his Library and when the

University college Ibadan was established in 1948, the late Henry Carr’s collections formed

the heart of the new University Library which John Harris was the first University Librarian.

This charted a new course of action in Library development in Nigeria.

In 1943, the British Council library was opened in Lagos to meet the new requirements of

war-period publicity services in the Colonist. The British council later established its

branches in Ibadan (1947), Enugu (1947), Kano and Portharcourt (1950).

In 1950, the Lagos town council took full control of public library services in Lagos while the

Eastern Region Library Board Law was enacted in 1955 to provide Library Services in the

region. The Northern regional library came into existence in 1952. In the 1950’s public

library services was in embryo and up till mid 1960’s there was no proper Central Regional

library building until when the Library Board was later created which took charge of Library

development.

The National Library Act made provision for the establishment of National Library of

Nigeria which was passed in 1964. More public libraries were established in 1967 with the

creation of additional states.

Other individuals who contributed to the library developments in Nigeria are Herbert

Macaulay, a nationalist leader and Tom Jones a very rich merchant. The latter made a lot of

money and instructed in his will that a library should be provided from his Estate for the

people of Lagos. Herbert Macaulay had a rich collection which was donated to the

government for library development.

There were several Special (Research) libraries established before and after Independence

which included the Central Medical Research Library, Lagos in 1946, The Federal Office of

Statistics Library, Lagos in 1948. Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria

Institute for Oil Palm Research, Benin City, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture

Library, Ibadan, Nigeria Institute for Social and Economic Research Library, Ibadan, Nigeria

Institute of International Affairs Library, Lagos etc.

Media houses both electronics and print media such as the Daily Times of Nigeria, The

Guardian Newspaper, The Punch, Nigeria Television Authority, DAAR Communication

Limited, have established libraries. The same is applicable to Oil companies and Banks with

established libraries.

Presently, libraries have been established all over the country. Many of the libraries are

affected by inadequate funding particularly the School and Public libraries. The hard biting

economic problem its taking its toll on the library services development. It is hoped that

Nigeria libraries will be in short distance endowed with adequate and efficient library

services.
 CHAPTER 2

TYPES OF LIBRARIES
The development of libraries all over the world gave rise to various types of libraries with

varying interest, their characteristics and traits are distinguished due to their historical

development. This chapter discuses the various types of libraries, differences and similarities,

functions and usage.

THE PUBLIC LIBRARIES

Public libraries are unarguably the most welcoming, friendly and unrestricted centres of

active learning information and recreation in our society.

Public libraries had from the beginning been regarded as a free library established to provide

service to every indigene of a particular community hence; they are always referred to as a

layman’s university. The doors are open all and sundry. Public libraries are service-oriented

institutions with set goals to be achieved within the available resources to them by the parent

institution usually Government. They provide the informational, educational and recreational

needs of the immediate community.

However, the services of the libraries are provided on the basis of equally of access for all

regardless of age, religion, nationality, or social status. All age groups must find relevance of

their needs. Collections and services have to include types of appropriate media and mode of

technology as well as traditional materials. Examples are:

(a) Simeon Adebo state, library, Kuto, Abeokuta, Ogun State

(b) Oyo State library Board, Dugbe, Ibadan, Oyo State.

NATIONAL LIBRARIES
National Library of Nigeria (NLN) was established by 1964 Act, repealed and replaced by

decree No. 29 of 1970.

The National Libraries are conceived to be the bedrock of national development of this

country. It is an institution that influences all library activities in the country namely:

 Provide assistant to other persons in the organization of libraries and in respect to the

manner of using facilities under the control of libraries.

 Make recommendation and give advice on the library development or agency of

Government of the federation or a state or to any Local Government.

 Provide necessary support for intellectual effort in all activities directed at progress

and development.

Therefore, the National Library of Nigeria as the apex library in the country, has the mandate

to contribute to the success of the library activities in the country.

One of the statutory imperatives reposed in the National Library of Nigeria is the

establishment of a branch library in every states of the Federation. This was designed to bring

services to the grassroots.

In pursuance of the state branch services objectives, all the states of the federation have a

branch of National library in Nigeria, this have been designed by the Board for library

services in every state branch.

Hence, the National libraries of Nigeria have the following functions to perform to the nation:

 To establish and maintain a branch of the National library in each state of the

federation.
  To give advice on library development or organization to any agencies of the federal,

state or local government.

 To take responsibilities for the National Biography and the development of

bibliographic services.

Public libraries in Nigeria imbibed the development pattern of the United States. Of America.

These libraries evolved from the private libraries of notable individuals to subscription ones.

The very notable individuals to subscription ones. The very notable and first subscription

library to Lagos was founded from the Estate of Tom Jones as provided for in his Will. As

subscription libraries depend on hits member for survival, because of the insufficient funds

and the zeal from such members the library became moribund.

Hence the role of the British Council, notable individual and Government to resuscitate

public libraries cannot be over emphasizes.

Some of the functions of the public libraries are highlighted below:

 To acquire, preserve and administer books and related educational materials in

organized collections in order to promote through guidance and stimulation, an

enlightened citizenship and enriched personal lives.

 To serve the community as a general centre of reliable and available information.

 To provide opportunity and encouragement for children, young people, men and

women to educate themselves continuously.

In addition to books, the public libraries select and provide pamphlets, documents and other

non-books sources in printed form, films, tapes and other non-print recording of knowledge

and opinion. The materials are provided:

- To facilitate informal self-education of all people in the country

- To enrich and further develop the subjects on which individuals are undertaking

formal education.
 - To support the educational, civic and cultural activities of groups and organizations

and

- To encourage wholesome recreation and constructive use of leisure time. Examples of

National libraries are:

(a) National Library of Nigeria, Abeokuta, Ogun State chapter.

(b) National Library of Nigeria, (National Headquarter, Abuja)

ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

The establishments and development of academic libraries in all parts of the world is in

complete agreement of their parent institutions like the Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges

of Education etc.

The libraries started in the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe and America with the founding of

Universities in those continents. The far Eastern University libraries followed much later.

Nigeria had the first academic library with the founding of the University of Ibadan in 1948.

University of Nigeria, Nzukka (UNN) came into existence after the independence in year

1960, the University of Ile Ife now Obafemi Awolowo (OAU) was established in 1961, while

Ahmady Bello and Lagos University came up in 1963. Now there are many Universities with

their libraries in response to the yearning of the people for higher education.

Academic libraries are libraries attached to higher education institution which serve two

complementary purpose to support the institution curriculum and to support the research of

the institution facilities and students. The support for teaching and learning requires materials

for class reading and for students’ paper. In the past, the material for class readings, intended

to supplement lectures as prescribed by the instructor, has article.

Academic libraries must determine a focus for collection development service since

comprehensive collections are not feasible. Librarians do this by identifying the needs of not
of the faculty and student body as well as the mission and academic programme of the

institution. When there are particular areas of specialization in academic libraries, these are

often referred to as “niche collections”. These collections are often the basis of a special

collection department and may include original papers, artworks and artifacts written or

created by a single author or about a specific object.

The following are the major functions of the academic libraries:

 Acquisition of knowledge in all formats

 Organization of knowledge for easy storage and retrieval

 Storage and preservation of knowledge for posterity use

 Retrieval and dissemination of knowledge

With the aforementioned functions to be fully performed, the academic libraries should

provide standard information resources. Today, academic libraries are struggling to keep their

place as the major sources of inquiry, they no longer restrict themselves to print services such

as collection, development, cataloguing and classification, circulation and reference services,

current awareness, selective dissemination and other bibliographic services but have extended

their efforts to interdisciplinary concept and computer software and hardware and

telecommunication engineering and technology. Here are some examples of academic

libraries in Nigeria.

(i) The Library, The Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State,

(ii) Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan, Oyo State.

SCHOOL LIBRARIES

The developmental pattern of the school libraries is very similar to that of the public libraries.

The centres of action are Europe and America. The development started very early in such

countries. As early as 1578 an ordinance was passed in Shrewsbury in England which stated
among other things that schools since include “library and a galleries to be furnished with all

types of books, maps, instruments of learning which can either be given to schools or

procured with school money.

In Nigeria, school libraries are not known until when the Federal School Library Service to

serve the Federal Territory of Lagos in 1964. This has resulted in a lot of efforts and progress

being made by the Lagos state school Library Services. However, there are school library

Boards in almost all the states of Nigeria now which are functioning well.

School library services were set up in the states of the Federation to achieve the following

objectives:

 School library should provide background materials which would supplement class

teaching

 They should get the pupils acquainted with book so as broaden their ideas and

stimulate their appetite for knowledge.

 The library should prepare the pupils to work independently so that when they leave

school they can carry on with their education without depending solely on teachers.

 The library should aid the students in making proper use of their leisure.

The leaders of the library profession have played a noteworthy role in developing school

libraries, both here and abroad. In particular, librarians in academia and the public library

services have taken pains to nurture school libraries in the area in the part years.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Special collections are found within public libraries, in corporate entities, government

agencies, historical societies, archives, academic institutions, professional organizations, and

social societies.
Special libraries are information collections where the entire collection is a single, or several

special collections. This is a library setting other than school or public libraries. They are

often called information centers for special group of researcher for instance; law firms,

hospitals, business, museums, government agencies and many other groups have their own

libraries with special material and librarians. The main purpose of these libraries and

information centres are to serve the information needs of the organization that houses the

library. Therefore, special libraries collect, organize materials focused on those subjects. The

following are examples of special libraries:

 Government libraries provide research services and access to information for

government staff and the public.

 Law libraries help lawyers, law students, judges, law clerk locates and organize legal

resources.

 Medical libraries help health professionals, patients and researchers find health and

science information. They may provide information about new clinical trials and

medical treatments and procedures; teach medical students how to locate medical

information, or answer consumers’ health questions. Some hospitals also maintain a

library specifically for the entertainment and leisure of patients rather than education,

research or professional development and these libraries tend to function similarly to

public libraries though their collections may be weighted towards medically related

to themed works.

 Military libraries are designed to support the needs of members of a nation’s armed

forces and other personnel attached to the unit or base that the library is a part of the

primary responsibilities of military libraries and military personnel with access to

resources for professional development, personal, educational development leisure

 Military libraries and services for families of personnel assigned to the base may also

maintain information on the history of the base, units assigned there and notable

personnel. Other military libraries are tasked with directly supporting military

operation by providing access to information directly related to military unit or

organizations activities. Depending on the libraries may be staffed by civilian

librarians, military personnel with library training.

 Transportation libraries are designed to support the study, research and dissemination

of information related to transportation. They provide resources related to policy,

regulations, operations and other aspect of transportation. Users include engineers,

city planners, contractors, academic researchers and the general public.

Transportation libraries are located at the Federal, State and Local levels of

government as well as at Universities and research institutes.

 Corporate libraries are collections of resources maintained within corporate entity.

Corporate libraries help to organize and disseminate information throughout the

organization for its own benefit. They often support areas in the company relating to

finance, administration, marketing and technical specialization. In terms of size, they

are often very large and most library department employ less than five full time staff.

They information services provided by corporate libraries save employee’s time and

can aid competitive intelligent work. Examples of special libraries are stated below”

(a) Nigeria Institute of Social Economic Research Library (NISER), Ibadan Oyo,

State.

(b) Nigerian Institute of International Affairs Library (NIIA), Lagos State.

PRIVATE LIBRARIES

Private libraries are libraries under the care of private ownership, as compared to that of

public institution as is usually only established for the use of a small number of people, or

even a single person. As with public libraries, some people use book plates, stamps, sticker or

embossing to show ownership of the items some people sell their private libraries to establish

institutions such as the library of Congress or as it often the case bequeath them there to offer

death through a will. Examples of private libraries owned by renowned Nigerians are:

(1) Late Chief Gani Fawehinmi’s library and

(2) Late Chief Obafemi Awolowo’s library (Sopolu library which though has been

bequeathed to Olabisi Onabanjo University library in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State).

THE LIBRARY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

A library would normally means a collection of information resources arranged in a

systematic and consistent manner to allow for easy access to and location of individual items

either for loan, reference or study.

In general, the aim of the library would mean the purpose the library intends to achieve. This

is different from the function of the mode of achieving such purpose. Therefore, the purpose

or aim of the library should be to provide information resources for readers’ use, educate

readers in the use of such resources, preserve the resources, encourage research and provide

for recreation.

1. INFORMATION: The Librarian should study the users of his services, know their actual

or potential needs and acquired materials that will satisfy such needs. Its acquisition

should strive to satisfy the very reading need of his every user.
2. EDUCATOIN: The Librarian must teach his readers how to drive maximum benefits

from available resources to teach library resources. Library users must be educated on

book handling techniques, how to use the book catalogue, how to borrow books, how to

use library materials/resources etc.

3. PRESERVATION: Although emphasis in modern times is now more on use than on

preservation of library resources, they have to be carefully preserved if they must remain

in use for long. This is why suitable buildings, decent shelves and suitable atmosphere

condition must be available to ensure a long life for library resources. Library buildings

must be well ventilated, well illuminated, books must be kept upright on the shelves and

if possible, the library should be air conditioned.

4. RESEARCH: Only few libraries can support research in the academic sense of word.

But when research is limited to making a careful search or enquiry, most libraries could

be regarded as equipped for research.

5. RECREATION: Newspapers, Magazines, Journals etc. that takes the boredom out of a

tired reader and enlivening a dispirited mind should be part of a library stock. Many

libraries now provide Television Set, Musical gadgets. Other make television viewing

possible via satellite.

SECTIONS OF THE LIBRARY

Most libraries other than private libraries are still organized along the traditional functional

lines thus:

1. ACQUISITION DEPARTMENT OR SECTION: This Unit has responsibility for

selection of relevant resources, their acquisition are through purchase, gift, exchange,

donations and/or legal deposit. It is in this Unit that the initial or primary processing start

(collating, stamping with ownership stamp and accession). The accession is the serial
 number given to a book or document as it received and/or processed. This number

identifies the book uniquely.

2. CATALOGUING DEPARTMENT OR SECTION: This Units organizes the resources

by sorting and classifying the materials according to the classification system adopted, for

instance. The Federal Polytechnic Library, Ilaro uses Library of Congress Classification

Scheme. The same is applicable to University of Lagos Library, Moshood Abiola

Polytechnic Library, Abeokuta, The Federal Polytechnic Library, Ado Ekiti, and Lagos

State Polytechnic Library (Ikorodu), while Yaba College of Technology Library uses

Dewey-Decimal Classification Scheme and other public libraries. The unit also prepares

Catalogue entries (Authors, Titles, and Subject Series etc) and make materials ready for

the shelves by pasting and inserting the Book pockets/Book cards, Data due labels and

labeling the Spine with the Call number (Locations Symbols)

3. CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT OR SECTION: This Unit is responsible for making

the general books collection and reserved books physically accessible to users, through

open shelves, for lending and/or reference. This Unit maintains the collection through

continuous shelving of consulted books and other special services and ensures library

decorum within the libraries. It is usually the first point of contact when users come to the

library. Since its operations are public or users oriented, most of the library rules and

regulations centre around the operations and services of the units. In most libraries, the

circulation sections handles reprographics (photocopy) services and arranges inter library

loans and also provides basic guides to using the library. This unit also sends reminders to

users who keep their borrowed materials beyond a stipulated time i.e. overdue notices.

4. REFERENCE DEPARTMENT/SECTION: This Unit has responsibility for providing

references services by answering readers’ enquiries and assisting readers get whatever

information (But sometimes outside) the library. In this section there are going to be what
they call Reference materials. Reference materials are those referred to or consulted for a

definite piece of information. They do not tend themselves to continuous reading from

back to back because they contain variety of information often times unrelated.
 CHAPTER 3

THE ART OF BOOK MAKING (PUBLISHING)

Book making (Publishing) is the process of production and dissemination of literature, music

or information, the activity of making information available to the general public. In some

cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning: originators and developers of content

also provide media to deliver and display the content for the same. Also, the word publisher

can refer to the individual who leads a publisher can refer to the individual who leads a

publishing company or imprint or to a person who owns a magazine.

Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books (the “book

trade”) and newspapers. With the advent of digital information systems and the internet, the

scope of publishing has expanded to include electronic resources, such as the electronic

versions of books and periodicals, as well as micro-publishing, websites, blogs, videos game

publishers and the like.

Publishing includes the stages of the development, acquisition, copy-editing, graphic design,

production, printing (and its electronic equivalents), and marketing and distribution of

newspapers, magazines, books, literary works, musical works, software and other works

dealing with information, including the electronic media.

Publication is also important as a legal concept:

1. As the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for

example, to marry or enter bankruptcy.

2. As the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged

libel must have been published and

3. For copyright purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of published and

unpublished works.

There are three different categories in which publication house can be divided
 1. Non-Paid publishers: The term non-paid publisher refers to those publications

houses which do not charges author at all publish the book

2. Semi-Paid publishers: Publication houses that charge partially the author in order

to meet the expenses of the book. Author has full right to claim 50% of the total

amount to get the books published.

3. Paid publishers: These days paid publications has become very common, here the

author has to meet with the total expense to get the book published and author has

full right to set up marketing policies.

4. The process of Book making

Book and magazines, publishers spend a lot of their time buying or commissioning copy,

newspaper publishers, by contrast, usually hire their own staff to produce copy, although they

may also employ freelance journalists, called stringer. At a small press, it is possible to

survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for

works may outstrip the publisher’s established circle of writers.

For works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or

proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher

a referred to as unsolicited submissions, and the majority come from previously unpublished

authors. If the publisher accepts unsolicited manuscripts, then the manuscripts is placed in the

slush price, which publisher’s reader sift through to identify manuscripts of sufficient quality

or revenue potential to be referred to acquisitions editors for review. The acquisitions editors

send their choices to the editorial staff. The time and number of people involved in the

process is dependent on the size of the publishing company, with larger companies having

more degrees of assessment between unsolicited submission and publication. Unsolicited

submissions have a very low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publisher

ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive.
Many book publishing companies around the world maintain a strict “no unsolicited

submissions” policy and will only accept submissions via a literary agent. This shift the

burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publishing company and only the

literary agents. At these companies, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes

returned, if the author has provided pre-paid postage.

Established authors are often represented by a literary agent to market their work to

publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of author earning

(varying between 10 to 15 percent) to pay for their services.

Some writers follow a non-standard route to publication. For example, this may include

bloggers who have attracted large readerships producing a book based on their websites,

books based on internet memes, instant “celebrities” such as Joe the plumber, retiring sports

figures and in general anyone whom a publisher feels could produce a marketable book. Such

books often employ the services of a ghostwriter.

For a submission to reach publication it must be championed by an editor or publisher who

must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who

discovers or champions a book that subsequently become a best-seller may find their own

reputation enhanced as a result of their success.

ACCEPTANCE AND NEGOTIATION

Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of intellectual

property rights and agree on royalty rates.

The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual

property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed (i.e. the rights

match the legal systems under which copyright protections can be enforced). In the case of
books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the intended formats of publication – mass

markets paperback, “trade” paperback and hardback are the most common options.

The situation is slightly more complex, if electronic formatting is to be used. Where

distribution is to be by CD-ROM or other physical media, there is no reason to treat this form

differently from a paper format, and a national copyright is an acceptable approach. But the

possibility of internet download without the ability to restrict physical distribution within

national boundaries presents legal problems that are usually solved by selling language or

translation right rather than national rights. Thus, internet access across the European Union

is relatively open because of the laws forbidding discrimination based on nationality, but the

fact of publication in, say, France, limits the target market to those who read French.

Having agreed on the scope of the publication and the formats, the parties in a book

agreement then agree on royalty rates, the percentage of the gross retail price that will be paid

to the author, and the advance payment. This is difficult because the publisher must estimate

the potential sales in each market and balance projected revenue against production costs.

Royalties usually ranges between 10 – 12% of recommended retail price. An advance is

usually 1/3 of first print run total royalties. For example, if a book has a print run of 5000

copies and will be sold at $14.95 and the author is to receive 10% royalties, the total sum

payable to the author if all copies are sold is $7475 (10% x $14.95 x 5000). The advance in

this instance would roughly be $2490. Advances vary greatly between books, with

established authors commanding large advances.

PRE-PRODUCTION STAGES
Although listed as distinct stages, part of these occur concurrently. As editing of text

progresses, front cover design and initial layout take places and sales and marketing of the

book begins.

EDITORIAL STAGE

A decision is taken to publish a work, and the technical legal issues resolved, the author may

be asked to improve the quality of work through rewriting or smaller changes, and the staff

will edit the work. Publishers may maintain a house style, and staff will copy edit to ensure

that the work matches the style and grammatical requirements of each market. Editors often

choose or refine titles and headlines. Editing may also involve structural changes and request

for more information. Some publishers employ fact checkers, particularly regarding non-

fiction works.

DESIGN STAGE

When a final text is agreed upon, the next phase is design. This may include artwork being

commissioned or confirmation of layout. In publishing, the word “art” also indicates

photographs. Depending on the number of photographs required by the work, photographs

may also be licensed from photo libraries. For those works that are particularly rich in

illustrations the publisher may contact a picture researcher to find and license the

photographs required for the work. The design process prepares the work for printing through

processes such as typesetting, dust jacket composition, specification of paper quality, binding

method and casing, and proofreading.

The type of book being produced determines the amount of design required. For standard

fictions titles, design is usually restricted to typography and cover design. For books

containing illustrations or images, design takes on a much larger role in laying out how the

page looks, how chapters begin and end, colours, typography, cover design and ancillary
materials such as posters, catalogue images and other sales materials. Non-fiction illustrated,

captions, typography and a deep involvement and consideration of the reader experience.

The activities of typesetting, page layout, the production of negatives, plates from the

negatives and, for hardbacks, the preparation of brasses for the spine legend and imprint are

now all computerized. Prepress computerization evolved mainly in about the last twenty

years of the 20th century. If the work is to be distributed electronically, the final files are

saved as formats appropriate to the target operating systems of the hardware used for reading.

These may include PDF files.

SALES AND MARKETING STAGE

The sales and marketing stage is closely intertwined with the editorial process. As front cover

images are produced or chapters are edited, sales people may start talking about the book

with their customers to build early interest. Publishing companies often produce advanced

information sheets that may be sent to customers or overseas publishers to gauge possible

sales. As early interest is measured, this information feeds back through the editorial process

and may affect the formatting of the book and the strategy employed to sell it. For example, if

interest from foreign publishers is high, co-publishing deals may be established whereby

publishers share printing costs in producing large print runs thereby lowering the per-unit

cost of the books. Conversely, if initial feedback is not strong, the print-run of the book may

be reduced, the marketing budget cut or, in some cases, the book is dropped from publication

altogether.

PRINTING

After the end of editing and design work the printing phase begins. The first step involves the

production of a pre-press proof, which the printers send for final checking and sign off by the

publisher. This proof shows the book precisely as it will appear once printed and represents
the final opportunity for the publisher to find and correct any errors. Some printing

companies use electronic proofs rather than printed proofs. Once the publisher has approved

the proofs, printing – the physical production of the printed work begins.

A new printing process has emerged as printing on demand. The book is written, edited, and

designed as usual. This procedure ensures low costs for storage, and reduces the likelihood of

printing more books than will be sold.

BINDING

In the case of books, binding follows upon the printing process. It involves folding the

printed sheets, “securing them together, affixing boards or sides thereto, and covering the

whole with leather or other materials”.

DISTRIBUTION

The final stage in publication involves making the product available to the public, usually by

offering it for sale. In previous, centuries, authors frequently also acted as their own editor,

printer, and bookseller, but these functions have generally become separated. Once a book,

newspaper, or other publications is printed, the publisher may use a variety of channels to

distribute it. Books are most commonly sold through booksellers and through other retailers.

Newspaper and magazines are typically sold in advance directly by the publisher to

subscribers and then distributed either through the postal system or by newspaper carriers.

Periodicals are also frequency sold through newsagents and vending machines.

Within the book industry, printers often fly some copies of the finished book to publishers as

sample copies to aid sales or to be sent out for pre-release reviews. The remaining books

often travel from the printing facility via sea freight. Accordingly, the delay between the

approval of the pre-press proof and the arrival of books in a warehouse, much less in a retail

store, can take some months. For books that tie into movie release-dates (particularly for
children’s films), publishers will arrange books to arrive in store up to two months prior to

the movie release in order to build interest in the movie.

 CHAPTER 4

ANATOMY OF BOOK
ANATOMY OF BOOK

The New Encyclopedia Britannica asserted that there is no wholly satisfactory definition of a

book as the word covers variety of publications, for example, some publications that appear

periodically such as the world Almanac and Bok of facts may be regarded as books.

But the Encyclopedia gives the UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural

Organization) definition of a book as a non-periodic printed publication of at least 49 pages

excluding the cover.

The world non-periodic distinguishes a book from other publications like Newspapers,

Journals, Magazines, etc. The dictionary definition of book is – a written or printed message

of considerable length, meant for public circulation and recorded on materials that are light,

yet durable enough to afford comparatively easy portability.

The primary purpose of a book is to carry message between people depending on the twin

facilities of portability and permanence.

The book transcends time and space to announce expound, preserve and transmit knowledge.

The book has been proved to stand the test of acquisition, reservation, storage and

dissemination of information.

A book does not contain just anything but a message that is meant to inform and preserve

knowledge from one person to another and serve as a medium of communication.

ANATOMY OF BOOK

Like the human features, the book has its anatomy. Book can be broadly divided into two

parts.

a. The cover

b. The text book

THE COVER

The cover which otherwise can be called the case is the cloth, or paper or strawboard at the

front and the back of a book fastened together with the spine. It could either be hard back or

soft back (hard or paper cover). It contains the title of the book and the publisher.

Spine: This is the back bone of the book. It is a place where all the leaves of the book are

held together and help the book to stand erect on the shelf. Where the spine is wide enough to

be written on, it bears the authors, titles and sometimes the publishers of the books this will

assist in quick identification and location of the book on the shelf.

In between the cover and text book is a hallow, this allows a book to open properly. When a

book is opened the sheet that is pasted down to the cover is called paste down. The sheet

after, it is called fly leaf, they are there to protect the book. There also exist a gauze strength

to the book and most books without gauze easily break off into pieces.

THE TEXT BOOK

1. Preliminaries

2. The text

3. Auxiliaries

Any materials that worth the name “book” must have the three parts enumerated above while

each part compliments one another.

The preliminary parts of a book gives full information about the author, his view about the

book, his opinion on the environment and the purpose of the book. It also gives information

about the contribution of people while writing the book.

1. THE PRELIMINARY PAGES OF A BOOK

(i) The Cover

(ii) The Fly Leave(s)

(iii) The Half Title Page

(iv) The Title Page

(v) The Dedication Page

(vi) The Foreword mym/preface page

(vii) The Introduction page

(viii) The Acknowledgement page

(ix) The content page

(x) The List of Illustration page

It is to be noted that not all books would have all these sub-divisions of the Preliminary

pages.

(i) The Fly Leaves

These are the blank sheets of papers immediately after that cover page. The purpose is to

keep the dust away from the title page and for the placement of ownership stamp or

identification.

(ii) Half Title page

The half title page precedes the fly leaves pages. The half title page has only the title and the

author’s name.

(iii) Title page

This page consists of the full title of the book. The page states the author’s full names;

credentials and some other items that make the reader recognize the author. The page also

gives the names of the publishers, place and date of publication, the year of publication and

the edition of the book. This page is used to extract the facts for cataloguing purposes.

However, majority of modern books have the Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-publication

entries. The International Standard Book Number is also found on the Title Page in most

book.
 (iv) The Dedication Page

This page indicates the emotional attachment of the author. It shows who and what the author

respect. This may arise as a result of one of the following religion inclination, tribal

attachment, academic influence, mentor and family heritage.

(v) The Foreword/Preface

This is a short introduction to a book at the beginning and usually written by a person other

than the author. The foreword shows the experience, knowledge and credibility of the author

of the book.

(vi) The Introduction Page

The first page of a book giving a general idea of what the book contained. It is usually written

by the author of the book.

(vii) The Content Page

This gives details of what the book contained, with the corresponding page.

(viii) The List of Illustration Page

This page makes a list of materials, items that will facilitate the understanding of a book. It

indicates the page in which photographs, maps, drawing, diagram etc. appear in the book.

2. The Text

This is the main body of the work that shows the intellectual content of the work of the

author. It is the real message which the author wants put across to the readers. It is usually

arranged according to chapters.

3. Auxiliaries: Auxiliaries is further sub-divided into three (3) namely (a) The Alphabets (b)

The Glossary (c) The Index.s

a. The Appendix: Contains note that re too long to be inserted in the main text.

Example of these are large maps, extensive illustrations or questionnaires.

b. Glossary: These are some terms that require more elucidation in order to get message

of the text. The alphabetical arrangement of difficult terms, exoteric, technical,

dialectical phrases which deserves further explanation is found in the Glossary page.

c. Index: This is an alphabetical list of topics, places, and names mentioned or discussed

in the text. The index gives the exact page or position these can be found in the book.
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE

In the process of becoming an educated person, there exists a certain hierarchy in the world

of learning. It begins with the gathering of data; continues with the organization and synthesis

of information; progress to harnessing and understanding; and culminates in the evaluating of

the worth of leaving wisdom.

Libraries provide access to the tools of leaving, critical thinking and analysis requires the

active participation of the librarians, the lecturer. Libraries represent a slice of the collective

body of human experiences, knowledge, and wisdom. By using these materials librarians

participate in the process of becoming educated by contact with the works of making people

become educated by contact with the works of the words profound thinkers, brilliant

scientists and compassionate leaders throughout the whole of human history, in order to

cultivate the quest for understanding and the desire for truth.

These works must be organized and classified in order to be accessible to learners.

CLASSIFICATION

In order to make information available to people it must be organized in a useful way. The

difficulty in organizing information is due to the fact that describing the content of sources is

a subjective act. Someone must determine how a specific resources fits within the whole of

human knowledge or the knowledge within a specific discipline.

In order to make resources as accessible as possible librarians try to anticipate the different

ways people might search for them. It often proves difficult to focus a person’s information

request in such a way to match the request to a book, periodical, web page or other form of

published resource. The next section will begin to address the ways in which librarians are

structured to connect the searcher with the library’s resources.

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

In order to make materials accessible in some sort of locating tool like an on-line catalog and

to facilitate browsing of the library shelves, libraries attempt to organize and shelve materials

about the same subject matter together. Resources all often about move them one idea or

subject. Most cover a number of different subject and some cover two or three subjects in

equal depth. Deciding which subject into which the resources will be classified will have

implications for the person seeking the resource.

The two major classification systems used in America Libraries to organize library materials

are the “Dewey Decimal Classification System (DDC)” and the Library of Congress System.

Both systems organized resources into subject categories and allow libraries to shelve similar

items together. Dewey is the older of the two classification systems and is mostly used by

public libraries and small academic libraries. The library of congress classification system is

used predominantly by academic libraries and other libraries that have large research

collections.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

The library of congress classification system was developed by the library of congress in

Washington D.C. in the early 1900’s to organize the collections of the library. The library of

congress chose to develop its own classification system rather than the use Dewey Decimal

Classification system because of the large size of its collection. The Dewey Decimal

classification system was not considered flexible enough to meet the needs of the LC

collections. Most research and academic libraries have adopted the library of congress

classification system.
The library of congress classification system organizes knowledge into twenty one broad

categories. The first letter of a library of congress call number indicates the general subject

area. The second letter indicates the specific subject sections within the general category.

Library of congress classification scheme allows for greater precision in most fields and more

room for expansion than the Dewey Decimal classification scheme.

Each library of congress classification in represented by a set of capital letters and number.

The first letter in the set indicates one of 21 major areas of knowledge.

A - General works

B - Philosophy, Psychological and religion

C - History: Auxiliary Science

D - History: American and the old world

E - History: American and U.S general

F - History: America and U.S. Local

G - Geography, anthropology, folklove etc.

H - Social sciences, economics, business, sociology

J - Political Science

K - Law

L - Education

M - Music

N - Fine arts

P - Philosophy, linguistics, language and literature

Q - Sciences

R - Medicine

S - Agriculture

U - Military Science
V - Naval Science

Z - Bibliography and Library Science

I, O, X are kept for future expansion.

Since most resources contain information on a number of different subjects, library users

used more comprehensive subject access information that can be provided by the broad

categories of a classification system.

Consistent vocabulary is also needed to describe what a book or article is about. Online

catalogs use subject headings for books. Periodical, indexes use index terms for article.

Unfortunately, these are not always in agreement. Both subject headings and index terms are

carefully assigned by index terms are designed a facilitate comprehensive searching by

topics.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS

Not only has the library of congress developed a classification system to organize its books

by subject on the library shelves, it also developed a subject heading to describe what a book

is about.

Library of Congress subject heading has its own listing and includes similar, broader and

narrower headings which may also be applicable to any search. A library of congress subject

heading is part of an interconnect list of related subject headings, sometimes like a family

tree. Infact, the phrase, “subject” tree is used to describe these related subject headings. To

make an item as accessible as possible, a multiple subject headings are assigned.

Because a book has been assigned subject headings, patrons can use those same subject

headings to search the library catalogue to find other books about the same subject. This

effective technique of using subject important and productive skills library users learning use.
THE MERITS OF LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION SCHEME AND

WHY IT IS SO POPULAR AMONG TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS LIBRARIES E.G.

UNIVERSITY AND POLYTECHNIC LIBRARIES IN NIGERIA

(1) The scheme is very detailed and academic in nature

(2) It is published separately, each subject or main class has its own schedule

(3) It is possible for a library to buy only one volume and use it e.g. 11TA Library uses only

class “S” Agriculture for its collection.

(4) It has a very good financial banking. Thus it is very thoroughly revised or reviewed.

(5) The scheme is said to be stable by many librarians. It does not change rapidly or always.

(6) It is thought to be easier and quicker to use.

(7) It is fairly easy for readers to use the scheme because the notation is psychologically easy

to use and remember.

DRAWBACKS

(1) No table of common subdivisions

(2) No references to classification theory

(3) Bulky (32 volume)

(4) No official instruction manuals because the order is illogical and unnatural

(5) Browsing is difficult and serendipity is precluded

(6) Does not put the bibliography of a subject with the subject.

INDEX TERMS FOR PERIODICALS

Online catalog are used to find books and periodicals own by a particular library. To find

magazines and journal article citations, a finding resource called an index is used. Companies
that index magazine and journals article tend not to use the library of congress subject

Headings, rather they create subject heading used to describe the subject matter of individual

periodicals articles are called index term, descriptors, or controlled vocabularies.

The index terms used to efficiently search in a periodical index or database are often made

available to on line searches in a thesaurus. A thesaurus is an alphabetical listing or definite

subject terms used in a particular periodical index or data. It also lists synonyms for each

term and indicates relationships between terms.

A database thesaurus often includes definitions, or notes explaining the use of a term in the

particular database. When a term is not used in the database, there are often suggestions for

terms that ewe. Using controlled vocabulary in any search will help ensure that one retrieves

all the records relevant to the topic or search.

DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

This classification scheme, designed by Melville Dewey in 1876, is used by most of the

libraries on campus, Dewey divides knowledge into ten main classes with further sub

divisions accompanied by decimal notation. This notation repeats patterns, develops subjects

with parallel, construction, and repeats standard sub division so that it is easy to browse the

shelves in a logical manner.

SUBJECT DIVISION OF DDC

Class 000 - Computer Science, Information & general work

Class 200 - Philosophy and Psychology

Class 300 - Religion

Class 400 - Social Sciences

Class 500 - Language

Class 600 - Technology

Class 700 - Arts & Recreation

Class 800 - Literature

Class 900 - History & Geography

CATALOGUING

In library and information science, cataloguing is the process of creating meta data

representing information resources, such as books, sound recording, moving images etc.

cataloguing provides information such as creator names titles, and subject terms that describe

resources, typically through the creation of bibliography records. The records serve as

surrogates for the stored information resources. Since the 1970s these metadata are in

machine-readable form and are indexed by information retrieval tools, such as bibliographical

databases or search engines. While typically the cataloguing process results in the production

of library catalogs. It also produces other types of discovery tools for documents and

collections.

Bibliographic control provides the philosophical basis of cataloguing defining the rules for

sufficiency describing information resources to enable users to find and select the most

appropriate resources. A catalogues is an individual responsible for the processes of

description, subject analysis, classification, and authority control of library materials.

Catalogues serves as the “foundation of all library services as they are the ones who organize

information it such a way as to make it easily accessible.

TYPES OF CATALOGUING

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUING
“Descriptive cataloguing” is well established concept in the tradition of library cataloguing in

which a distinction is made between descriptive cataloguing and subject cataloguing, each

applying a set of standards, different qualifications and often also different kinds of

professionals. In the tradition of documentation and information service (e.g. by commercial

bibliographical databases) the concept document representation (also as verb, document

representing) have mostly been used to cover both “descriptive” and “subject” representation

descriptive cataloguing has been defined as “the part of cataloguing concerned with

describing the physical details of a book, such as the form and choice of entries and the title

page transcription.

SUBJECT CATALOGUING

Subject cataloging may take the form of classification or (subject) indexing. Classification

involves the assignment of a given document to a class in a classification system such as

Dewey decimal classification or the library of congress subject heading. Indexing is the

assignment of characterizing labels to the documents represented in a record.

CATALOGUING STANDARDS

Cataloguing rules have been define to allow for consistence cataloguing of various libraries

materials across several persons of a cataloguing team and across time.

ANGLO-AMERICAN CATALOGUING STANDARDS

The English speaking libraries have shared cataloguing standards since the early 1800s, the

first such standards is attributed to Anthony Panizzi, the keeper of the printed books of the

British Museum library. His AZ rules published in 1821, form the basis for cataloguing

standards for over 150 years.

Subsequent work in the 19th century was done by Charles C Jewett, head of the Smithsonian

library, which at the time was positioned to become the national library of the United States.

Jewett used stereotype plates to produce the library’s catalogue in book forms, and proposed

the sharing of cataloguing among libraries. His rules were published in 1853. Jewett was

followed by Charles Ammi Cutterian American Librarian whose “rules for a dictionary

catalog” were published in 1876, cutter championed the concept of “ease of use” for library

patrons.

In the 20th century, library cataloguing was forced to address new formats for materials,

including sound reading, movies, and photographs. Seynour Lubertsky, once an employer of

the library of congress and later a professor at UCLA, was asked to do extensive studies of

the current cataloguing rules over the time period from 1946. His analysis shaped the

subsequent cataloguing rules.

The published American and Anglo-American cataloguing rules in 20th century were;

 Anglo-American Rules, 1908

 American Library Association rules, 1949

 Library of congress rules, 1949

 Anglo-American cataloguing rules (AACR) 1967

 Anglo-American cataloging rules, second edition (AACR2) 1978

 Realized Anglo-American cataloguing rules

The 21st century brought renewed thinking about library cataloguing in great part based on

the increase in the number of digital formats, but also because of a new consciousness of the

nature of the “work”. In the bibliographical context, often attributed to the principle

developed by Lubetzky. This was supported by the work of the international federation of

library association work on the functional requirements for bibliographic records (FRBR)

which emphasized the role of the work in the bibliographic entry from work to item.
The view was incorporated into the cataloguing rules subsequent to AACR2 – R, known as

resource description and access (RDA).

CATALOGUING CODES

Cataloguing codes prescribe which information about a bibliographic item is included in

entry and how this information is presented for the user. It may also be aid to sort the entries

in painting parts of the catalogue.

Currently, most cataloguing codes are similar to, even based on, the international standard

bibliographical description (ISBD) a set of rules produced by the International Federation of

library Association and institutions. (IFLA) to describe a wide range of library materials.

These rules organize the bibliographic description of an item in the following eight areas title

and statement of responsibility (author or editor) edition, material specific details (for

example, the scale of a map). Publication and distribution, physical description (for example,

number of pages). Series, notes, and standard number (ISBN). The most commonly used

cataloguing code in the English-speaking world are the Anglo-American cataloguing rules,

2nd edition (AACR2) provides rules for descriptive cataloguing only and does not touch upon

subject cataloguing. AACR2 has been translated into many languages, for use around the

world.

CATALOGUING TERMS

 Main entry or access point generally refers to the first author named on the item.

Additional authors are added as “added entries” in case where no clear author is named,

the title of the work is considered the main entry.

 Authority control is a process of access using a single, specific term for a person, place,

or title to maintains consistency between access points within a catalog. Effective

authority control prevents a user having to search for multiple variations of a title, author

or term.

 Cooperative cataloguing refers to an approach in which libraries collaborate in the

creation of bibliographic an authority records establishing cataloguing practices and

utilizing systems that facilitates the use of shared records.